INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL YOGYAKARTA

MINE GEOTECHNICAL
INTRODUCTION

Dr. SUPANDI, S.T., M.T.

Supandi.itny@gmail.com

15-Mar-20
 Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines for Open Pit
Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van Zyl,
2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for Mining
Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition, Rock
Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for Mining
Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering, Institute of
Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation Methods, CRC
Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
8. Kepmen ESDM No 1827K/30 2018 – Good Mining Practice.
9. KepDirjen 185K 2019.
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 MINE GEOTECHNICAL

INTRODUCTION

Dr. SUPANDI. S.T., M.T.

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL YOGYAKARTA

ITNY
2020 15-Mar-20
 SCHEDULE

No TOPIC DATE
1 Introduction - Role & Overview Mine Geotechnical 26-Feb-20
2 Principle of Mine Geotechnical & Stability 29-Feb-20
3 Site Investigation 4-Mar-20
4 Physical & Mechanical Properties 7-Mar-20
5 Basic Concept Stability 25-Mar-20
6 Stability Analysis 28-Mar-20
7 Groundwater and Vibration 1-Apr-20
8 Circular Failure 4-Apr-20
9 Discontinue & Rockmas Classification 29-Apr-20
10 Wedge Failure 02-May-20
11 Plane & Toppling Failure 23-May-20
13 Slope Monitoring 17-Jun-20
14 Slope Stabilization 20-Jun-20
15 Geotechnical Risk Management 22-Jul-20

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 “Mengelola sumberdaya mineral secara
terintegrasi, mengoptimalkan tingkat
keuntungan dan umur tambang, menjaga
keselamatan operasi, serta merancang
strategi penanganan pasca tambang”.

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Geotechnical Engineering and Mine
Slope Design

Multitude of Generic Term

Rock Mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Geomechanics,
Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology,
Hydrolgeology, Groundwater, Blasting
etc

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 MODEL BIJIH DAN
BATUAN PENUTUP

PEMBORAN PENGAMBILAN PENGISIAN BAHAN PELEDAKAN

CONTO PELEDAK

PERENCANAAN
TAMBANG LABORATORIUM

PEMASANGAN TANDA
BIJIH DAN
PENUTUP
STACKER
RUANG KENDALI

PENIMBUNAN PENGANGKUTAN PEMUATAN

BATUAN PENUTUP

MILL

REKLAMASI PENIMBUNAN PENGIRIMAN

BATUAN BIJIH KE ALAT
PENUTUP PENGHANCUR

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DISCONTINUITIES Water Level WATER MATERIAL

Ground Soil
Bedding water
Plane
Rain
Fall
Joint Properties

Surface
Water Rock

Rock
Type
Fault Drainage

SLOPE
FAILURE
Static load
Excavation
External Method
force Height, dip,
direction
Seismic
Blasting
Geometry
Dynamic FORCE
Load
MINING
Internal
Insitu force
METHOD
Stress
Shovel &
truck

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 Trace of presplit
hole

Trace of presplit hole

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 Geoteknik adalah suatu ilmu kajian rekayasa
kebumian yang berkonsentrasi pada aplikasi teknologi
teknik sipil untuk konstruksi yang melibatkan aplikasi
dari material alam dan terdapat pada atau dekat
permukaan. Kajian meliputi kondisi geologi, sifat fisik
dan mekanis batuan.

Geoteknik tambang adalah aplikasi rekayasa

geoteknik pada kegiatan penambangan baik tambang
terbuka dan tambang bawah tanah. Aplikasi geoteknik
melibatkan disiplin ilmu mekanika tanah, mekanika
batuan, geologi dan hidrologi.

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 Why is Geotechnical Engineering Important?

Mining occurs in, what can be, a hazardous environment.

We are required to design and manage mines according to
sound design principles to minimise the risk associated
with these hazards.
Failure to do so heightens the risk of:
1. Serious injury or fatality
2. Damage to, or destruction of, plant
3. Loss of Ore
4. Diversion of equipment and resources from production
5. Loss of corporate reputation

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The Challenge
– Design must ensure that a level of safety is achieved which is
acceptable to the owner and Regulatory bodies.
– Design must ensure security of the value embodied in the
orebody.
– Design must be economically optimal so that maximum return is
obtained from the investment.

Reduced Waste
$$$$

Orebody

Increased Ore
Extraction $$$$

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 Flying Dozer

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 ANY QUESTION

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 Cost benefit curves
60

50
dollars (millions)

benefits
40

slope instability cost

30

net benefit
20

10

0
35 40 45 50 55
slope angle (deg)
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 SLOPE DESIGN
OPTIMUM SLOPE

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 Geotechnical Engineering and Mine
Slope Design

1. Application of scientific methods and engineering

principles to the materials of the earth’s crust for the
solution of engineering problems.
2. Geologically based science.
3. Fundamental corner stone of all mine slope design is
geology.
4. Success with mine design depends on the ability to
understand the geology.
5. In particular, the pattern, subtleties and variations

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 ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS IN
MINE SLOPE
DESIGN

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 TRADITIONALLY SURFACE MINE

1. TWO GERENARL SUBSIVISIONS

 Hardrock
 Softrock

2. “….all geotechnical materials are part of one continuous

spectrum”

3. “…one continuous sciences extending from soft soil to

hardrock. All geotechnical material behave according to
the sama engineering principles, with obvious
differences a function of degree rather than fundamental
nature (Johnson 1991).

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 Applicability in Surface Mine

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 Uncertainty and Percentage Sampling

1. “ Uncertainty will always be the essence of Geology”

2. Ideal Words – 100% exposure of the fresh rock covering
the whole mine.
3. In Practice
 Good outcrops are rare
 Deep weathering in common.
 Surficial cover of younger soil/rocks ; alluvium,
colluviums, glacial deposits and sedimentary rock.
 Mountainous terrain and difficult process.
 Extensive vegetation cover.

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 Uncertainty and Percentage Sampling
The Reality
1. Mining geotechnics for slope design
• Percentage sampling <1%.
• Smaller than probably any other facet of mine design.
2. Mine Design targets
• Overall slope angles about 1 – 3 degree.
3. Only possible to meet these targets with good geological
model
4. What constitutes a good geological model
“Vision is concerned with making observation such as :
measurements, observations of from and pattern,
Vision is perception; an awareness of the significance
of the observation and insight or intuition. We live and
work with limited vision.

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Geotechnical and Geological Complexity

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 Impact of Complexity on Risk and Ability to Define
Geotechnical and Geological Conditions Adequately

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 Faulting at Inpit Crusher

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 Ulan Coal Mine – Simple Geology

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 Impact Mine Scale

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Impact of Mine Scale on Geological Complexity Risk and
Geological Model

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 Muswellbrook
Coal Mine
Hunter Valley

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 Tom Price Iron Mine WA

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 Bougainville Copper Mine
Solomon Insland

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 Woodlawn Lead Zinc Mine NSW

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 Small Gold Mine WA

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 Impact of Mine Scale
1. As mine scale increases, either in term of area covered of
volume of material to be excavated the geological complexity
usually increases.
2. As scale and geological complexity increase;
 Geotechnical conditions may or not worsen
 But number of factors to be addressed or considered
usually increases significantly.
3. Mine Scale affected both
 The reliance that must be placed on the geological model.
 The scale of the geotechnical investigations
4. Small Scale
 Few specific geotechnical boreholes will often suffice
5. Medium to Large scale
 Not economically or practically feasible to investigate to
the same level.
 Therefore must rely on the geological model.

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 Impact of Mine Depth

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 CONCLUSION
 Mining Geotechnics – Geological Based sciences.
 Geology is the cornerstone.
 Geotechnical investigations for Mining.
o Uncertainty and percentage sampling.
o Geology complexity
o Impact of mine scale – depth and areal extent
o Stages of Mine Development.

STAGES OF MINE DEVLOPMENT AND LEVELOF

ACCURACY

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