STUDENT ASSIGNMENT NO 1

GOVERNMENT POSTGRADUATE COLLEGE SAMUNDRI

DISTRICT FAISALABAD.

Submitted By

Student Name: M Afzal Saghar

Subject with code: CHM-402

University Roll No: U418522/C1824
Morning/Evening: Morning
Semester No.: 4th
Department: Botany
Session: 2018-22
Teacher Name: Mam Aysha Nisar
 Analytical Instruments and Their Uses

Definition;
“Analytical instruments are a large class of instruments used
for analytical applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, clinical, food-
processing laboratories and oil refineries.”
The instruments help in analysing materials and establishing the
composition. Among the most common types of analytical
equipments are spectrophotometer, refractometer, calorimeter,
electrochemical Instrument, conductivity meter, automatic
density meter, automatic titrators, colony counter,
demagnetizers, fiberscopes and several others.
ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1-Spectrophotometer
Definition;
A  spectrometer  is a device for measuring wavelengths of light
over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Uses of Spectrometer
 Some of the major applications of spectrometers include the following:
Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine ecosystems
Studying spectral emission lines of distant galaxies
 Characterization of proteins
 Space exploration
 Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals

2-TDS Meter

A  TDS meter  indicates the  total dissolved solids  (TDS) of a solution, i.e. the
concentration of dissolved solid particles. Dissolved ionized solids, such as
salts and minerals, increase the electrical conductivity (EC) of a solution.
  TDS meter measures the conductivity of the solution and
estimates the TDS from that reading. Because it is a volume
measure of ionized solids, EC can be used to estimate TDS.
3 Calorimeter

A Calorimeter is an instrument used in the process called calorimetry. In

this process, calorimeter measures the heat produced during chemical
reactions or physical.
 Calorimeters come in various types depending on the nature of
physical or chemical activities to be conducted. Some of the most
commonly found calorimeters are differential scanning
calorimeters, isothermal microcalorimeters, titration calorimeters
and accelerated rate calorimeters
.

 Mercury Analyzer
Mercury analyzers  are  used  to detect  mercury  levels in solids, liquids, or gases
for environmental and safety reasons.  Analysis  may be carried out on a per-
sample basis or for continuous monitoring, for example,
checking  mercury  levels in river water or the atmospheric levels of  mercury  on
an industrial site.
The monitoring of mercury levels is required for a wide range of industries:
Food—mercury levels in fish, vegetables, and drinking water
Mining and oil—mercury is used in the extraction of gold; mercury traces are found in natural
gas and oil
Chemical—mercury levels in effluents; monitoring mercury levels in by-products such as
hydrogen
Environmental—mercury in soil, mercury in water, and volcanic mercury emissions
Biological—mercury in hair, urine, blood, and saliva.
Typical samples include water and aqueous samples; biological samples; foods; coal, ash, and
minerals; and soil.

 Oscilloscopes
An Oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument that helps in observation of
constantly changing signal voltages usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or
more electrical potential differences plotted as a function of time. Also known as a
scope, CRO, DSO or an O-scope, oscilloscopes are generally used to observe the
precise wave shape of an electrical signal.
Uses

Oscilloscopes are very useful in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and

telecommunications industry. General purpose instruments are used for
maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special purpose
oscilloscopes may be used for analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to
display the waveform of the heartbeat as an electelectrocardiogra
Oscilloscopes are used to view the signals coming directly from devices
such as sound cards, allowing the real-time display of waves. They are
used as electrocardiograms, to test circuits and to troubleshoot electronic
devices such as televisions. Oscilloscopes with storage features allow
signals to be captured, retrieved and analyzed for later use
 Polarimeters
Polarimeter passes polarized light through an optically active substance to measure the angle of
rotation. This polarized light will rotate either clockwise or anti-clockwise when it passes
through chemical substances that are optically active. This amount of light rotating is known as
angle of rotation. If the light rotates to left (anti-clockwise) it is a levo-isomer, and if it rotate to
right (clockwise) it is a dextro-isomer.
A few different
 Biquartz Polarimeter
 Lippich Polarimeter
 Manual Polarimeter
 Fully Automatic Polarimeter
Each polarimeter is used according to its usages in different industries
used to measure the angle of rotation caused by passing polarized light through an optically
active substance.

 Ph Meter

very important laboratory instrument, the pH meter is used for measuring the pH (acidity or
alkalinity) of a liquid. A typical pH meter includes a special measuring probe, which is often a
glass electrode connected to an electronic meter that measures and shows the pH reading.  The
difference in electrical potential relates to the acidity or pH of the solution.
The pH meter is used in many applications ranging from laboratory experimentation to quality
control. A pH meter is among the most popular and most important measuring devices used by
chemists and non-chemists in lab, field and industrial environment.
  Thermometers

A thermometer is a device that is used to measure the   temperature  of a body. Common

types of thermometers are Medical thermometers, Infrared thermometers, Mercury
thermometers, thermocouple thermometers, laboratory thermometers, Bimetallic strip
thermometers, Pyrometers, etc.

 Uses

Clinical or Medical thermometers

A Medical thermometer is used to measure body temperature.

Laboratory thermometers
It is used to measure the room temperature of hot solids and liquids in experiments. It
measures temperature in the range of 5 °C to 110 °C and on higher temperatures.

Digital thermometers
Digital thermometers measure the temperature by means of an electronic circuit.

 Rheometer
A Rheometer is one of the commonly used devices in laboratories. It's chief purpose is to
determine the direction in which a liquid, suspension or slurry flows when subjected to
external force.
 Uses
It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of
viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than
is the case for a viscometer.
Rheology is used to describe and assess the deformation and flow behavior of materials. Fluids flow
at different speeds and solids can be deformed to a certain extent.

A Rheometer is one of the commonly used devices in laboratories. It's chief purpose is to
determine the direction in which a liquid, suspension or slurry flows when subjected to external
force.

Modern Rheometers can be classified into two main sub categories:

Shear Rheometers: Typical types of Shear Rheometers includes Pipe or Capillary, Rotational
cylinder, Cone and plate and Linear Shear.
Extentional Rheometers: Rheotens, CaBER, FiSER, Sentmanat & Acoustic.

 Titrators

Titrators are analyzing apparatus used in chemical analytical process of titration, wherein a
sample is made to react with a reagent solution. The concentration of the solution is known and
from the volume of the reacted reagent, the result is measured. Earlier, the result was determined
with the change in indicator solution color, when the reagent was dispensed from a glass burette.
But now, we have Automatic Potentiometric Titrator, which automatically determine the
endpoint and calculate concentration. The titrators are used for following applications and
industries:
Drinking Water
Fats
Food/Food Processing
Industrial Chemicals
Petroleum Products
Pharmaceuticals/Drugs/Cosmetics
Plating Industry
Also, the instrument is used in numerous industries for inspection, testing and quality control
divisions.

 Principle of titration
The basic principle of the titration is the following: A solution - a so called titrant or standard
solution - is added to sample to be analyzed.
USES
It measures the rheology of liquids or fluids that fails to be described by a single value of
viscosity, hence requiring more parameters.
It is used to determine an unknown concentration of a known substance in a sample.

 Polarimeter

Polarimeter passes polarized light through an optically active substance to measure the angle of
rotation.
This polarized light will rotate either clockwise or anti-clockwise when it passes through
chemical substances that are optically active. This amount of light rotating is known as angle of
rotation. If the light rotates to left (anti-clockwise) it is a levo-isomer, and if it rotate to right
(clockwise) it is a dextro-isomer. A few different types of Polarimeters include:
 Laurent's Half-Shade Polarimeter
 Biquartz Polarimeter
 Lippich Polarimeter
 Manual Polarimeter
 Fully Automatic Polarimeter
 Uses
 Each polarimeter is used according to its usages in different industries.