Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
Al Muthanna University
Collage of Engineering / chemical engineering department

Chemical Engineering lab

Name of exp.: Flash point.

Objective: To measure the flash point and line point of crude oil
derivative.

Date: 5/12/2018, Wednesday.

❖ Names of groups:
❖ Karrar Hayder Majeed
❖ Mustafa Falah Kadhim
❖ Mahdi Rudah
❖ Ruqaya Abdulhamza
❖ Um Albaneen Hardan
Theory:
Flash point
Flash point Go to Mobility Go to Search Flashing points for flaming cocktails are
less than room temperature .The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest
temperature that can form a mixture with flammable air. At this temperature the
steam ignition can be stopped when the ignition source is removed. At a slightly
higher temperature, the point of fire is defined as the temperature at which the steam
continues to burn after ignition. None of these standards relate to the ignition source
temperature or burning fluid, which is much higher. The flash point is often used as
a liquid fuel characterization feature, but it is also used to describe fluids that are not
used for fuel purposes
Mechanism
For each fluid, the ignition is vapor pressure, which is dependent on the liquid
temperature. When the temperature rises, the steam pressure increases, and the
concentration of the flammable liquid is increased in the air. Therefore, the
temperature determines the concentration of liquid evaporated in the air under
equilibrium conditions. Different flammable liquids require different concentrations
in the air to support combustion. The flash point is the lowest temperature. There is
enough concentration of the fuel in the air to spread the combustion after igniting
the ignition source

Measuring the flash point

There are two basic types for measuring the flash point: the open cup method and
the closed cup method.
In open cup devices, the sample is contained in an open cup (hence the label) that is
heated, and at times the flame is passed over the surface. The measured flash point
will actually vary with the flame rising above the surface of the liquid. At sufficient
altitude, the flash point temperature will coincide with the degree of ignition point.
Examples of this method are: the Cleveland Open Cup method (COC) and the Open
Cup style Pinsky-Martens. The main difference is that the cup heats down from the
bottom in the first way, while the cup heats up from the sides and bottom in the
second way.
Closed cup test devices, such as the closed-door Pinsky-Martens method, are sealed
with a cap that is inserted periodically through the ignition source. It is assumed that
the steam is above the liquid in a reasonable balance with the liquid. Closed cup
mode devices give lower flash point values (usually 5-10 Kelvin) and give a better
estimate of the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches the LFL.
The flash point is an experimental measure instead of the basic physical variables.
The measured value will vary with equipment and test method, including
temperature increase rate (in mechanical test machines), sample time to balance,
sample size and if sample is moved.

Examples of flash point

Gasoline is used in a fire engine. The fuel should be pre-mixed with the air within
the ignited minimum and heated above the flash point, then ignited by the
combustion candle. The fuel should not be ignited in advance in the hot engine.
Therefore, gasoline is required to have a low flash point and high temperature for
self-ignition.
Diesel is used in high compression engines. The air is compressed to heat above the
ignition temperature of the diesel; then the fuel is injected as a high-pressure spray,
keeping the air-fuel mixture within the ignition limits of the diesel fuel. There is no
source of ignition. Therefore, diesel must have a high flash point, low temperature
for self-ignition
Fuel flash point ° C temperature
Self-ignition ° CE
Ethanol 12.8 365
Gasoline <-40 246
Diesel >62 210
Get fuel >38 210
Kerosene >72-38 220
Vegetable oil 327
Bio diesel >130
Fire point
The fire point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which the vapor of that fuel will
continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. At the flash
point, a lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but vapor might not be
produced at a rate to sustain the fire. Most tables of material properties will only list
material flash points. Although in general the fire points can be assumed to be about
10 °C higher than the flash points this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is
safety critical .easing of the fire point is done by open cup apparatus.

Methods used to find density

1-The Cleveland open-cup method is one of two main methods in chemistry for
determining the flash point of a petroleum product using a Cleveland open-cup
apparatus, also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester. First, the test cup of the
apparatus (usually brass) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the product.
Then, the temperature of this chemical is increased rapidly and then at a slow,
constant rate as it approaches the theoretical flash point. The increase in temperature
will cause the chemical to begin to produce flammable vapor in increasing quantities
and density. The lowest temperature at which a small test flame passing over the
surface of the liquid causes the vapor to ignite is considered the chemical's flash
point. This apparatus may also be used to determine the chemical's fire point which
is considered to have been reached when the application of the test flame produces
at least five continuous seconds of ignition

2-In the Pen sky–Martens closed-cup flash-point test, a brass test cup is filled with
a test specimen and fitted with a cover. The sample is heated and stirred at specified
rates depending on the material that is being tested. An ignition source is directed
into the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring until a flash
that spreads throughout the inside of the cup is seen. The corresponding temperature
is its flash point Pen sky–Martens closed cup is sealed with a lid through which the
ignition source can be introduced periodically. The vapor above the liquid is
assumed to be in reasonable equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give
lower values for the flashpoint than open-cup testers(typically 5–10 K) and are a
better approximation to the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches the
"lower flammable limit" (LFL)

Procedure:

(Closed cup)

➢ the apparatus should be dived ,and there should be no moisture

➢ the thermometer bulb should dip on oil
➢ while applying the test ; flame stirring should be contain
➢ fill the sample to the mark
➢ Record the temperature
Discussion:
Q1/
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which, if a distinct source of
ignition (say spark/fire) were brought in contact with the vapor-air mixture,
the vapor (and the liquid surface in contact with it) catches fire.
Fire point, on the other hand, is the lowest temperature at which, even in
the absence of an ignition source, the mixture (air-vapor and liquid surface)
catches fire.

Q2/

Open Cup Flash Point

In these types of tests the vessel is open to the air. The temperature is raised
slowly and a source of ignition passed over the top, until it “flashes” or ignites.

A key variable in this test is the height of the ignition source over the cup.

One of the most common open cup methods is the Cleveland Open Cup
(COC) flash point test, as described by ASTM D92.

The Koehler Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point Tester

Closed Cup Flash Point

In closed cup tests the sample is tested inside a closed vessel – the lid is
sealed and the ignition source is brought into the vessel, so it is completely
separate from the outside atmosphere. This type of test gives a good
simulation of the conditions inside a fuel tank.

Pensky Martens and Tag are popular closed cup flash point tests, or smaller
units like the Rapid Flash for fast results.

The Rapid Flash Tester gives a closed cup flash point in just 1 minute for 2ml
samples with a flash point under 100°C

Q3/
When the flash point happen in lower temperature that mean the hydrocarbon is
light, and when happen in high temperature that mean the hydrocarbon is heavy
As example Gasoline is used in a fire engine. The fuel should be pre-mixed with the
air within the ignited minimum and heated above the flash point, then ignited by the
combustion candle. The fuel should not be ignited in advance in the hot engine.
Therefore, gasoline is required to have a low flash point and high temperature for
self-ignition. Diesel is used in high compression engines. The air is compressed to
heat above the ignition temperature of the diesel; then the fuel Use the "Insert
Citation" button to add citations to this document.
is injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the air-fuel mixture within the ignition
limits of the diesel fuel. There is no source of ignition. Therefore, diesel must have
a high flash point, low temperature for self-ignition
Reference:
U. Chaudhuri, “Fundamentals of Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering,” vol. 20106146, 2010.

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-flash-point-and-fire-point

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