Special Issue Article

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

2017, Vol. 9(1) 1–10
Ó The Author(s) 2017
Specifications and applications of the DOI: 10.1177/1687814016684272
journals.sagepub.com/home/ade
technical code for monitoring of
building and bridge structures in China

Y Yang1,2, QS Li3 and BW Yan1,2

Abstract
Recently, the exclusive compulsory technical code (GB 50982-2014) for structural health monitoring of buildings and
bridges in China has been developed and implemented. This code covers the majority of the field monitoring methods
and stipulates the corresponding technical parameters for monitoring of high-rise structures, large-span spatial struc-
tures, bridges and base-isolated structures. This article first presents the comprehensive review and linear comparison
of existing structural health monitoring codes and standards. Subsequently, the progress of the codification of GB
50982-2014 is imparted and its main features and specifications are summarized. Finally, in accordance with GB50982-
2014, several representative structural health monitoring practical applications of large-scale infrastructures in China are
exemplified to illustrate how this national code can bridge the gap between theory and practical applications of struc-
tural health monitoring. This technical code is an important milestone in the application of well-established structural
health monitoring techniques into the realistic and complex engineering projects. Also, it can provide abundant and
authoritative information for practitioners and researchers involving the structural health monitoring techniques.

Keywords
Structural monitoring, building, bridge, monitoring technology, structural safety, code and standard

Date received: 3 September 2016; accepted: 22 November 2016

Academic Editor: Jun Li

Introduction
The rapid growth of large-scale civil infrastructures has
1
undoubtedly driven and accelerated the development Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in
Mountain Area (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education,
and application of structural health monitoring (SHM)
Chongqing, China
in China. SHM, formally defined in the late 20th cen- 2
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
tury, refers to the long-term or periodic monitoring and 3
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of
systematic analysis of key structural and environmental Hong Kong, Hong Kong
parameters in situ so as to identify structural character-
Corresponding authors:
istic parameters, detect damages and evaluate the struc- Y Yang, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in
tural conditions. Finally, it can provide crucial and Mountain Area, School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University,
comprehensive information for the engineers or owner Chongqing 400045, China.
to recognize the abnormal states or accidents at an early Email: yangyangcqu@cqu.edu.cn
stage as well as facilitate the maintenance and rehabili-
BW Yan, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities
tation, thereby preventing the casualties and economic in Mountain Area, School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University,
losses.1–7 However, the gap between the research and Chongqing 400045, China.
practical applications of SHM has been widely noted Email: bowenyancq@cqu.edu.cn

Creative Commons CC-BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without
further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/
open-access-at-sage).
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
and received great concerns. The main reason can be
attributed to the lack of standardization of SHM princi-
ples and best practice guidelines (BPG). The authoritative
and standardized specifications of SHM in civil engineer-
ing infrastructures are a cumbersome task since structures
are different from each other in terms of structural forms,
structural performance and resisting capability as well as
types of subjected loads. Meanwhile, developing and
implementing codes and standards is normally time-
consuming and not always in perfect alignment with prio-
rities in research community.8
In the past decade, the significance of establishing
codes and standards in accelerating the employment of
SHM technologies and methodologies has been
increasingly emphasized. As a result, several codes or
standards have been developed and released. The first
guideline for SHM is the Guidelines for Structural
Health Monitoring,9 which was published by Intelligent
Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS) of Canada in
2001. This guideline presents the interim summary of
the state-of-the-art of SHM techniques at that moment,
including static field testing, dynamic field testing, peri-
odic monitoring and continuous monitoring.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
presented an informal international standard for mea-
suring and processing the vibration response of bridges
and buildings.10–12 In the United States, Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) and International
Federation for Structural Concrete (FIB) released the
guidelines of Development of a Model Health
Monitoring Guide for Major Bridges13 and Monitoring
and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures14
for bridge health monitoring. These guidelines include
almost all aspects of SHM engineering applications for
bridges, including monitoring concepts, structures and
materials, inspection technology, measurement method,
implementation issues and data acquisition, systems
analysis, condition assessment and structural reliability
analysis. Structural Assessment, Monitoring and
Control (SAMCO) of European Union issued
Guideline for Structural Health Monitoring15 in 2006,
which was intended to introduce the SHM procedures
and technologies to infrastructure system owners and
engineering practitioners. Also, Russian Federation has
developed Russian GOSTR 53778-2010,16 which intro-
duces the visual inspection, testing technologies and
condition-based classification schemes for different
types of structures. Wenzel17 also presented and sum-
marized existing SHM technologies of bridges, which
provided much valuable information for the conceptual
design of SHM systems and subsequent processing. In
2012, Germany issued an official guideline for the mon-
itoring of bridges and other engineering structures.18
The existing and comprehensive guidelines have wit-
nessed the significant progress of SHM for large-scale
infrastructures and presented a detailed and interim
summary of the available SHM technologies and meth-
ods as well as the engineering application procedures.
Eventually, they will lay the foundation for the authori-
tative and abundant codes and standards of SHM,
which can significantly promote the engineering appli-
cations of SHM.
This article first presents a comprehensive review of
the developments of SHM codes and standards in
China, particularly for the codification of Technical
code for monitoring of building and bridge structures
(GB 50982-2014). In addition, the engineering applica-
tion procedures and SHM technologies of several rep-
resentative cases in China are imparted, which
exemplified the specifications of this SHM code. The
content of this article is as follows: section
‘‘Development of SHM codes and standards in China’’
gives a brief overview of the history of the development
of the SHM codes and standards in China. Section
‘‘Main contents and features of GB50982-2014’’
describes the main contents and features of GB50982.
Section ‘‘Representative SHM engineering applications
based on GB50982-2014’’ presents some typical engi-
neering applications of SHM to infrastructures in
accordance with GB50982. The concluding remarks are
summarized in section ‘‘Conclusion.’’
Development of SHM codes and standards
in China
It is worth noting that there are two main systems to
develop and refine the standards of construction engi-
neering in China, namely, the engineering construction
standard by the government of China and the engineer-
ing construction standardization by professional asso-
ciations. The engineering construction standards include
local standards, industrial standards and national stan-
dards or codes, which are mandatory or recommended
and supervised by the Government of China; whereas,
the China Association for Engineering Construction
Standardization (CECS) is the main professional associ-
ation for engineering construction standardization with
recommended requirements, which does not belong to
the Government of China according to the ‘‘Standard
law of the People’s Republic of China.’’
The development of codification of SHM technolo-
gies has seen a rapid progress with the emerging stan-
dards, codes and specifications of different regions and
varying levels. Table 1 summarizes and compares the
existing SHM codes and standards in China. The first
SHM specification of Structural health monitoring sys-
tem technical specification for bridge of Tianjin (DB/
T29-208-2011)19 was issued by Tianjin municipal gov-
ernment in 2011, which is applicable for bridge health
monitoring in Tianjin. Afterwards, CECS issued
Design standard for structural health monitoring systems
Yang et al. 3

Table 1. Comparison of five SHM codes and standards in China.

Codes and standards

DB/T29-208- CECE 333:201220 JGJ/T 302- JT/T 1037-201622 GB50982-201423
201119 201321

Structure Urban bridge Bridge, high-rise Building Highway bridge Bridge, high-rise and towering
type and towering structures structures structures, long-span structures,
structures, long- seismically isolated structures,
span structures crossing construction
Code type Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Compulsory
Time In-service In-service Construction In-service Construction and in-service
Content Monitoring Monitoring Phenomena and Monitoring method Monitoring parameters and
parameters and parameters and monitoring and sensor Measuring point arrangement
measuring point measuring point parameters arrangement
arrangement arrangement
method
Load Static and Periodic and long- Stress, Static and dynamic Static field testing, dynamic field
dynamic term monitoring deformation, monitoring testing, periodic and long-term
monitoring temperature monitoring
and wind
Evaluation General Structural Early warning General Early warning value for local
condition value for local damage detection
identification and damage
assessment detection
methods

SHM: structural health monitoring.

(CECE 333:2012)20 for both buildings and bridges
across mainland China. In 2013, Ministry of Housing
and Urban-Rural Development of China promulgated
the industrial standard Technical code for construction
process analyzing and monitoring of building engineering
(JGJ/T 302-2013)21 for buildings and then the authori-
tative and mandatory national SHM code in China,
Technical code for monitoring of building and bridge
structures (GB 50982-2014).23 China has its own
national SHM code after the promulgation of GB
50982-2014, which provides a detailed summary of the
existing SHM techniques and a comprehensive specifi-
cation on the monitoring of superstructures as listed in
Table 1. As compared to others, GB 50982-2014 is the
exclusive national code with mandatory specifications
on the monitoring of superstructures in China and the
other relevant local, industrial, or professional associa-
tion codes and standards are in its scope of jurisdiction.
Therefore, the development and implementation of GB
50982-2014 can not only benefit to provide the authori-
tative and comprehensive information of the SHM
technologies but also facilitate the standardization and
unification of the SHM codes and standards in China.
For monitoring of superstructures, if details are not
specified in GB 50982-2014, it is of necessity to refer to
other suitable SHM codes or standards of China. For
example, the industrial standard Technical specification
of safety monitoring system for highway bridge struc-
tures (JT/T 1037-2016)22 was released by Ministry of
Transportation of China for further refining the moni-
toring contents of bridges.
Main contents and features of
GB50982-2014
GB50982-2014 consists of eight chapters, two appen-
dixes and explanations. The main content includes (1)
general provisions; (2) definitions (terminology; nota-
tion); (3) basic requirements (according to monitoring
procedure for construction and post-construction); (4)
monitoring methods; (5) specifications for various
types of structures: high-rise building and structure,
long-span spatial structure, bridge structure, seismically
isolated structure and crossing construction (guidelines
for sensor arrangement, monitoring parameters and
condition assessments for construction and post-con-
struction); and (6) technical requirements (monitoring
requirement of different types of bridges and technical
requirements of monitoring equipment).
Main features of GB 50982-2014 are as follows:
1. GB 50982-2014 is the first and exclusive
national SHM code with mandatory require-
ments in China. And it distinguished the differ-
ences between the traditional structural
inspection and structural monitoring. For an
example, settlement observation has been
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

termed as monitoring in this national code,

rather than the traditional inspection. In addi-
tion, the contents of GB50982-2014 are orga-
nized in consistence with structural monitoring
procedure. Therefore, the direct use of this
national code into engineering practices is feasi-
ble, which can provide the comprehensive Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Caiyuanba Bridge.
knowledge and rudimentary requirements of
SHM technologies. The implementation of this
code tends to bridge the gap between the
research and practical applications of SHM in
China.
2. GB 50982-2014 embraces structural monitoring
specifications for a variety of structural types.
For each type of structure, this code presents
monitoring parameters, technical requirements
of monitoring sensors and devices, optimal sen-
sor arrangement and so on. Moreover, this code
puts emphasis on the structures that require
monitoring during the construction and post-
construction stages, and SHM system is highly
Figure 2. Photograph of Caiyuanba Bridge.
recommended to be installed on high-rise and
towering structures, long-span spatial structures length of the bridge is 800 m with the main span of
and bridges, as well as seismically isolated struc-
420 m, which is the longest span of tied-arch bridges in
tures. Additionally, the monitoring of existing
the world, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
structures should be conducted in the case of
With reference to provisions 3.4.1, 3.4.3 and 7.1.2 of
neighboring crossing construction.
GB50982-2014, the objective of monitoring Caiyuanba
3. GB50982-2014 covers the full lifecycle of struc-
Bridge is to assess the stress and deformation conditions
tures. It specifies structural monitoring during
of its structural elements during the service stage to pre-
construction and post-construction with their
vent the extreme loadings and ensure its structural per-
basic features and requirements. Furthermore,
formance within the acceptable ranges of the design
GB50982-2014 includes detailed and compre-
requirement and the provisions of GB50982-2014. The
hensive monitoring parameters, such as stress
monitoring parameters follow the provisions 7.1.5 of
and strain, deformation and crack, vibration,
GB50982-2014, which contain three-dimensional defor-
wind effects and wind-induced response, earth-
mation and acceleration, deflection of steel truss girder,
quake excitation and seismic response, tempera-
support displacement, static stress of concrete struc-
ture and humidity, cable force, bridge corrosion,
tures, dynamic stress of steel structures, cable force of
bridge traffic and bridge scour. Meanwhile, the
tied bar and hanger rod, as well as environmental tem-
monitoring methods or techniques for building
perature. All the monitoring parameters and corre-
and bridge structures are classified by the moni-
sponding monitoring schemes were in accordance with
toring parameters in this national code, which
the requirements of Chapter 4, appendices A and B of
can be carried out accordingly and readily.
GB50982-2014. Similarly, the determination of moni-
toring parameters in the SHM engineering applications
Representative SHM engineering for other bridge structures should also follow these pro-
applications based on GB50982-2014 visions provided in GB50982-2014. The arrangements
of measurement sensors for Caiyuanba Bridge are illu-
This section presents some of the representative cases of strated in Figures 3 and 4.
implementing SHM systems in accordance with
GB50982-2014. It is noteworthy that these projects have
Monitoring results of deflection of steel truss girder. Proof
been carried out for years, and more details on these
load testing of Caiyuanba Bridge was carried out upon
projects can refer to the literature by the authors.24
its completion, and the monitoring results of deflection
of steel truss girder during loading and rebounding are
Bridge structure shown in Figures 5 and 6. In general, good agreements
Caiyuanba Bridge of Yangtze River is a major project of the deflection results are found between the proof
for the river-crossing transportation in Chongqing. The load testing data and theoretical values.
Yang et al.
Figure 3. Sensors installed for deflection measurements of
steel truss girder.
Figure 4. Sensors installed for static stress measurements of
concrete beams.
Figure 5. Symmetrical loading for maximum moment in the
north of steel arch (rebounding: unloading condition).
Figure 6. Loading for maximum moment in the distance of 1/4
span to the north of steel arch (loading on symmetry: loading at
the center of the bridge; loading on part: loading near the target
section).
Monitoring results of normal state. Following the require-
ments in Chapters 3.3 and 3.4 of GB50982-2014, the
SHM system installed on the bridge is capable of
5
evaluating the structural state by displaying graphs and
reports, respectively. The three-dimensional model of
the entire bridge structure is shown in Figures 7 and 8,
while Table 2 shows the automatic evaluation result of
each monitoring point.
High-rise structure
International Finance Center (IFC) is the second tallest
building in Hong Kong with a height of 420 m. It has a
frame-core-tube structural system supported by eight
mega columns and three strengthening stories around
core tube. The general footprint of the building is
about 57 m 3 57 m, which reduces to 39 m 3 39 m at
the roof level. IFC is featured by the high flexibility,
low damping and light-weight; therefore, it is
significantly wind-sensitive, in particular to take
account of the fact that Hong Kong is located in a
typhoon-prone region.
As specified in the provisions 4.7.1 and 4.7.2 of
GB50982-2014, the monitoring parameters of a wind-
sensitive structure normally include wind pressure on
cladding, wind speed and wind direction atop the build-
ing, wind-induced displacement and vibration of the
high-rise structure. The SHM system installed on IFC
is in good accordance with the requirements of the
monitoring procedure as provided in Chapter 5 of
GB50982-2014 for high-rise buildings. The sensor sub-
systems installed on IFC, such as the hardware system
and data acquisition sub-system, are illustrated in
Figures 9 and 10, respectively. The technical para-
meters of various sensors follow the corresponding
specifications in Chapter 4.7 and appendix A. Besides
that, the sensor locations are determined according to
the basic requirements for the structural monitoring of
a high-rise building as specified in the normative provi-
sions 5.3.8, 5.3.12, 4.7.3, 5.3.10 and 4.7.6, including
four accelerometers for acceleration measurements,
three anemometers for wind velocity records, four wind
pressure transducers and global positioning system
(GPS) (installed at the top of the building).
The software system for the SHM system of IFC
was developed in accordance with the corresponding
requirements prescribed in Chapters 3.2, 3.4 and 5.3 of
GB 50982-2014. Furthermore, the monitoring data
analysis is of great significance for understanding of the
wind effects on super-tall buildings during the landfall
of typhoon; therefore, it should comply with the nor-
mative provision 3.4.1. More details about this struc-
tural monitoring system can be found in Yang et al.24
And, it is a representative case of the high-rise building
to exemplify GB50982-2014;24 therefore, the SHM sys-
tem installed on IFC provides the best practice guide-
line for other similar structures.
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 7. 3D model of the whole bridge for conditional assessment.

Figure 8. Automatic evaluation results at monitoring points.

Yang et al. 7

As stipulated in the normative provision 3.3.4 of

Figure 9. Structural health monitoring system for 2IFC.
Large-span structure
Figure 11 shows a university sports center located in
Beijing, with a total area of 269,000 m2. It is character-
ized by a steel lattice shell structure and a typical large-
span spatial structure, which was a table-tennis
competition venue for 2008 Summer Olympics in
Beijing. A real-time SHM system was equipped on this
structure, which is aimed to alarm the impending
abnormal states or accidents at an early stage during
the construction and post-construction periods.
GB50982-2014, the construction simulation of this
sports center was performed step by step, following the
realistic construction procedure considering different
loading combinations. Figure 12 shows the simulation
results at the construction stage.
More than 62 vibration wire strain sensors were
installed on the truss and the strut to monitor the inter-
nal stress states, and a total number of six electronic
displacement meters were mounted on the joint to
monitor the vertical displacements. Six additional elec-
tronic displacement meters were mounted on supports
to monitor the horizontal displacements. Figure 13
shows the sensors installed on the steel truss and the
steel strut. The sensor installation should be in accor-
dance with the normative provision 3.2.1 of GB50982-
2014.
This SHM system was an integrated platform of four
modules, including the sensor module, data acquisition
and transmission module, data management module
and condition assessment module. Figure 14 shows the
monitoring center and data analysis unit. More details
of the SHM system can refer to Yang et al.24
On the basis of aforementioned monitoring projects,
the flowchart of a typical SHM engineering practice is
illustrated in Figure 15, which is in accordance with
normative provisions of GB 50982-2014. This flowchart
presents the step-by-step procedure for the develop-
ment and implementation of the SHM system for the
large-scale civil engineering project, which is of great

Table 2. SHM system report.

No. Measurement Measurement Measurement Upper Lower Out of range

cross section location value (mm) limit (mm) limit (mm)

1 1 Upstream 0.3 214.3 5.9 No

2 2 Upstream 0.7 28.3 27.6 No
3 3 Upstream 0.9 213.7 53.2 No
4 4 Upstream 1.6 223.7 113.2 No
5 5 Upstream 0.7 213.7 52.4 No
6 6 Upstream 0.3 25.7 29.3 No
7 7 Upstream 0.1 26.3 3.7 No
8 8 Upstream 20.1 211.8 5.2 No
9 9 Upstream 0 25.2 4.8 No
10 10 Upstream 0.1 212.2 20.5 No
11 1 Downstream 215.5 211.7 8.5 Yes
12 2 Downstream 0.5 24.9 31 No
13 3 Downstream 0.8 210 56.9 No
14 4 Downstream 0.5 215.7 121.2 No
15 5 Downstream 0.6 217.5 48.6 No
16 6 Downstream 0.5 210.4 24.6 No
17 7 Downstream 0.1 27.5 2.5 No
18 8 Downstream 20.1 28.9 8.1 No
19 9 Downstream 0 26 4 No
20 10 Downstream 0 212.9 19.8 No

SHM: structural health monitoring.

8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 10. Software system for 2IFC.
Figure 11. Computational model of the sports center using
ABAQUS.
use for the decision-making of the owners and manag-
ers of structures.
Conclusion
This article presents the comprehensive review of exist-
ing SHM codes and standards. And then, the progress
Figure 12. Stress of steel members after temperature declined
by 15°.
of the codification of GB 50982-2014 is imparted and
its main features and specifications are summarized.
Finally, several representative SHM practical applica-
tions in accordance with GB50982-2014 in China are
provided to demonstrate this national code. GB50982-
2014 is the first and exclusive SHM national code in
Yang et al. 9

Figure 13. Photographs of sensors installed on structures: (a) stress sensor on a steel member and (b) displacement sensor in a
support.

Figure 14. Photograph of the monitoring center.

China; therefore, its implementation could significantly

accelerate the application of SHM technologies and
methodologies.
Notwithstanding, some problems still remain that
are worthy of further investigation, such as standardi-
zation of SHM principles and engineering practices,
establishment of a rational and well-recognized metho-
dology for development of SHM codes and standards,
application of laboratory-based research achievements
into engineering practice, development of reliable SHM
systems and data analysis methods and integration of
SHM strategies at the design stage. It is expected to
refine GB50982 with the consideration of these
problems.
Figure 15. Flowchart of a typical SHM engineering practice.
10
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup-
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article: This work was sponsored by National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51308565 and
51608075), the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central
University (No. 106112016CDJXY200007 and
106112016CDJXY200010), the Chongqing Municipal
Natural Science Foundation (Frontier and Applied Basic
Research Project No. cstc2014jcyjA30008) and the Applied
Technology Research and Development Project Funding of
Fulin District (No. FLKJ, 2014ABA2041).
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