Submitted By: Yasir Iqbal

Submitted To: Dr. Muhammad Khan

Center for Human Genetics

Hazara University Mansehra
Mansehra KPK, Pakistan
Introduction
 Drugs and medicines

Pharmaceutical medicine is also called medicine, which is a chemical substance used to treat, cure,
prevent or diagnose a disease or promote health. Pharmaceutical drugs can be used for a limited time
or on a daily basis in chronic conditions. Sources Drugs are obtained from seven major sources.
Drugs are obtained from six major sources:

1. Plant sources.

2. Animal sources.

3. Mineral/ Earth sources.

4. Microbiological sources.

5. Semi synthetic sources/ Synthetic sources.

6. Recombinant DNA technology

Plant source Ipecacuanha s :

The source of plants is the oldest source of drugs. In ancient times, most medicines were derived
from plants. Almost all parts of the plant, such as leaves, stems, bark, fruit and roots, are used. leaves:
a. The leaves of Digitos purpura are the source of Digitoxin and Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides.
b. Eucalyptus leaves provide eucalyptus oil, an important ingredient in cough syrup.

fruit 1.

poppy somniferum gives morphine (opioids) 2. Rose produces rose water which is used as a tonic.

1. Atropa belladonna gives atropine, which is anticholinergic. 2. Sanchona bark gives quinine and
quinidine, which are antimicrobial drugs. Quinine also has anti-inflammatory properties. Connect 1.
root is used to induce vomiting like accidental poison, gives Emetine. It also has amoebic properties. 2.
Rawolfia serpentina gives rapin, which is a supposed agent. Seeds 1. Klaber beans give
physocytgamine, a cholinergic drug. 2. The seeds of Nix vomica give Strychin, which are CNS
stimulants.

Trunk

1. Chondrodendron tomantum provides tobocavarin, which relaxes the skilled muscles used in general
anesthesia.

Animal sources

Many sources of drugs are animals. In most cases, the drug is derived from the secretions, fluids or
glands of the animal's body. Like plant

Examples 1. The pancreas is a source of insulin used in the care of diabetes. 2. Urine from a pregnant
woman is a source of human coronary gonadotropin (HCG) which is used to maintain infertility
notatum. 3. The source of thyroxine is the thyroid, which is used in high blood pressure. St. Stomach
tissues contain pepsin and trypsin, which have been used in the past, are digestive juices and are used
to treat peptic ulcer disease. Microbial sources Historically, many life-saving drugs have been derived
from microorganisms Examples 1. Immunoglycosides such as centamycin and toramycin are obtained
from streptomycetes and micromonaspores. 2. Actinobacteria give streptomycin. 3. Penicillium is a
fungus that gives penicillin.

Mineral sources Minerals (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used as drugs since
ancient times. To maintain homeostasis, our body needs trace elements of minerals. Lack of adequate
levels of these elements can lead patients to take various mineral-based medications to increase
mineral intake. Examples include ferrous sulfate in iron deficiency anemia. Purgative as magnesium
sulfate; Magnesium tricylate, aluminum hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate as hypersensitivity and
peptic ulcer zinc oxide ointment as skin protector, in wounds and eczema. Gold salts (solganil,
uranofen) as anti-inflammatory and rheumatoid arthritis. Selenium as anti-dandruff. Bioactive
compounds from marine flora and fauna are widely used in the prevention, diagnosis o Alithurobin r
treatment of many diseases, both past and present. Corals, sponges, fish and marine microorganisms
produce biologically powerful chemicals with anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antiseptic activity. For
example, marine cyanobacterium from Langbiae majacul, Coracin A, coral Alterobia SP to, marine
sponge Dyscodermia desolota, etc., show potent anti-tumor activity.

Synthetic / chemical derivative.

Chemical synthesis is used to make synthetic drugs, which are used to make chemical derivatives into
a new compound. Configures Synthetic drug sources were developed in the laboratory with human
expertise and an understanding of advanced scientific and phytochemical research. Currently, most
medicines in clinical practice are manufactured in pharmaceutical and chemical laboratories.

Examples One of the earliest synthetic drugs was sulfonamide, which originated from protozoal dye
synthesis. Other examples include acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin or ASA), oral antidiabetics,
antihistamines, thiazide diuretics, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, general and topical anesthetics,
paracetamol phenytoin, etc. Today, most medicines are used in synthetic form. In general, there is a
high production of synthetic drugs, which are significantly associated with quality, purity and low cost.

Semi-synthetic Sources.

Semi-synthetic drugs aren’t completely natural or synthetic. These are a mixture and usually
developed by chemically altering substances which are available from natural sources in order to
enhance their potency, effectiveness and reduce side effects. Semi-synthetic methods are often used
to produce drugs when the natural sources can yield impure compounds or when drugs synthesized
can be difficult, costly and commercially unavailable. In semi-synthetic methods, the nucleus of drug
derived from natural resource is preserved intact but the chemical structure is changed. Semi-artificial
sources Semi-synthetic medicines are not completely natural or synthetic. They are a compound and
are usually made from chemically modified substances that are available from natural sources to
reduce their potency, effectiveness and side effects. Semi-synthetic methods are often used to make
drugs when natural sources can produce contaminants or when synthetic drugs are difficult,
expensive and not commercially available. In semi-synthetic methods, the nucleus of a drug derived
from natural resources remains intact but the chemical structure has changed.

Examples.

Examples include apomorphine, diesel morphine, ethinyl estradiol, homatropin ampicillin, and
methyl testosterone. Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology involves the
proliferation of DNA through endonucleases. The target gene is designed for rapid replication of DNA
(viral, bacterial or plasmid). New genetic combinations have been introduced into the culture that
allow large amounts of genetic material to be created. Examples Insulin is regularly produced in
bacteria using D-Bacon DNA technology