17CV72 - DRSS - Notes

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ATME College of Engineering

13th K M Stone, Bannur Road, Mysore – 570028
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21)
Design of RCC and Steel Structures

SUB CODE: 17CV72
SEMESTER: VII

Vision of the Institute
Development of academically excellent, culturally vibrant, socially responsible and globally

competent human resources.
Mission of the Institute
To keep pace with advancements in knowledge and make the students competitive and
capable at the global level.
To create an environment for the students to acquire the right physical, intellectual, emotional
and moral foundations and shine as torchbearers of tomorrow's society.
To strive to attain ever-higher benchmarks of educational excellence.
Vision of the Department
To develop globally competent civil engineers who excel in academics, research and are
ethically responsible for the development of the society.
Mission of the Department
To provide quality education through faculty and state of the art infrastructure To identify
current problems in the society pertaining to Civil Engineering disciplines and to address them
effectively and efficiently
To inculcate the habit of research and entrepreneurship in our graduates to address current
infrastructure needs of society
PEO’s
Graduates who complete their UG course through our institution will be,
PEO l- Engaged in professional practices, such as construction, environmental, geotechnical,

structural, transportation, or water resources engineering by using technical, communication and
management skills.
PEO 2- Engaged in higher studies and research activities in various Civil Engineering fields
and a life time commitment to learn ever changing technologies to satisfy increasing demand
of sustainable infrastructural facilities

PEO 3- Serve in a leadership position in any professional or community organization, or

local/state engineering board
PEO 4- Registered as a professional engineer or developed a strong ability leading to

professional licensure being an entrepreneur.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice. 44
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PSO’s
PSO 1 -To apply science mathematics and mechanics to solve problems in engineering realm
PSO 2 - To analyze the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice
PSO 3 - To develop ability to function as a leader and a team player in multidisciplinary

teams
PSO 4 - To recognize of the need for and an ability to engage in research and life-long learning
for developing sustainable construction practices
PSO 5 - To design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

Design of RCC & Steel structures

Subject Code : 17CV72 I.A. Marks : 40
Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 50 Exam Marks : 60
Syllabus
MODULE 1:
1. Footings: Design of rectangular slab type combined footing.
2. Retaining Walls: Design of cantilever Retaining wall and counter fort retaining wall.
3. Water Tanks: Design of circular water tanks resting on ground (Rigid and Flexible base).
4. Design of rectangular water tanks resting on ground. As per IS: 3370 (Part IV)
5. Design of portal frames with fixed and hinged based supports.
MODULE 2:
1. Roof Truss: Design of roof truss for different cases of loading, forces in members to given.
2. Plate Girder: Design of welded plate girder with intermediate stiffener, bearing stiffener and necessary
checks
3. Gantry Girder: Design of gantry girder with all necessary checks.
List of Text Books

1. Design of Steel Structures, N. Subramanian, Oxford, 2008
2. Limit State Design of Steel Structures, Duggal. TATA Megra Hill 2010
List of Reference Books

1. Design of steel structures by P N Negi
2. Design of Steel Structures by S S Bahavikatti
Course objective
1. Provide basic knowledge in the areas of limit state method and concept of design of RC and Steel structures
2. Identify, formulate and solve engineering problems in RC and Steel Structures
3. Give procedural knowledge to design a system, component or process as per needs and specifications of RC
4. Structures like Retaining wall, Footing, Water tanks, Portal Frames and Steel Structures like Roof Truss,
Plate Girder and Gantry Girder.
5. Imbibe the culture of professional and ethical responsibilities by following codal provisions in the analysis,
design of RC and Steel Structures.
6. Provide factual knowledge on analysis and design of RC Structural elements, who can participate and
succeed in competitive examinations.
Course outcome
1. Students will acquire the basic knowledge in design of RCC and Steel Structures.
2. Students will have the ability to follow design procedures as per codal provisions and skills to arrive at
structurally safe RC and Steel members.
Prerequisite
1. Design of RC Structural Elements
2. Design of Steel Structural Elements

Design of RCC & Steel Structures 17CV72
Module – 1
Design of RCC Structures
Module 1.1 Design of rectangular slab type combined footing.
Contents
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Objective
1.1.3 Design Procedure
1.1.4 Design Example
1.1.5 Problem for Practice
1.1.6 Outcome
1.1.7 Future Study
Department of Civil Engineering, ATMECE Page 1

1.1.1 Introduction
Foundation
It is the lowest part of the building that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads
from the structure to the soil safely.
Footing
It is a part of foundation which is constructed with concrete or brickwork masonry and acts as
a base to the floor columns and floor walls. The main function of footing is to transfer the
vertical loads directly to the soil.
Generally, the foundation can be classified as
 shallow foundation and
 deep foundation
If the depth of the foundation is less than 3m it is referred as shallow foundation and if
the depth of foundation exceeds 3m then it is referred as deep foundation
Combined Footing
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it
is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the
economical. Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as
i) When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
ii) Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
iii) Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building
column.
The combined footing may be rectangular, trapezoidal or Tee-shaped in plan. The
geometric proportions and shape are so fixed that the centeroid of the footing area
coincides with the resultant of the column loads. This results in uniform pressure below
the entire area of footing.
Trapezoidal footing is provided when one column load is much more than the other. As a
result, the both projections of footing beyond the faces of the columns will be restricted.
Rectangular footing is provided when one of the projections of the footing is restricted or
the width of the footing is restricted.
1.1.2 Objective
This module will enable students

1. To design rectangular combined footing of slab and beam type
1.1.3 Design Procedure:

1. Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing.
2. Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the centre of
footing
3. Compute the area of footing such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
4. Calculate the shear forces and bending moments at the salient points and hence
draw SFD and BMD.
5. Fix the depth of footing from the maximum bending moment.
6. Calculate the transverse bending moment and design the transverse section for
depth and reinforcement. Check for anchorage and shear.
7. Check the footing for longitudinal shear and hence design the longitudinal steel
8. Design the reinforcement for the longitudinal moment and place them in
the appropriate positions.
9. Check the development length for longitudinal steel
10. Curtail the longitudinal bars for economy
11. Draw and detail the reinforcement
12. Prepare the bar bending schedule
1.1.4 Design Example-1

Design a combined footing for two RCC columns A & B separated by a distance of 4mc/c.
Column A is 500X500mm & carries a load of 1250kN and that of column B is 600X600mm
which carries a load of 1600kN. Take SBC of soil as 200kN/m2. Use M20 grade concrete and
Fe415 steel & also draw the following
a) Sectional Elevation
b) Plan of Bottom Reinforcements
c) Plan of top Reinforcements
Cross section @ two different places to show the maximum details of shear reinforcements
Step 1: Footing Dimensions
Assume width of footing slab = 2.5m (note max up to 2.5m)
Column A = 1250kN
Column B = 1600kN
Total load = 2850kN

Self-weight of column = (10% of total load) = 0.1 * 2850 = 285kN

Therefore, total load from column = (2850 + 285) = 3135kN
Total Load from Column
Area of footing slab = B * L =
SBC of soil
3135
Area of footing slab = B * L = = 15.67m2
200
15.67
Then L = = 6.5m (because B = 2.5m)
2.5
Therefore, area of rectangular footing slab = (6.5 * 2.5) m2

load on the column 2850
Net upward pressure from soil on slab = q0 = =
Area of footing slab 6.5 ∗2.5
= 175.4kN/m2
Step 2: Footing Projections
In order to obtain uniform pressure distribution footing projections are calculated such that
“CG of the column should coincide with CG of the footing”
By taking moment about section 1-1

𝑤2 ∗ 𝑙 + 𝑤1 ∗ 0
Wkt x=
𝑤2 + 𝑤1
1600 ∗ 4 +1250 ∗ 0
x= = 2.25m
1600 +1250
𝐿
p1 + x = 2
p1 + 2.25 = (6.5/2)
Therefore, p1 = 1.0m

Now Calculate Shear force for the portion AB by considering the forces acting right or left of
the section consider at B as positive
(438.5 * 1.0) = 438.5kN

At point B
- 1250 + 438.5 = - 811.5kN
Now Calculate Shear force for the portion AC by considering the forces acting right or left of
the section consider at C as positive
(438.5 * 5.0) - 1250 = 942.5kN

At point C
- 1600 + 942.5 = - 657.5kN

Position of zero shear force
Zero Shear
Force
811.5 942.5
=
𝑥 4−𝑥
811.5(4-x) = 942.5x
x = 1.85m
Similarly, calculate Bending Moment for the portion AB by considering the forces acting
right or left of the section consider at B as positive
((438.5 * 1.0* 1.0)/2) = 219.25kN-m

Now calculate the bending moment at the point where shear force is zero
((438.5 * 2.85 * 2.85)/2) – (1250 * 1.85) = - 531.64kN-m
Now calculate the bending moment for the portion CD by considering the forces acting right
or left of the section consider at C as positive
((438.5 * 1.5 * 1.5)/2) = 493.31kN-m

To determine the location of point of contra-flexure, consider a section anywhere in the

portion of AD and assume that section is located at a distance of x wrt A
Mxx = ((438.5 * x * x)/2) – (1250 * (x-1)) = 0

On solving for x
X1 = 1.29m
X2 = 4.40m

Step 3: Design of Slab

Thickness of Slab:
Calculate the moment about a section considered at the face of the column
M = (175.4 * 0.95* 0.95)/2 = 79.15kN-m
Mu = 1.5 * 79.15 = 118.72kN-m
Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b* d2
118.72 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000 * d2
d= 207.43mm
Provide effective cover of 60mm
Then D = 207.43 + 60 = 267.43mm ~ 300mm
Therefore, Overall dimension of Slab = 6.5 * 2.5 * 0.3 m
Area of Steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
118.72* 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 240 * [ 1 - ]
20 ∗1000 ∗240
Ast = 1589.08mm2
𝑎𝑠𝑡
Spacing: 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 1000
By providing 16mm diameter bar as Main steel,

𝛱
ast = * 162 = 201.06mm2
4
Ast = 1589.08mm2
201.06
Therefore spacing = 1588.14 ∗ 1000 = 126.6mm [ Note: spacing < 3d or 300mm]
Provide 16mm dia bar @125mmc/c

Distribution Steel
0.12
Area of steel = *b*D
100
0.12
Area distribution of steel = * 1000 * 300 = 360mm2
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡
By providing 10mm diameter bar as distribution steel,

𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4
Ast = 360mm2
78.53
Therefore spacing = ∗ 1000 = 218mm [ Note: spacing < 5d or 450mm]
360
Step 4: Design of Beam

Width of Beam (b) = Size of bigger column = 600mm
Mmax = 531.64kN-m (From BMD)
Mu = 1.5 * 531.64 = 797.46kN-m
Wkt, Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b * d2
Therefore 797.46 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 600 * d2
d = 694.30mm ~ 700mm
Assume effective cover as 30mm
Therefore, Overall depth of beam D = 700 + 30 = 730mm

Portion AB is designed as Rectangular Beam

Mu = 1.5 * 219.25 = 328.87kN-m
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
328.87 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 700 * [ 1 - ]
20 ∗600 ∗700
Ast = 1398.5mm2
Assuming 20mm dia bars
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1398.5
No of bars = = = 4.45 ~ 5nos
𝑎𝑠𝑡 (𝛱∗202 )/4
Portion CD is designed as Rectangular Beam

Mu = 1.5 * 493.31= 740kN-m
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
740 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 700 * [ 1 - 20 ∗600 ∗700 ]
Ast = 3553.16mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 3553.16
No of bars = = = 7.23 ~ 8nos
𝑎𝑠𝑡 (𝛱∗252 )/4
Portion BC is designed as T-Beam

Mu = 1.5 * 531.64= 797.46kN-m
𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜 + 𝑏𝑤
𝑏
+4
Where lo = x2 – x1 = 4.4 – 1.29 = 3.11m

Actual width of flange b = breadth of footing = 2500mm
Width of web = bw = 600mm
3110
𝑏𝑓 = 3110 + 600 = 1193mm
2500
+4
Mulim = 0.138 * fck * bf * d2

797.46 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1193 * d2

d = 491.20mm ~ 500mm
D = 500 + 30 = 530mm
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
797.46 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 500 * [ 1 - ]
20 ∗1193 ∗500
Ast = 5454.66mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 5454.66
No of bars = 𝑎𝑠𝑡 = (𝛱∗322 )/4 = 6.78 ~ 8nos
Design for Shear

Vmax = 942.5kN
Vu = 1.5 * 942.5 = 1413.75kN
b = bw = 600mm
d = 700mm
Astmax = 5454.6mm2
𝑉𝑢 1413.75 ∗10^3
Nominal shear stress = τv = = = 3.36N/mm2
𝑏∗𝑑 600 ∗700
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗5454.6
pt = = = 1.29
𝑏 ∗𝑑 600 ∗700
τc = 0.678N/mm2
Since τc < τv , provide shear reinforcement
Using 6L- 10mm dia bar vertical stirrups,
𝛱 ∗ 102
Asv = 6 ∗ = 471.23mm2
4
Vus = Vu – Vuc
Vus = Vu – (τc * b * d)
Vus = 1413.75*103 – (0.58 * 600 * 700) = 1170.15kN
0.87 ∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑣 ∗ 𝑑
Vus =
𝑆𝑣
0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 471.23 ∗700
1170.15 * 103 =
𝑆𝑣
Sv = 101.77mm
Provide 6L- 10mm dia bar vertical stirrups @ 100mmc/c


1.1.5 Problem for Practice:

Design a combined footing for two RCC columns A & B separated by a distance of 3.6mc/c.
Column A is 300X450mm & carries a load of 650kN and that of column B is 300X600mm
which carries a load of 900kN. The width of the footing is restricted to 1.8m. Take SBC of
soil as 160kN/m2. Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel & also draw the following
a) Sectional Elevation
b) Plan of Bottom Reinforcements
c) Plan of top Reinforcements
d) Cross section @ two different places to show the maximum details of shear
reinforcements.
1.1.6 Outcome
Able to design and detailing the combined footing as per IS code provisions
1.1.7 Future Study
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105108069/3

Module 1.2 Design of Cantilever & Counter-fort Retaining wall
1.2.1 Introduction
Retaining Wall
Retaining wall is a structure that retain (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents
it from sliding or eroding away. However, retaining walls can also be constructed for
aesthetic landscaping purposes. They are also provided to maintain the grounds at two
different levels. Retaining walls shall be designed to withstand lateral earth and water
pressures, the effects of surcharge loads, the self-weight of the wall.
Types of Retaining wall

There are many types of retaining walls; following are the different types of retaining walls,
based on the shape and the mode of resisting the pressure:
a. Gravity wall - Masonry or Plain concrete.
b. Cantilever retaining wall.
c. Counter fort retaining wall.
d. Buttress retaining wall.
Gravity Retaining Wall
Gravity retaining walls relies on their huge weight to retain

the material behind it and achieve stability against failures.
Gravity Retaining Wall can be constructed from concrete,
stone or even brick masonry. Gravity retaining walls are

much thicker in section. Geometry of these walls also help them to maintain the stability. Mass
concrete walls are suitable for retained heights of up to 3 m.
The cross section shape of the wall is affected by stability, the use of space in front of the wall, the
required wall appearance and the method of construction.
Cantilever Retaining Wall
Cantilever retaining walls are constructed of reinforced concrete. They consist of a relatively
thin stem and a base slab. The base is also divided into two parts, the heel and toe. The heel is
the part of the base under the backfill. The toe is the other part of the base.
The analysis and design of retaining walls includes the following:
a. Estimation of primary dimensions of the wall, then these dimensions should be checked.
b. Checking external stability of the walls (sliding of retaining walls, overturning stability and
bearing stability)
c. For reinforced concrete retaining walls main and secondary reinforcement must be
calculated.
Counterfort Retaining Wall
Counterfort walls are cantilever walls strengthened with counter forts monolithic with the
back of the wall slab and base slab. The counter-forts act as tension stiffeners and connect the

wall slab and the base to reduce the bending and shearing stresses. To reduce the bending
moments in vertical walls of great height, counterforts are used, spaced at distances from
each other equal to or slightly larger than one-half of the height Counter forts are used for
high walls with heights greater than 8 to 12 m.
Buttressed Retaining Walls
When the triangular beams are placed on the front side of the retaining wall, instead of on the
backfill side under certain situations, the retaining wall is known as buttressed retaining wall,
and the triangular beams are known as buttresses, instead of counterforts. Figure shows a
buttressed retaining wall. The structural action of the stem is the same as in a counterfort
retaining wall.
Basic Terminologies
 Earth Pressure - The pressure which exists between earth materials and a structure.
 Active Earth pressure - Occurs when the wall moves away from the earth and reduces
pressure.

 Passive Earth pressure - Occurs when the wall moves towards from the earth and
increases pressure.
 Earth pressure at Rest - Lateral pressure exerted by soil when the retaining wall has no
movement relative to the back fill.
 Angle of internal friction: Angle made by a heap of soil due to friction of soil properties.
It depends on grain size and cohesion
1.2.2 Objectives
This module will enable students
1. To understand the terminologies and concepts of retaining wall

2. To design the cantilever and counterfort retaining wall based on governing parameters
1.2.3 Design examples:
Example 1:
Design a Cantilever Retaining wall to retain the levelled earth embankment 5m high above
the ground level. The unit of weight of earth is 16kN/m3 & its angle of repose is 300. The
SBC of Soil is 145kN/m2 & co-efficient of friction b/n soil & concrete is 0.45. Use M20 &
Fe415 steel.
Draw the following

• Section of retaining wall showing the details of steel in stem base slab & shear key
• L/s for 2m showing reinforcement of stem, base slab & shear key towards the backfill
• Plan of Base slab through center showing all reinforcements
Step 1: Depth of foundation

𝑆𝐵𝐶 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ 2
Depth = * (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ) or minimum of 1m
𝛾
145 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛30 2
Depth = * (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛30 ) = 1m
16
Therefore, Total height of the retaining wall
H = 5 + 1 = 6m
Step 2: Retaining Wall Dimensions
Assume top width of the stem = 150mm (Assume up to 200mm)
Width of Base Slab = b = 0.6 * H
b = 0.6 * 6 = 3.6m
𝐻 6
Thickness of slab = 12 = 12 = 0.5m
Therefore, height of stem = h = H – 0.5
h= 6 – 0.5 = 5.5m
𝑏
Toe projection = 3 or minimum of 1m
3.6
Toe projection = = 1.2m
3

Stem bottom thickness:
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ
𝑘𝑎 =
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝑘𝑎 = = 0.333
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛30
1
Earth pressure on steam Ph = 2 ∗ (𝑘𝑎 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ ℎ) ∗ ℎ * 1
1
Ph = 2 ∗ (0.333 ∗ 16 ∗ 5.5) ∗ 5.5 = 80.6kN
Taking moment about the bottom portion of stem
ℎ 5.5
Moment for stem = Ph * 3 = 80.6 * = 147.77kN-m
3
Then ultimate moment = 147.77 * 1.5 = 221.65kN-m
Wkt. Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b * d2
221.65 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000 * d2
d = 283.42mm

Using 60mm effective cover
D = 283.42 + 60 = 343.42mm
Provide D = 350mm & d = 290mm
Therefore, Heal projection = 3.6 – 1.2 – 0.35 = 2.05m
Step 3: Stability of Retaining Wall
• Check for upward soil pressure
• Check for Overturning
• Check for Sliding
Check for upward soil pressure

Total Earth pressure for the entire height
1
PH = ∗ (𝑘𝑎 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻) ∗ 𝐻 * 1
2
1
PH = ∗ (0.333 ∗ 16 ∗ 6) ∗ 6
2
PH = 95.90kN
𝐻 6
Overturning Moment Mo = PH * = 95.90 * = 191.80kN-m
3 3
Location of R
𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑜 617.28 −191.8
𝑥= = = 1.53m
∑𝑊 277.38
𝑏
Eccentricity = ( − 𝑥) = 1.8 – 1.53 = 0.27m
2

Maximum & Minimum Pressure
∑𝑊 6𝑒 277.38 6 ∗0.27
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )= (1 + ) = 111.72kN/m2
𝑏 𝑏 3.6 3.6 2
< SBC = 145kN/m
∑𝑊 6𝑒 277.38 6 ∗0.27 Hence Safe
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )= (1 − ) = 42.37kN/m2
𝑏 𝑏 3.6 3.6
Check for Overturning
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = > 1.55
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑅
𝑀𝑜
617.28
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 3.21 > 1.55 Hence safe
191.8
Check for Sliding
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = > 1.55
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜇 ∗ ∑𝑊
𝑃𝐻
0.45 ∗ 277.38
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 1.30 < 1.55 Hence unsafe
95.90
Therefore, Provide shear key
Let y as the height of the shear key
Let us assume the height = 0.3m
𝟏+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏ɸ
𝒌𝒑 = 𝟏− 𝒔𝒊𝒏ɸ
𝟏+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎
𝒌𝒑 = =3
𝟏− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎

By similar Triangle property
3.6 2.05
=
69.35 𝑥1
Therefore, x1 = 39.49kN/m2
3.6 2.4
=
69.35 𝑥2
The passive earth pressure acting against = kp * 88.6 * y * 1

Active earth pressure
The passive earth pressure acting against = 3 * 88.6 * 0.3 * 1
The passive earth pressure acting against = 79.74kN

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Factor of safety against sliding =
0.45 ∗ 277.38 + 79.74

Factor of safety against sliding = = 2.13 > 1.55 Hence safe
95.90
Therefore, Stem reinforcement is extended up to shear key
Design of Stem:
Mu = 221.65kN-m, D = 350mm & d = 290mm
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
221.65 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 290 [ 1 - 20 ∗1000 ∗290 ]
Ast = 2602.64mm2
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 162 = 201.06mm2
4
Ast = 2602.64mm2
201.06
Distribution Steel
0.12
100
0.12
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4

Ast = 420mm2
78.53
Therefore spacing = ∗ 1000 = 186.97mm [ Note: spacing < 5d or 450mm]
420
Design for Shear
Vmax = 80.6kN
Vu = 1.5 * 80.6=
120.9kN
b = 1000mm
d = 290mm
Astmax = 2602.64mm2
𝑉 120.9 ∗103
Nominal shear stress = τv = 𝑏 ∗𝑢𝑑 = 1000 ∗290 = 0.41N/mm2
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗2602.64

pt = = = 0.89%
𝑏 ∗𝑑 1000 ∗290
τc = 0.593N/mm2
Since τc > τv , shear reinforcement not required
Curtailment of stem reinforcement
The earth pressure & moment will be

maximum at the bottom of the stem.
Hence it requires more steel in the
bottom portion
Mu = 221.65/ 2 = 110.82kN-m
M = 110.82/1.5 = 73.90kN-m
𝑥 1 𝑥
M = Ph * 3 = (2 ∗ ka * γ * x * x )* 3
1 𝑥
73.90 = (2 ∗ 0.333 * 16 * x * x )* 3 = 0.888 x3

x = 4.36m
Therefore 5.5 – 4.36 = 1.14m
But according to the code, extend the curtailed bars further for a distance
Ld = 47ɸ = 47 * 16 = 752mm or 0.752m
From bottom = 1.14 + 0.752 = 1.90m
From top 5.5 – 1.90 = 3.6m
Design of Toe

M1 = w1 * x1
M1 = (1.2 * 0.5 * 1 * 25) * (1.2/2) = - 9kN-m
M2 = w2 * x2
M2 = (1.2 * 88.6) * (1.2/2) = 63.79kN-m
M3 = w3 * x3
1 2
M3 = (2 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 23.12 ∗ 1) ∗ (3 ∗ 1.2) = 8.32kN-m
Net Moment = - 9 + 63.72 + 8.32 = 63.11kN-m
Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b* d2
63.11 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000 * d2
d= 151.21mm
But provided depth is 500mm, therefore it is safe D = 500mm and d = 440mm
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
63.11* 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 440 * [ 1 - 20 ∗1000 ∗440 ]
Ast = 405.20mm2
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 122 = 113.09mm2
4
Ast = 405.20mm2
113.09

Distribution Steel
0.12
100
0.12
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4
Ast = 600mm2
78.53
Therefore spacing = 600
∗ 1000 = 130.8mm [ Note: spacing < 5d or 450mm]
Check for Shear
Shear force V = W2 + W3 – W1 = (1.2 * 88.6) + (1/2 * 1.2 * 23.12) – (1.2 * 0.5 * 25) =
105.19kN
Vu = 1.5 * 105.19 = 157.78kN
𝑉 157.378 ∗ 103
Nominal shear stress = τv = 𝑏 ∗𝑢𝑑 = = 0.35N/mm2
1000 ∗440
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗ 405.20

pt = = = 0.092%
𝑏 ∗𝑑 1000 ∗ 440
τc = 0.28N/mm2
Since τc < τv , provide shear reinforcement
Hence the thickness of the base slab is unsafe
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress = τv = 𝑏 = τc
∗𝑑
157.378 ∗ 103
τv = = 0.28
1000 ∗ 𝑑
d = 562.03mm ~ 575mm

Assume an effective cover of 60mm
Therefore, D = 575 + 60 = 635mm
Design of Heel Slab

M1 = w1 * x1
M1 = (2.05 * 5.5 * 1 * 16) * (2.05/2) = 184.91kN-m
M2 = w2 * x2
M2 = (0.5 * 0.2 * 5.5 * 1 * 16) * (1 *0.2/3) = -0.58kN-m
M3 = w3 * x3
M3 = (2.05* 0.635* 1 * 25) * (2.05/2) = 33.35kN-m
M4 = w4 * x4
M4 = (2.05* 42.37* 1) * (2.05/2) = - 89.02kN-m
M5 = w5 * x5
M5 = (0.5*2.05* 39.49* 1) * (1*2.05/3) = - 27.65kN-m
Net moment
M= 184.91 – 0.58 + 33.35 - 89.02 - 27.65
M= 101.01kN-m
Mu = 1.5 * 101.01 = 151.51kN-m
Wkt Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b * d2
Therefore 151.51 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000* d2
d = 234.29mm but provided d = 575mm
Therefore, safe
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
151.51* 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 575 * [ 1 - 20 ∗1000 ∗575 ]
Ast = 750.49mm2

𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 122 = 113.09mm2
4
Ast = 750.49mm2
113.09
Distribution Steel
0.12
100
0.12
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4
Ast = 762mm2
78.53
762
Check for Shear
Shear force V = + W1 + W2 + W3 - W4 - W5 = + (2.05*5.50) + (1/2 * 0.2*5.50) +

(2.05*0.635) -(2.05*42.37) - (0.5 * 2.05 * 39.49) = -114.20kN
Vu = 1.5 * 114.20 = 171.31kN
𝑉 171.31 ∗ 103
1000 ∗ 575
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗750.49

pt = = = 0.13%
𝑏 ∗𝑑 1000 ∗575

τc = 0.28N/mm2
Since τc < τv, provide shear reinforcement
𝑉𝑢
∗𝑑
171.31 ∗ 103
τv = = 0.28
1000 ∗ 𝑑
d = 611mm ~ 615mm
Therefore, D = 615 + 60 = 675mm


Example 2:
Design a Cantilever Retaining wall which is required to support a bank of earth 4m high
above GL. Consider backfill surface to be inclined at an angle of 15° wrt horizontal. Assume
good soil for foundation is at a depth of 1.25m below GL with the SBC of Soil is 160kN/m 2
& unit weight of soil is 16kN/m3. Co-efficient of friction b/n soil & concrete is 0.50, angle of
repose is 30° & use M20, Fe415 steel.
Draw the following
• Section of retaining wall showing the details of steel in stem base slab & shear key
• L/s for 2m showing reinforcement of stem, base slab & shear key towards the backfill
• Plan of Base slab through center showing all reinforcements
Wkt the depth of foundation below GL = 1.25m
Therefore, Total height of the retaining wall
H = 4 + 1.25 = 5.25m
𝑐𝑜𝑠Ɵ − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ɵ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɸ

ka = * cosɸ
𝑐𝑜𝑠Ɵ + √𝑐𝑜𝑠2 Ɵ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɸ

𝑐𝑜𝑠15 − √𝑐𝑜𝑠2 15 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30

ka = * cos30 = 0.373
𝑐𝑜𝑠15 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 15 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30
Step 2: Retaining Wall Dimensions
Assume top width of the stem = 150mm (Assume up to 200mm)
Width of Base Slab = b = 0.6 * H
b = 0.6 * 5.25 = 3.15 ~ 3.20m
𝐻 5.25
Thickness of slab = 12 = = 0.44m ~ 0.45m
12
Therefore, height of stem = h = H – 0.5
h= 5.25– 0.45 = 4.8m
𝑏
Toe projection = 3 or minimum of 1m
3.2
Toe projection = = 1.07 ~ 1.10m
3
Stem bottom thickness:
1
Earth pressure on steam Ph = 2 ∗ (𝑘𝑎 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ ℎ) ∗ ℎ * 1
1
Ph = 2 ∗ (0.373 ∗ 16 ∗ 4.8) ∗ 4.8 ∗ 1 = 68.75kN
ℎ 4.8
Moment for stem = Ph cos15° * 3 = 68.75 * cos15° * = 106.25kN-m
3
Then ultimate moment = 106.25 * 1.5 = 159.37kN-m
Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b * d2

159.37 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000 * d2
d = 240.29mm
Using 60mm effective cover
D = 240.29 + 60 = 300.29mm
Provide D = 310mm & d = 250mm
Therefore, Heal projection = 3.2 – 1.1 – 0.31 =

1.79m
Step 3: Stability of Retaining Wall
• Check for upward soil pressure
• Check for Overturning
• Check for Sliding
1
PH = ∗ (𝑘𝑎 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝐻) ∗ 𝐻 * 1
2
1
PH = ∗ (0.373 ∗ 16 ∗ 5.28) ∗ 5.28 ∗ 1
2
PH = 83.19kN
Check for upward soil pressure

PH = 83.19kN
Horizontal component of Pressure = 83.19 * cos15 = 80.36kN

𝐻 5.28
Overturning Moment Mo = horizontal component of PH * = 80.36 * = 141.43kN-m
3 3
Location of R
𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑜 505.26 −141.43
𝑥= = = 1.54m
∑𝑊 236.28
𝑏
Eccentricity = ( − 𝑥) = 1.6 – 1.54 = 0.06m
2
Maximum & Minimum Pressure
∑𝑊 6𝑒 236.28 6 ∗0.06
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )= (1 + ) = 82.14kN/m2 2
𝑏 𝑏 3.2 3.2
< SBC = 160kN/m
∑𝑊 6𝑒 236.28 6 ∗0.06 Hence Safe
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )= (1 − ) = 65.53kN/m2
𝑏 𝑏 3.2 3.2
Check for Overturning
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑅
𝑀𝑜
505.26
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 3.57 > 1.55 Hence safe
141.43
Check for Sliding
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜇 ∗ ∑𝑊
𝑃𝐻
0. 5∗ 236.28
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 1.47 < 1.55 Hence unsafe
80.36

Therefore, Provide shear key
Let y as the height of the shear key
Let us assume the height = 0.3m
1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ
𝑘𝑝 =
1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ
1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝑘𝑝 = =3
1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛30
By similar Triangle property
3.2 1.79
=
16.61 𝑥1
3.2 2.1
=
16.61 𝑥2

The passive earth pressure acting against = kp * 76.43 * y * 1
The passive earth pressure acting against = 3 * 76.43 * 0.3 * 1
The passive earth pressure acting against = 68.78kN

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Factor of safety against sliding = 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
0. 5∗ 236.28 +68.78
Factor of safety against sliding = = 2.32 > 1.55 Hence safe
80.36
Therefore, Stem reinforcement is extended up to shear key
Design of Stem:
Mu = 159.37kN-m, D = 310mm & d = 250mm
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
159.37 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 250 [ 1 - 20 ∗1000 ∗250 ]
Ast = 2150.27mm2
𝑎𝑠𝑡

𝛱
ast = * 162 = 201.06mm2
4
Ast = 2150.27mm2
201.06
Distribution Steel
0.12
100
0.12
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4
Ast = 372mm2
78.53
372
Design for Shear
Vmax = 68.75kN
Vu = 1.5 * 68.75= 103.12kN
b = 1000mm
d = 250mm
Astmax = 2510.27mm2
𝑉 103.12 ∗103
1000 ∗250
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗2510.27

pt = = = 1.004%
𝑏 ∗𝑑 1000 ∗250

τc = 0.62N/mm2
Since τc > τv , shear reinforcement not required
Curtailment of stem reinforcement
The earth pressure & moment will be maximum at the bottom of the stem. Hence it requires
more steel in the bottom portion
Mu = 159.37/ 2 = 79.68kN-m
M = 79.68/1.5 = 53.12kN-m
𝑥 1 𝑥
M = Ph * 3 = (2 ∗ ka * γ * x * x )* 3
1 𝑥
53.12 = (2 ∗ 0.373 * 16 * x * x )* 3 = 0.888 x3
x = 3.76m
Therefore 4.8 – 3.76 = 1.04m
But according to the code, extend the curtailed bars further for a distance
Ld = 47ɸ = 47 * 16 = 752mm or 0.752m
From bottom = 1.04+ 0.752 = 1.752m
From top 4.8 – 1.752 = 3.068m

Design of Toe
M1 = w1 * x1
M1 = (1.1 * 0.45 * 1 * 25) * (1.1/2) = - 6.80kN-m
M2 = w2 * x2
M2 = (1.1 * 65.53) * (1.1/2) = 39.64kN-m
M3 = w3 * x3
1 2
M3 = (2 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 16.61 ∗ 1) ∗ (3 ∗ 1.1) = 6.69kN-m

Net Moment = - 6.80 + 39.64 + 6.69 = 39.53kN-m
Mu = 39.53 * 1.5 = 59.29kN-m
Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b* d2
59.29 * 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000 * d2
d= 146.56mm
But provided depth is 450mm, therefore it is safe D = 450mm and d = 390mm
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
59.29* 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 390* [ 1 - 20 ∗1000 ∗390 ]
Ast = 431.16mm2
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = 4 * 122 = 113.09mm2
Ast = 431.16mm2
113.09
Distribution Steel
0.12
100
0.12
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡

𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4
Ast = 540mm2
78.53
540
Check for Shear
Shear force V = W2 + W3 – W1 = (1.1 * 65.53) + (1/2 * 1.1 * 16.61) – (1.1 * 0.45* 25) =
68.84kN
Vu = 1.5 * 68.84 = 103.26kN
𝑉 103.26 ∗ 103
1000 ∗390
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗ 540

pt = = 1000 ∗390 = 0.13%
𝑏 ∗𝑑
τc = 0.28N/mm2
Since τc < τv
Hence the thickness of the base slab is safe
Design of Heel Slab

Pv
M1 = w1 * x1
M1 = (0.5*1.95*4.8*16*1) * (2/3*1.95) = 9.73kN-m
M2 = w2 * x2
M2 = (1.79*4.8*16*1) * (1.79/2) = 120.97kN-m
M3 = w3 * x3
M3 = (0.5*0.16*4.8*25*1) * (1/3*0.16) = - 0.512kN-m
M4 = w4 * x4
M4 = (1.79*0.45*25*1) * (1.79/2) = 18.02kN-m
M5 = w5 * x5
M5 = (1.79*65.53) * (1.79/2) = -104.98kN-m
M6 = w6 * x6

M6 = (0.5*1.79*9.29) * (1/3*1.79) = -4.96kN-m
M7 = Pv * x7
M7 = (21.53) * (1.79) = 38.54kN-m
Net Moment = 76.80kN-m
Mu = 76.80 * 1.5 = 115.21kN-m
Wkt Mulim = 0.138 * fck * b * d2
Therefore 115.21* 106 = 0.138 * 20 * 1000* d2
d = 204.31mm but provided d = 390mm
Therefore, safe
Area of Steel
Mu = 0.87 * fy * Ast * d [ 1 - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 ∗𝑑 ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗415
115.21* 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast * 390 * [ 1 - 20 ∗1000 ∗390 ]
Ast = 857.75mm2
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 122 = 113.09mm2
4
Ast = 857.75mm2
113.09
Distribution Steel
0.12
100

0.12
100
𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝛱
ast = * 102 = 78.53mm2
4
Ast = 762mm2
78.53
762
Check for Shear
Shear force V = +W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 - W5 - W6 + W7 = + (0.5*1.95*4.8*16*1) +

(1.79*4.8*16*1) + (0.5*0.16*4.8*25*1) + (1.79*0.45*25*1) - (1.79*65.53) -
(0.5*1.79*9.29) + 21.63
Vu = 1.5 * 138.10 = 207.15kN
𝑉 207.15 ∗ 103
1000 ∗390
100 ∗𝑎𝑠𝑡 100 ∗ 857.75

pt = = = 0.21%
𝑏 ∗𝑑 1000 ∗390
τc = 0.328N/mm2
Since τc < τv ,
𝑉𝑢
∗𝑑
207.15 ∗ 103
τv = = 0.28
1000 ∗ 𝑑
d = 739.82mm ~ 740mm
Therefore, D = 740 + 60 = 800mm

1.2.4 Outcome:
After learning this, student can able to design the retaining wall as per codal provisions
1.2.5 Future Study:
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1.1.7 Future Study

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This module will enable students

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1. To design rectangular combined footing of slab and beam type

1.1.3 Design Procedure:

1.1.4 Design Example-1

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Self-weight of column = (10% of total load) = 0.1 * 2850 = 285kN

Therefore, area of rectangular footing slab = (6.5 * 2.5) m2

By taking moment about section 1-1

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(438.5 * 1.0) = 438.5kN

(438.5 * 5.0) - 1250 = 942.5kN

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Position of zero shear force

((438.5 * 1.0* 1.0)/2) = 219.25kN-m

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((438.5 * 2.85 * 2.85)/2) – (1250 * 1.85) = - 531.64kN-m

((438.5 * 1.5 * 1.5)/2) = 493.31kN-m

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