Analisis Isotop dalam Bidang

Geosains, Pertambangan dan Lingkungan

Irwan Iskandar, Ph.D.
irwan@mining.itb.ac.id

Laboratorium Hidrogeologi dan Hidrogeokimia

Kelompok Keilmuan Eksplorasi Sumber Daya Bumi
Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan (FTTM), ITB

http://lab.fttm.itb.ac.id/hidro/?page_id=41
 Outline

• Pendahuluan
• Aplikasi Isotope dalam
1. Geothermal Studies
2. Groundwater and Gas Leakages
3. Tectonic Activities (kegempaan)
4. Atmospheric studies
5. Fenomena Air Danau Batur
 Tabulation of Equipment Usage per Year (ITB Research)
XRD XRF SEM Ion Chromato. ICP-MS GC Water Isotope Radon
(IC) Isotope Ratio-MS Radioisotope
2016 203 79 50 - - - - - -
Isotopes Analyses
2017 583 114 198 - - - - - 110
2018 691 421 266 191 98 14 71 42 140
2019* 478 231 264 267 64 6 186 55 195

Tabulation of Equipment Usage per Year (non ITB Researches)

XRD XRF SEM IC ICP-MS GC Water Isotope IRMS

2016 62 8 35 - - - - -
2017 283 95 211 - - - - -
2018 288 85 118 26 12 - - 21
2019* 82 9 20 26 4 - 161 40

Tabulation of Equipment Usage per Year (Companies)

XRD XRF SEM IC ICP-MS GC Water IRMS
Isotope
2016 31 16 53 - - - - -
2017 156 17 98 - - - - -
2018 58 30 100 63 72 2 26 25
2019* 42 32 28 11 36 2 34 30
 Isotope Ratio analyzer dan Radio Isotope Radon (FTTM-ITB)

GC-EA-Isotope Ratio-Mass IR-Infrared Spectrometer Water Radioisotope-

Spectrometer (C, H, O, N, S) Isotopes Radon measurement System
 Radon Radioisotope dan Stable Isotope Key Persons
Lab. Hidrogeologi dan Hidrogeokimia

Mustiatin, ST, MT
Stable Isotope Analyst
Mahasiswi Doktoral - ITB

Putri Aprillia, ST,

Radon-Radioisotope
Analyst
Mahasiswi Magister - ITB

Jenis sample Gas, Cair dan Padat Stable Isotope 13C, 15N, 18O, 2H, 34S
http://lab.fttm.itb.ac.id/hidro/?page_id=41
Isotopes Defined….

Isotope = atoms of the same element with a different number of

neutrons (different mass)
Example: Oxygen Isotopes

Name Electrons Protons Neutrons Abundance

16O 8 8 8 99.76%
18O 8 8 10 0.20%
Isotopes Defined….

Isotope Alam

Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes

Emit alpha, beta and gamma

Do not decay spontaneously
(stable over time)
Examples: 18O, 2H, 13C, 15N, 34S
particles and decay over time
Examples: 3H (Tritium), 14C,
222Rn, 220Rn,
Natural Isotopes

BMayer
Stable Isotopes…

Stable isotopes are non-radioactive forms of atoms. Although they do not

emit radiation, their unique properties enable them to be used in a broad
variety of applications, including water and soil management, environmental
studies, nutrition assessment studies and forensics (IAEA.org)

https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-science/isotopes/stable-isotopes

http://lab.fttm.itb.ac.id/hidro/?page_id=41
 Radio Isotopes of Rn (222Rn and 220Rn)

• Rn-222 (called Radon)

• Rn-220 (called Thoron)
Radon (Rn) Measurement System
Dissolved
Radon Rad-H2O
Notes:
• Radioisotopes, can be used for dating
• Inert non reactive (Noble Gas)
• Non Atmospheric Sources
• Geo-genic source from rocks contain Uranium
• Half time 3.8 days
• Measured in activities (Bq/m3 or µCi/m3)
• There are two types of Rn (222Rn, 220Rn)

Soil Gas Radon

Isotopes of Rn (222Rn and 220Rn)

• Efektif untuk analisis kegempaan dan sesar

• Zona permeable (fluid path)
• Dapat digunakan dalam prospeksi potensi panas bumi dan
endapan Uranium
• Kombinasi dengan metode lain (Soil Gas Hg)
 1. Geothermal Studies

Case Study Geothermal Systems in Bandung Volcanic Basin

 Physico-Chemical Processes:
Stable H- & O-Isotopes (Water Isotope)

• Latitute 
• δ2H δ18O
Igneous
Rock /
• Altitute from Sea level  Magmatic
• δ2H δ18O
Case Study Geothermal Systems in Bandung Volcanic Basin
Mt. Tangkuban Perahu Mt. Tampomas

Lembang Fault
Home
ITB

Patuha
Geothermal Area

Wayang Windu
Geothermal Area
 Comparison of δ13C Isotope Data: Hot springs around Bandung Volcanic Basin
Maribaya-2 Hutan Raya Juanda
δ13C isotopes study of hot springs around 5.00
Maribaya
Rajamandala
Bandung Volcanic Basin. Ratio of δ13C Cipanas Gentong
0.00
isotopes from the hot springs are widely Tirta Bidadari
distributed range from -38‰ to 0.3‰ -5.00
Cibatu Rancamanyer Sukaratu
Cibolang
-10.00 Cihaseum
Cileungsing
The wide range of δ13C isotopes ratio tells
that there are differences of water sources -15.00 Sekarwangi Pejaten

δ13C (‰)
Ciledre
-20.00
Sari Ater-2 Kancah
-25.00

-30.00
Domas-2 Gracia
Sari Ater-1
-35.00
Kawah Burung
Kawah Wayang Domas-1
-40.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Lembang Tampomas Wayang Windu Groundwater DOC
or mixing thermogenic
Marine DIC/Limestone
with groundwater
Groundwater DIC Thermogenic CH4
(Clark, 2015)
Red points indicating good relation
between 222Rn and Hg

Permeable and may related with

geothermal fluids from reservoir

Spatial distribution of 222Rn and Hg

Isotop Stabil Air (H dan O)
Signifikan adanya fluida reservoir (hot water-rock
interaction, pengayaan 18O), sesuai hasil
radioisotope 222Rn dan Hg dalam gas tanah
 2. Groundwater and Gas Leakage

Case Study: Natural Gas Leakage on Groundwater

 Natural gas leakage on Groundwater
Problem : Gas and water burst occurred on oil production well
in Indramayu (Dec. 2017). The gas can leak to the
groundwater near affected area. The groundwater has
high alkalinity (>600 mg/L)
Hypothesis: δ13C isotope can determine the source of gas in
groundwater

Method : δ13C isotope analysis using GC-IRMS instrument

Sample : Two samples from production well and villager’s well
were used to compare the δ13C isotope value of
methane to pentane
1. Natural Gas leakage on Groundwater
Standard Gas Production Well Villager's well
Species Namaδ13C/12C
Sampel : LAPI-01
corr.
Sample from (‰) corr. δ13C/12C
production (‰) corr. δ13C/12C (‰)
Tanggal Pengujian : 19 November 2018 well
Methane -40.456 -37.11 -99.01
CO2 - -12.25 -22.7
Ethane -26.767 -29.07 -21.62
Propane -32.725 -27.49 -18.49
i-Butane -27.382 -28.34 -25.87
n-Butane -27.872 -27.44 -14.59
i-Pentane -25.076 -27.66 -23.39
n-Pentane -25.928 -26.87 -

Ratio of δ13C-CH4 from production well and villager’s well show an

Nama Sampel: LAPI-02
extremely different character.Sample from
Highlight
Tanggal onvillager’s
ratio
Pengujian: of δwell
13C –, villager’s
19 November 2018
13 close to gas burst location
well has a light value, δ C-CH4 production well is very close to the
standard natural gas. Clearly indicates that the genetic gas sources
are different.
δ13C of methane (lower than -80 ‰) is characterized as biogenic
methane while thermogenic methane has heavier value (-35 to -55
‰) (Clark, 2015). This study shows that δ13C can be used to determine
the source of natural gas
 3. On Going Research:
CO2 release related with tectonic activities and its impact
to groundwater chemistry, challenge of carbon capture
storage and atmospheric environment
(Asahi Glass Foundation Research Grant)
 Tectonic Activity - Case Study Lembang Fault
• Lembang Fault is divided into two part:
western and eastern part by Cikapundung
Fault (Tjia, 1968)
• Is it true that western part is more
permeable than eastern part?

Method: Radioactive isotope of 220Rn and

222Rn from soil gas and 13C-CO
2
Hypothesis: high permeable zone will be Western part
reflected by high 220Rn concentrations and
release different 13C-CO2

Eastern part

Cikapundung Fault
 Tectonic Activity - Case Study Lembang Fault

Spatial distribution of radon along the Lembang Fault showing radon concentration anomaly along the fault. (A) The highest radon
concentration at the western part of the fault indicating the location of permeable zone. Low concentration of radon at the eastern part of
the fault may controlled by young volcanic product and later andesitic intrusion of Mt. Palasari (B) Low ratio of radon and thoron at the
western part of the fault strengthen current interpretation since thoron has shorter half-life compare to radon, it is indicating the zone has
higher permeability
Cold and hot springs along Lembang Fault – Tangkuban Perahu
Iskandar et al, in prep., 2019
Iskandar et al in prep., 2019
4. Atmospheric – Groundwater Studies

Case Study: Bandung Volcanic Basin

Stable Water Isotope of Shallow Groundwater in Bandung Volcanic Basin

Spatial distribution of δ18O and δ2H (‰) from shallow groundwater in Bandung Volcanic Basin (Bandung-Soreang
Basin) from 82 samples indicating at southern and middle part has heavier isotopic composition, effect of local
evaporation source (there are 3 major water bodies?) (Iskandar et al, under prep.)
 Atmospheric Situation in Bandung Volcanic Basin
Case study : atmospheric contamination by fossil Thermogenic
fuel and coal waste in rain water methane Oil and fossil
Methods : δ13C isotopic tracer study of rain water fuel
Atmospheric
in Bandung Volcanic Basin Coal
CO2
Result δ13CCO isotope ratio of samples from rain
2

water in northern Bandung Volcanic Basin depleted AH-Lembang

from normal atmospheric CO2 which values are
similar with oil, fossil fuel, and coal
AH-Bukit
Clark (2015)  Atmospheric CO2 today has a δ13C AH-ITB Tunggul
value of about -8.3‰ and is gradually decreasing,
mainly due to inputs of δ13C –depleted CO2 from AH-ITB2
fossil fuel combustion and by enhanced soil
respiration -50.00 -40.00 -30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00
δ13C (‰)
 rain water in Bandung Basin affected by coal
and fossil fuel contamination Atmospheric CO2 Coal
Oil and fossil fuel Thermogenic methane
Samples of rain water
5. Fenomena Hidrogeologi Danau Batur
Kerjasama Badan Pengelola Pariwisata Batur UNESCO Global Geopark
Curah Hujan dan Fluktuasi Kenaikan Muka Air Danau
Fluktuasi Tinggi Muka Air Danau per-bulan (Sumber: BWS Bali-Penida)
6
2017
5 2018
2015
4 2016
2000
Tinggi (m)

2001
3 2014
2011
2 1998
2010
1
2006
1984 1990
2009
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2009

Fluktuasi
6.00 Tinggi Muka Air Danau per-tahun (Sumber: BBWS Bali-Penida)

5.00

4.00
Tinggi (m)

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
31
Rata-rata Minimal Maksimal Sumber Peta:
Citra Google Earth 1995 2014
 Curah Hujan dan Fluktuasi Kenaikan Muka Air Danau

Rata-Rata Kenaikan Air Danau VS ∆ CH. Batur vs ∆T. Danau

8.00 Curah Hujan Bulanan y = 0.0002x - 6.6495 600
2.00 500
y = -0.0035x + 279.48
1.50 400
6.00 300
400 1.00
200
4.00 0.50 100

200 0.00 0
2.00 -100
-0.50
-200
-1.00 -300
0.00 0
Jan-04

Jan-14
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03

Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-07
Jan-08
Jan-09
Jan-10
Jan-11
Jan-12
Jan-13

Jan-15
Jan-16
Jan-17
Jan-18
-1.50 -400

Dec-18
Apr-02

Apr-07

Apr-12

Apr-17
Dec-98

Dec-03

Dec-08

Dec-13

Jun-16
Jun-01

Jun-06

Jun-11
Feb-98

Oct-99

Feb-03

Oct-04

Feb-08

Oct-09

Feb-13

Oct-14

Feb-18
Aug-00

Aug-05

Aug-10

Aug-15
Kenaikan Air Danau CH. Batur

Grafik Hubungan Tinggi Danau dan

7.00 Delta CH vs Delta T. Danau
Curah Hujan Bulanan
6.00 2.00
1.50
5.00
y = -0.0006x + 2.8984 y = -0.0003x + 0.0071
Tinggi Danau (m)

1.00

∆T.Danau (m)
4.00 R² = 0.0032 R² = 0.0125
0.50
3.00
0.00
2.00 -0.50
1.00 -1.00

0.00 -1.50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Curah Hujan (mm/bulan) ∆ Curah Hujan (mm) 32
Parameter Fisik Air

Sebaran nilai TDS (mg/L)

754
135 1230
1003
1156
111.2 1070
1158
1429
99
1064 1154
167
7.2 20.4
4.7 664

1600 235

Air Danau Ma. Panas Ma. Dingin Sungai Sumur Gali Air Hujan 1148 1119 33
 Isotop δ2H dan δ18O
40 40
AH-Ubud Nilai Isotop Air Hujan & Danau AH-Bratan AH-Ubud
20 AH-Beratan LMWL 20 LMWL
Tidak berbeda secara signifikan
TD, TMP, TCT,
TLW (1&2), SWG-2 Garis Evaporasi
0 0 Garis Evaporasi
δ2H 0/oo)

δ2H 0/00)
-20 -20
Garis Reaksi Garis Reaksi
-40 Air-Batuan Air-Batuan
-40
Isotop bertambah berat
Input fluida volcano-magmatic+evaporasi
-60
Pengkayaan Isotop -60 BYN TMB BRT
Mixing fluida hidrotermal  Reaksi Air-Batuan Deplesi isotope 𝛿 18O
-80 AH-Batur
-80 Efek evaporasi
Air Danau >>
-100 Ma. Panas
AH-Batur
-13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 -100
-13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1
Danau Batur δ18O (0/oo) Sumur Gali
Sungai Ma. Panas
δ18O (0/00)
Air Hujan Danau Lain
Ma. Dingin Air Hujan
Linear (Danau Lain) Linear (Reaksi Air-Batuan)
Linear (Reaksi Air-Batuan) Linear (Bali Rainwater Line )
Linear (Bali Rainwater Line ) Linear (Garis Evaporasi)
Plot Nilai Isotop daerah danau Batur pada Garis Bali Rainwater Line (Kayane, 1992) dan
garis evaporasi serta garis reaksi air-batuan (Purnomo dan Pichler, 2015) Plot Nilai Isotop daerah danau BRT-BYN-TMB pada Garis Bali Rainwater Line (Kayane,
Beda nilai 1992) dan garis evaporasi serta garis reaksi air-batuan (Purnomo dan Pichler, 2015)
isotope 𝛿18O = 8

 Isotop air danau Batur lebih berat >> mata air panas & air hujan  isotop air danau sejak awal sudah berat karena adanya input fluida
magmatic + input gas yang memiliki kandungan isotop yang berat dan evaporasi yg dapat berasal dari bawah dan atas danau

 Isotop air danau Bratan-Buyan-Tamblingan tidak jauh berbeda dengan isotope air hujan di danau Bratan  input dari air meteorik yang
terdeplesi karena efek evaporasi 34
222Rn activity

Soil Gas > Dissolve Gas

35
Riwayat Seismik dan Volkanik Batur

Riwayat banyaknya erupsi gunung Batur berdasarkan dalam beberapa interval tahun (Hidayati dan Sulaeman, 2013) Titik pengamatan aktivitas seismic gunung Batur
(Hidayati dan Sulaeman, 2013)

Terjadi peningkatan VT dalam rentang Sept – Okt 2009 Fluktuasi Tinggi Air Danau
4.00
3.50
3.00 Nov-09,
2.50
2.00
Mar-11, Apr-11
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Jumlah kejadian seismic harian pada G. Batur pada periode Januari 2009 – Oktober 2011
(Hidayati dan Sulaeman, 2013) 36
Riwayat Seismik dan Volkanik Batur
Aktivitas Volkanik Tektonik tahun 2009 yang
menyebabkan pendangkalan kantong magma
dangkal, 2009 – 2011 juga terjadi kenaikan
tinggi muka air danau

Kenaikan muka air danau hampir selalu

meningkat pada setelah tahun 2009

Ilustrasi fluida overpressure dari intrusi magmatik

oleh pelepasan fluida (Chi and Xue, 2011).

Terbentuk celah yang menjadi jalur masuknya fluida volcano magmatic ke

dalam danau  terbentuknya zona permeable  jalur input atau seepage
danau
Ilustrasi kejadian yang menggambarkan berbagai
proses yang mungkin terjadi di bawah danau
vulkanik (Pasternack and Varekamp, 1997)
Hydrothermal driven overpressure yang menyebabkan rekahnya batuan (basalt)
miskin kuarsa , pelepasan fluida (penambahan volume danau)
 Berdasarkan tomographic imaging terdapat anomali nilai Vs (shear wave velocity) yang rendah dikarenakan kehadiran
over-pressurized hydrothermal fluids (Zulfakriza et al. 2019) yang memungkinkan sebagai sumber intrusi magma dangkal
(Albino et al. 2019) 37
From now, let's build as many “scientific” bridges as possible
for our better earth