International Journal of Research and Engineering

ISSN: 2348-7860 (O) | 2348-7852 (P) | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | PP. 422-429
Digital Object Identifier DOI® http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijre.2018.5.6.1
Copyright © 2018 by authors and International Journal of Research and Engineering
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 | |

Application of Optimized SFCL and STATCOM for the

Transient Stability and LVRT ORIGINAL
ARTICLE
Capability Enhancement of Wind Farms
Author(s): *1Tamaraebi Atuwo
Affiliation(s): 1Industrial Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, USA
*Corresponding Author: tatuwo@lamar.edu

Abstract: In this paper, the combined
superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) and
STATCOM are used to improve transient stability
and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of
the wind turbine generation system (WTGS). The
SFCL absorbs the accelerating energy of the
generator, and therefore, improves the WTGS
transient stability. Also, STATCOM helps the
restore connecting point voltage to improve LVRT
capability by reactive power compensation (RPC)
after fault clearing. The optimization problem of
SFCL resistance and STATCOM capacity is
formulated based on the transient stability and
LVRT capability of WTGS. The Simulation study
shows the superior improving LVRT capability of
combined SFCL and STATCOM over individual
SFCL or STATCOM. Also, the required capacity
of STATCOM for RPC is significantly reduced.
PSCAD/EMTDC software (V4.2) is used for
simulation.
Keywords: SFCL, STATCOM, Transient Stability, Wind
Turbine, Reactive Power Compensation (RPC).
I. INTRODUCTION
The growing number distributed energy generators requires
new strategies for the planning and operation of the power
systems in order to maintain or even to improve the power
supply reliability and quality [1, 2]. Optimal placement of
the dispersed generation in electrical distribution systems
was carried out considering the voltage profile improvement
indexes and decreased losses in this study. Also, minimizing
the power system costs, specially the costs associated with
network load growth is the final aim of a distribution system
plan [3-6]. Safety of the power system equipment and
quality of the delivered power to the costumers are highly
related to work close to nominal frequency of the power
system and satisfying the voltage level constraints [7, 8]. To
keep power system frequency around its nominal value,
active power mismatches between supply and demand have
been regulated by fast ramping reserve such as natural gas,
whose services are costly for decades [9-12]. However,
shifting toward integrating higher level of wind power into
the power system, increases generations variability and
raises need for updated operational process such as demand
respond or installing grid scale storage to improve flexibility
and maintain reliability of the power system [13, 14]. Other
issue of increasing integration of wind power is voltage sag
in WTGS connecting point. The downstream faults in the
power system could result in large fault current flow that not
only might damage the series equipment but also can cause
voltage sag at WTGS connecting point. This voltage sag
might disconnect WTGS from power system. This is
adverse to the reliability and stability of power system when
the wind power penetration level is high [4, 5, 15].
In order to avoid this problem, the transmission system
operators (TSOs) impose some technical requirements for
the integration of WTGS, as grid codes. In the grid code
requirements, the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) is one
of the important and pertinent issues [9, 16]. The ability of
WTGS to stay connected to the power system during faults
and voltage sag is stated as LVRT capability. As shown in
Fig. 1(a), The WTGS must stay connected when the
connecting point voltage remains inside the shadow area up
to limit line 1. A short disconnection is allowed, when the
connecting point voltage is between line 1 and line 2. In
addition, WTGS have to provide the reactive current
compensation to support the connecting point voltage during
fault as shown in Fig. 1(b) [10, 17].
.
IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO
Fig.1: (a) Limit curve for LVRT requirements of
E.ON grid code
Fig.1: (b) Reactive current to be delivered to grid
Authors in [18] has shown that installation of STATCOM
can effectively reduce the loss and harmonics while the
system voltage is controlled at desired level with the
minimum ripple. Therefore, the installation of additional
shunt FACTS device such as STATCOM and SVC at
WTGS connecting point to provide the reactive current to
comply LVRT requirements is necessary [19-21].
Another interface for integration WTGSs and power system
is superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL), which is
mainly implemented for fault current limiting applications.
The applications of SFCLs, in the connecting point, not only
reduce the large fault current but also can improve the
transient stability of the WTGS [22-24]. In [25-27],
resistive-type SFCL has been proposed for improving
LVRT capability of squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)
and double-fed induction generator (DFIG), respectively.
The resistance value of SFCL in these papers is selected
based on trial-and-error approach which cannot guarantee
the optimal value. The study results show that the higher
value of SFCL resistance, the better enhancement of
transient stability can be resulted. The high resistance value
of SFCL results in the big size, the high cost and the high
energy loss during fault.
In this paper, the combined SFCL and STATCOM are
proposed for enhancement transient stability and LVRT
capability of WTGS. Also, this study proposed a
mathematical approach to evaluate optimal SFCL resistance
and STATCOM capacity based on LVRT requirements and
423
transient stability of WTGS. The WTGS is considered as a
fixed-speed system, equipped with a SCIG. The drive-train
is represented by two-mass model. SFCL has been modelled
as a variable resistor by PSCAD/EMTDC software based on
the electric field and current density (E~J) characteristic of
the superconductor.
II. PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF
COMBINED SFCL AND STATCOM
A. Resistive-Type SFCL
There are various types of SFCLs, which generally can
beclassified into resistive and inductive types [28, 29]. Each
type of SFCL has its merits and demerits.The resistive type
SFCL isused more due to its compact size and simple
principle of operation than inductive type SFCL [30-32].
The physical property of the resistive type SFCL is based on
the E–J characteristic of the high temprature superconductor
(HTS) and its dependence on temperature (T). The E–J
characteristic of the HTS can be expressed by the following
equation:
( ) (1)
( )( )
{
The E–J characteristic of SFCL can be divided into three
sub-regions as follows [33]:
 Superconducting state,
 Flux flow state and
 Normal conducting state
Where, EC, JC and TC are the critical field,current density
and temperature. ρ is the specific resistivity in a normal state
and n is the exponent of E–J power law at flux flow state
[34]. In a normal operation mode, the current density and
temperature are below their critical values JC and TC.
Therefore, the HTS is in superconducting state and is
represented by zero resistance. During the fault condition,
the current density exceeds J and the HTS enters flux flow
state. Therefore, the electric filed increased with the current
density by ( ) . Due to the resistive power
dissipation in this state, the HTS is heated up to critical
temprature TC [35]. Then, the resistance value of SFCL is
increased and enters the normal conducting state. During
this state, the electric filed is proportional to current density
and the resistance of the HTS varies approximately in a
linear relationship with temperature. In this study, the
resistive type SFCL has been modeled as a variable
resistorby PSCAD/EMTDC software based on E–J
characteristic. Fig. 2 and 3 show the V-I curve and the
IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO 424

variation of resistance of resistive type SFCL during fault,

respectively.

Fig. 4: (b) Control Schematic

C. Evaluation Minimum Value of SFCL Resistance and

Fig. 2: The V-I curve of resistive type SFCL STATCOM Capacity
The power system shown in Fig. 5(a) has been used to
evaluate the optimal value of the SFCL resistance and
STATCOM capacity for improving transient stability and
LVRT capability of the WTs under short circuit fault
condition. Fig. 5(b) shows the IG steady-state equivalent
circuit.

Fig. 3: The resistance of resistive type SFCL

B. STATCOM MODEL
The configuration of a typical STATCOM is shown in Fig.
4(a). It consists of a two-level voltage source converter
(VSC), common DC link capacitor and a coupling
transformer connected in shunt with the AC power grid.
Several techniquesto control the STATCOM have been
reported and proposed [36-39]. In this paper, two separate
proportional-integral (PI) controllers are used to control the Fig. 5: (a) Power system with SFCL and STATCOM for the
DC link and the STATCOM reactive power as shown in Fig. study, and (b) Steady-state equivalent circuit of induction
4(b). generator

In a normal operation mode, the SFCL is in superconducting

state and has zero resistance. As a result, the voltage drops
and power losses of the SFCL are approximately equal to
zero. Also, STATCOM is controlled to keep the voltage at
the connecting point constant at determined value. The
operation of SFCL and STATCOM under short circuit fault
condition can be classified in the two following modes:

1) During fault period: During this period, the SFCL

resistance is increased to reduce the fault current, improve
Fig. 4: (a) Configuration of a typical STATCOM the transient stability and increase the output efficiency [40].
Fig. 6 (a) shows the equivalent circuit of the system during
fault period, where Vg and Vt are grid voltage and terminal
IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO 425

voltage of IG. Rg and Xg are resistance and reactance of grid.

Xt and Xl are reactance of transformer and line. RSFCL is the
resistance of SFCL. Fig. 6 (b) shows the thevenin equivalent
circuit of the system seen from WTGS terminals during
fault period. The thevenin voltage (VTH) and impedance (ZTH)
seen from WTGS terminals can be written as follows:

( ) Fig. 6: Equivalent circuit of system with SFCL and STATCOM, (b)

( ) ( )
thevenin model
(( )( )) ( )

2) During voltage recovery period: During this period, the

The minimum value of RSFCL to improve transient stability resistance value of SFCL is decreased to zero and
of WTGS is assumed to be and it is determined as STATCOM helps to restore connecting point voltage to
follows. When = during fault period, meet LVRT curve by RPC. Fig. 7 shows the equivalent
and the slip of IG reaches its maximum value and it is circuit of the system in order to evaluate the required
assumed to equal to .This corresponds to at the STATCOM capacity for IG during voltage recovery period.
smallest value and the converted electrical torque being at The current of STATCOM is represented by Iq. The
its largest value. The electrical torque can be calculated impedance of IG is represented by ( ) as follows:
as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

By applying KCL at connecting point node, the connecting

The electrical torque reaches its maximum value when point voltage (Vpcc) can be written as:
is the smallest value as follows:
[( )( )] ( )

√( ) ( ) ( )
Where,
( )
And the maximum electrical torque can be calculated as ( )
follows:
The STATCOM current is purely reactive and has +90
phase difference to VPCC. Therefore, the STATCOM current
( ) can be represented as a function of connecting point voltage
( ) ( )
as follows:

Where, and correspond to . As shown in

Fig. 1(a), WTGS must stay connected when the connecting
point voltage remains above 0.45 pu during fault period. In
this study, to keep the thevenin voltage (VTH) in shadow area
of LVRT curve, the is assumed to be 0.5 pu during
fault period. By substituting the value of ( ) from (4)
in (6), the result is (7) as follows:
( ) ( )
Solving (7) gives the minimum SFCL resistance to ensure
transient stability of WTGS and keep the connecting point
voltage in shadow area of LVRT curve during the fault
period.
( )
By substituting (9) and (10) in (11), the result is (12) as
follows:
| | ( )
The required STATCOM current can be found by a second
order equation as given in (12). Solving this equation gives
the required capacitive STATCOM current rating for RPC
to restore the connecting point voltage, during voltage
recovery period.

Fig. 7: Equivalent circuit of system with SFCL and STATCOM

Fig. 6: Equivalent circuit of system with SFCL and STATCOM, (a) during recovery voltage recovery period
during fault period
IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO 426

D. Modeling WTGS III. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fixed-speed wind turbine utilizes squirrel cage IG directly
connected to the power grid. The wind turbine rotor speed is
fixed and determined by the frequency of the supply grid,
the gear ratio and the IG design. IGs always need to absorb
a particular amount of reactive power. Thus, they generally
have fixed reactive power support devices. The fixed-speed
wind turbine has the advantage of being simple, robust,
reliable and well-proven [4].
After optimization in the case of SFCL and STATCOM
from (12) and (7) based on the parameter of simulated
system in Fig. 9, the optimized parameters are RSFCL =1.47
pu, Smax=1.3 pu and Iq=1 pu.
From (12), the optimized result in the case of only
STATCOM, is Iq=3 pu.

E. Wind Speed Model

Three-phase short circuit fault is simulated on the grid side,
The wind speed is modeled as the sum of Vwa(t)base wind which starts at t=10s, as shown in Fig. 9. After 0.3s, the
speed , Vwg(t) gust wind speed , Vwr(t) ramp wind speed and
circuit breaker isolated the faulted line.
Vwt(t) noise wind speed, and expressed by the following
equation [16]:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (13)

F. Wind Turbine Model

The mechanical power extracted from the WTs can be
described as follow [15]: Fig. 9: Simulated power system
( ) (14)
The simulations have been carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC
where, Pwt is the power extracted from the wind, ρ is the air
for three cases, as follows:
density, vw is the wind speed, CP is the performance
coefficient or power coefficient, λ is the tip speed ration, Awt  Case A: Without using any STATCOM and SFCL,
is the area covered by the wind turbine rotor.  Case B: With using STATCOM only and
G. Shaft model / drive train system  Case C: With using combined STATCOM and SFCL.
The shaft model of the wind turbine is described by the two-
mass model as shown in Fig. 8 and defined by the following A. Fault Current Limiting
equation [17-18]: Fig. 10 (a) shows the fault current of the line2 for three
cases, respectively. In the cases of A and B, the fault current
( ) increases to the rms value of 0.5pu, approximately. By using
the resistive-type SFCL, the fault current is limited to the
( ( )) ( )
peak value of 1.9 pu.
( ( )) ( )

Where,
B. LVRT Capability
Tt the mechanical torque referred to the generator side,
Te the electromagnetic torque, Fig. 10 (b) shows the connecting point voltage of SCIG for
Ht the equivalent turbine-blade inertia, three cases. It can be observed that the connecting point
Hg the generator inertia, voltage of WTGS decreases to zero in cases A and B during
ωt the turbine rotational speed, fault, approximately.
ωg the generator rotational speed,
K the shaft stiffness
D the damping constant
θs the angular displacement the ends of the shaft

(a)

Fig. 8: Two mass model of wind turbine train simulation results

IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO 427

(b) (c)

Fig. 11: (a) Reactive power, (b) Electrical torque and (c)
Enlargement of the electrical torque for three cases

After fault clearance in case A, the connecting point voltage

(c) cannot be restored to pre-fault level. The combined SFCL
and STATCM not only decrease the voltage sag to 0.9pu,
but also the voltage at connecting point can be restored
quickly after the fault clearance compared to case B.

C. Rotor Speed
Fig. 10 (c) shows the rotor speed of the SCIG for three cases,
respectively. As shown in Fig. 12, the rotor speed gradually
reduces to the pre-fault level and the system is stable in both
(d) cases of B and C, but the SCIG is unstable in case A. Also,
the combined RSFCL and STATCOM can provide a better
damping to post-fault oscillations.

D. Active and Reactive Power

Fig. 10: (a) Fault current for three cases, (b) PCC voltage,
(c) Rotor speed and (d) Active power for three cases in fault
(a)
Fig. 10 (d) and Fig. 11 (a) show the active and reactive
power exchanged between the WTGS and the grid for three
cases, respectively. After the fault, the active power is
restored in cases B and C. As shown in Fig. 11 (a), the
absorbing reactive power from the grid is significantly
reduced by using the combined SFCL and STATCOM,
which help to restore the connecting point voltage quickly
after the fault clearance.

E. Torque characteristics
Fig. 11(b) shows the electrical torque of the IG for three
cases, respectively. As shown in Fig. 11 (b), the variation of
the electrical torque is reduced in both cases of B and C, and
restored in pre-fault value. But, the combined SFCL and
STATCOM are very effective in suppressing the variations
(b) of the electrical torque and swings after fault clearing. Fig.
11 (c) shows the enlargement of Fig. 11 (b).

IV. CONCLUSION

In this paper, the application of the combined SFCL and

STATCOM has been proposed for improving the LVRT and
limiting fault current of fixed-speed WTGSs. Based on the
simulation results of a system with WTGS and the
IJRE | Vol. 5 No. 6 | June 2018 | T. ATUWO
combined SFCL and STATCOM, the following points can
be drawn. 1) During the fault condition, the resistive type
SFCLs not only limit the Fault current but also consume
electrical energy and improve the transient stability of
WTGS during fault. 2) In normal operation mode,
STATCOM is controlled to keep the voltage at the
connecting point constant at 1 pu and helps to restore
connecting point voltage to meet LVRT curve by reactive
power compensation after fault. 3) By using the combined
SFCL and STATCOM, the requirement capacity of VSC for
the STATCOM is reduced effectively, as shown in Fig. 14.
4) The comparison with STATCOM shows that the
combined SFCL and STATCOM are more effective for the
enhancement of LVRT and transient stability than
STATCOM only. For future work, the controller tuning
problems of FACTS can be searched and an alternative
solution can be found.
V. DECLARATION
All authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest and the
project was self-funded.
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