SOURCES OF DRUGS

NAME MUZAMMIL HUSSAIN

ROLL NO. 53
SEMESTER 4TH
SUBMITTED TO ; DR.TANVEER AHMAD
 MAJOR SOURCES

There are six major drugs soruces

o Plant sources
o Animal sources
o Mineral/ Earth sources
o Microbiological sources
o Semi synthetic sources/ Synthetic sources
o Recombinant DNA technology
 PLANT SOURCES

It is the oldest source of drug.

 Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, stem, bark, fruits and roots.

 LEAVES of Digitalis Purpurea , Eucalyptus , Tobacco, Atropa belladonna are

sources of cardiac glycosides, component of cough syrup, nicotine and atropine
respectively.
 SEEDS

Strychnine is a CNS stimulant obtained from seeds of Nux Vomica ,

 Castor oil seeds are source of castor oil.

A cholinomimetic drug , Physostigmine is synthesizedfrom Calabar bean

 ROOTS

 Ipecacuanha root gives Emetine, used to induce vomiting as in accidental

poisoning. It also has amoebicidal properties.

 Rauwolfia serpentina gives reserpine, a hypotensive agent.

Reserpine was used for hypertension treatment.

 BARK

 Cinchona bark gives quinine and quinidine, which are antimalarial drugs.
Quinidine also has antiarrythmic properties.

 Atropa belladonna gives atropine, which is anticholinergic.

 Hyoscyamus Niger gives Hyosine, which is also anticholinergic.

 FLOWER AND STEM

 Poppy papaver somniferum gives morphine (opoid)

Vinca rosea gives vincristine and vinblastine

 Rose gives rose water used as tonic.

Chondrodendron tomentosum gives tuboqurarine, which is skeletal muscle

relaxant used in general anesthesia.
 ANIMAL SOURCES

 Sheep thyroid is a source of thyroxin, used in hypertension

 Blood of animals is used in preparation of vaccines.

 Stomach tissue contains pepsin and trypsin, which are digestive juices used in treatment of peptic
diseases in the past

 Cod liver is used as a source of vitamin A and

 ANIMAL SOURCES

 Anterior pituitary is a source of pituitary gonadotropins, used in treatment of

infertility.

 Pancreas is a source of Insulin, used in treatment of Diabetes.

 Urine of pregnant women gives human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) used for
the treatment of infertility.
 MICROBIOLOGICAL SOURCES

Different drugs are obtained from micro-organisms like

Penicillium notatum is a fungus which gives penicillin.

 Actinobacteria give Streptomycin.

 Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and tobramycin are obtained from

streptomycis and micromonosporas.
 SYNTHETIC AND SEMI SYNTHETIC
SOURCES

Emetine Bismuth Iodide is an example of synthetic drug.

Apomorphine, Diacetyl morphine, Ethinyl Estradiol, Homatropine, Ampicillin

and Methyl testosterone are semisynthetic drugs.

Freuently used antianxiety drugs and anti-convulsants are also semisynthetic

drugs.
 MINERAL SOURCES

Drugs obtained from mineral sources are

Iron is used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

 Mercurial salts are used in Syphilis.

 Iodine is antiseptic. Iodine supplements are also used.

 MINERAL SOURCES

 Gold salts are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

 Zinc is used as zinc supplement. Zinc oxide paste is used in wounds and in eczema.

 Selenium as selenium sulphide is used in anti dandruff shampoos.

 Fluorine has antiseptic properties.

 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

 The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial cultures which allow production of
vast amount of genetic material.

 Interferons, Hepatitis-B vaccine, Enzymes , Hormones etc.