Drilling and drilling fluids

introduction
The most important thing in drilling wells is to select the
location of the well where the drilling is the only way to make
sure that there is an oil trap, which requires careful selection of
drilling sites for exploration wells and field evaluation. The
drilling also determines the sequence of the layers being
penetrated, their thickness, The amount of oil stored in the
well and its expected productivity, the expected rate of
decomposition associated with the type of oil reservoir, and its
natural energy, which leads to the flow of oil and gas in the
borehole. These are practical indicators of the economic and
technical feasibility of the oil field. Whether exploratory
passion for support or motivate for further geological
.information, or to develop the fields

It is carried out according to the types of rock layers, the nature

of their cohesion together, approximate thickness estimates,
the initial determination of depth of the wells, the diameters
and lengths of the drilling sections, the types of lining pipes
that are removed after the completion of the drilling of these
sections, the types of drilling mud used in each section, And the
sections to be tested and sampled, whether from crushed rock
or from pulp or liquids, to determine the qualities of the rock,
its permeability and permeability, as well as the selection of
.explosive devices installed on the well's well
The drilling platform is used in the rotary drilling process
and consists of basic parts that help in the drilling
.process
A - Drilling Tower: Derrick

It is a metal tower erected above a wide horizontal platform

and is used in this tower

Install the drilling columns vertically and connect them

together, then push it down spiral way

B - Drilling columns: drilling pipe

They are very solid metal columns whose ends end with links to
connect them together to form a longer column. The drill
columns are hollow to allow the drilling clay to pass through
.them

C - Drill head (Drill): bit

It is a metal block made of different geometric shapes, with

sharp edges that may be

In the form of gears that break the rocks are hollow and have
holes in the

The bottom of the hole allows the drilling clay to run through
the hole
D - Drill type: mud

It is a concocted chemical that is mixed with water to be a thick

liquid. And during the excavation

This fluid is pumped by huge pumps through the cavity inside

the drill pipe

To reach the drilling head, and exit through the holes to push
the bottom of the well upward up

Up to the surface carrying with it the rock crumbs resulting

from the drilling process, and the surface passes

Mud on a filter separates the rocky crumbs from clay

-:Steps of drilling well

The well is drilled by the circular drilling as mentioned above

(Rotary Drilling), which uses the drilling platform, which can be
:briefly described as follows

:Drilling Tower (Mast or Derrick)

It is a metal tower placed on a wide horizontal platform. This

tower is used in the process of connecting the drilling columns
vertically and connecting them together, and then push it down
.in a helical way

Drilling Mayor: (Drill String)

They are very solid metal columns whose ends end with links to
connect them together to form a longer column. The drill
.columns are hollow to allow the drilling clay to pass through

Drilling Head:( Drill bit)

It is a metal block made of different geometrical shapes, with
sharp edges that may be in the form of spindles that break
down the rocks. They are hollow and have holes in the bottom
.that allow the drilling clay to rush to the hole
 Methods of completion of wells

-Open Completion Method 1

When the oil-producing class is made up of sand stone or
limestone, the producing layer is at the top of its production
and remains open for high production. This method is usually
used when the reservoir does not contain groundwater or free
gas or The producing area is so thick that the production of gas
or groundwater is expected only after a long period

The method of completion by perforating the lining

A common way to complete wells is to lower the productive

lining to the bottom of the producing layer and then cement it
with cement. The lining is then pierced using special releases.
This method is used when more than one productive layer is
separated by loose or non-permeable areas
-:basic tests of PH
The pH or base in the drill mud is indicated by the
.concentration of hydrogen ions expressed in PH

The pH range is from 0 to 14, a neutral circumference when the

corona is 7, from 0 to 7 an acid circumference, and 7 to 14 is a
base circumference. Most of the drilling fluids have a base
circumference ranging from {8 ~ 12.5} depending on the type of
clay. PH is very important because it affects the solubility of
most organic matter diluted to the wife and helps the spread of
.clay materials

Well Oil
Cem
g entin

The initial cement operations are the replacement of a quantity

of cement in the annulus space between the well hole and the
casing tubes for the purpose of fixing the packing pipes and
sealing the seams of the excavated earth. The completion of
this process requires the removal of the cuttings and drilling
fluids, Drilling Fluid} from the gap between the well hole and
the packing pipes. This filling should be filled with the
appropriate amount of cement and its transformation into a
solid state that can support the packing pipes and carry the
various well processes such as perforation, acid treatment and
.various production processes throughout the life of the well

University of Karbala
College of engineering
Department of petroleum
 Training site: Iraqi Drilling Company
IDC 49
Noor oil field

Evening study
Date of training: 1/7—1/8
Supervisor: mr Mohammed thamer
Name: Ali Mahmoud Ayal