12 Welded Connections

CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang
Welded
Connection
SS EN 1993‐1‐8: 2010
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures –
Part 1‐8: Design of joints
1
Outline
Types of Welds
Butt Welds
Fillet Welds
Design of Fillet Welds
Effective throat thickness
Effective length
Detailing requirements for fillet welds
Design resistance (simplified method)
Design resistance (directional method)
Stress parallel to axis of weld
Stress perpendicular to axis of weld
Long joints
Examples
Concentric weld connections
Example 1(a): Fillet weld connection between 2 perpendicular plates (simplified)
Example 1(b): Fillet weld connection between 2 perpendicular plates (directional)
Eccentric weld connections
Example 2: Fillet weld connection between 2 back‐to‐back plates (eccentric)
2
Types of Welded Joints
Butt Joint Lap Joints
Edge Joint Tee Joint Corner Joint
3
Types of Welds
Preparation of joint required
for butt weld
Butt Joint Tee Joint
BUTT WELD
Lap Joint
Tee Joint
FILLET WELD
4
Butt Welds
In a full penetration BUTT weld, there is
complete penetration and fusion of weld and
parent metal throughout the thickness of the
joint.
Design resistance is simply taken as the
strength of the weaker parts connected. Fillet Weld Butt Weld
Welding consumables have greater strength
than parent metal.
Full penetration Partial penetration
In a partial penetration BUTT weld, the weld

penetration is less than the full thickness of the
Butt joint
joint.
Design resistance determined as a fillet
weld.
Tee joint
5
Fillet Welds
A FILLET weld is a weld of approximately triangular cross-
section applied to the surface profile of the plates.
No edge preparation is needed.
Therefore, fillet welds are usually cheaper than butt welds.
Desirable Fillet Weld Profiles
Unacceptable Fillet Weld Profiles
6
Design of Fillet Welds
7
Effective Throat Thickness
The effective throat size a should be taken as the perpendicular distance from the root of
the weld to a straight line joining the fusion faces but generally is not taken as greater than
0.7 times the leg length s.
Effective throat thickness for equal leg lengths
 
a  s cos  where s is the leg length of the weld a
2 s γ/2
γ/2
The angle of intersection of members connected by fillet welds
should be such that the angle  between the fusion faces of a s
weld is not less than 60° and not more than 120°.
Angle between fusion faces γ (degrees) Factor to be applied to the leg length s
60 to 90 0.70
91 to 100 0.65
101 to 106 0.60
107 to 113 0.55
114 to 120 0.50
8
Effective throat thickness for unequal leg lengths
s1 s2 sin(180   )
a a
s12  s22  2 s1s2 cos s1 γ
where s1 and s2 are the leg lengths of the weld s2
s1 s2
If  = 90, a 
s12  s22
EN1993-1-8: Cl 4.5.2
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3mm.
Effective Length
EN1993-1-8: Cl 4.5.1
The effective length L of a fillet weld is normally taken as the actual length, less 2x
throat thickness a. For all round weld, the actual length is taken as the effective length.
A fillet weld with an effective length less than 6a or less than 30mm should NOT
be designed to carry load.
9
Detailing Requirements for Fillet Weld
1. Fillet welds terminating at the end should returned
continuously around the corners for a distance ≥ 2s. a
2. In lap joints, the minimum overlap Lp ≥ 4*min(t1, t2).

Single welds should not be used except where the
parts are restrained to prevent opening of the joint.
3. The length of the longitudinal fillet weld L should be
not less than the transverse spacing Tw.
Single fillet weld Double fillet weld
t1 Lp
t2
10
4. Single fillet welds should not be subjected to axial load or bending about the longitudinal
axis (such as those shown below). It should be avoided whenever it is possible.
For Intermittent Welds, refer to EN1993‐1‐8: Cl 4.3.2.2.
11
Simplified Method vs Directional Method

Transverse
Plane
Fw,T,Ed
Fw,Ed Fw,Ed
Fw,L,Ed
Longitudinal
Axis
Simplified Method Directional Method
Design force (per unit length) Design force (per unit length) on weld in
on weld = Fw,Ed longitudinal axis = Fw,L,Ed
Design force (per unit length) on weld in
transverse plane = Fw,T,Ed 12
Simplified Method
13
Simplified Method
Does NOT depend on direction of force with respect to axis of weld
Design Resistance EN1993-1-8: Cl 4.5.3.3
The design resistance of a fillet weld is taken as adequate if, at every point along its length, the
resultant of all the forces per unit length transmitted by the weld satisfy the following criterion:
Fw, Ed  Fw, Rd Fw,Ed = design force per unit length of weld
 fu / 3 
Fw,Rd = design resistance per unit length of weld
where Fw, Rd  f vw,d a   a
 fvw,d = design resistance per unit area of weld
  w M 2 
= design shear strength of weld
 M 2  1.25 (refer to NA to SS)
You can either calculate fvw,d using the equation or
w = 0.85 for Grade S275 steel use Fw,Rd from Design Tables shown in the next slide
0.90 for Grade S355 steel
1.00 for Grade S460 steel
fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker connected part

Steel Grade fu [MPa] fvw,d [MPa]
S275 410 223  f / 3
f vw,d   u 

S355 470 241   w M 2 
14
Weld Capacity with

S275 Steel
Reference: Steel Building Design:
Design Data, SCI Publication P363,
Page C–316
Fw,Rd for the simplified approach is the same as Fw , L , Rd  Fw , Rd  f vw , d a
Fw,L,Rd in the Design Tables
Weld Capacity with

S355 Steel
Page D–316
15
Example 1(a): Fillet weld connection between two perpendicular plates (simplified)
Design a fillet weld connection between the flat plates shown below such that the tie can
transfer a tensile force of 220kN. The flat plates are both in S275 steel.
8mm
100mm FEd = 220kN
Because the load is concentric, the weld is loaded uniformly.
N t , Ed220
Fw, Ed    1.1kN/mm Note: Fw,Ed is expressed as force per unit length.
L 200
 fu / 3   410/ 3 
Fw, Rd   
a * 10 a  0.223a kN/mm
3

  w M 2   0.85 * 1.25 
For connection to be safe, Fw,Ed  Fw,Rd  1.1  0.223a
4.93
a  4.93mm  s   7.04mm
0.7
Use weld with leg size s = 8.0mm.
If you use the design table, you will get the same answer. See next slide!
16
Example 1(a)–T: Fillet weld connection between two perpendicular plates (simplified)
8mm
100mm FEd = 220kN
FEd 220
Fw, Ed    1.10kN/mm Note: Fw,Ed is expressed as force per unit length.
L 200
Fw, Ed
Weld Check: 1
Fw, L , Rd

Fw, Ed 1.10
  0.88  1 OK!!
Fw, L , Rd 1.25
17
Directional Method
18
Transverse Transverse
Plane Plane Fw,T , Ed

Fw,T,Ed
Fw,Ed
Throat Line
Fw,L,Ed
Longitudinal It is common to find  = 45

Axis

Transverse
Plane Fw,T , Ed
Directional Method
longitudinal axis = Fw,L,Ed Throat Line
transverse plane = Fw,T,Ed
19
Directional Method
Depend on direction of force with respect to axis of weld
Design Resistance
EN1993-1-8: Cl 4.5.3.2
The design resistance of a fillet weld is taken as adequate if the following are BOTH satisfied:
  is the normal stress perpendicular to the axis/throat of the weld
fu 0.9 f u
[ 2  3( 2   ||2 )]0.5      is the shear stress perpendicular to the axis of the weld
 w M 2 M2
 || is the shear stress parallel to the axis of the weld
 
2 2
 Fw,T , Ed   Fw, L , Ed   Fw,T , Ed  0.9 3  w 3
    1   where K 
 KF  F  F  sin  1  2 cos 2 
 w, L , Rd   w, L , Rd   w, L , Rd 
Can be used for all θ
If θ = 45°,
2 2
 Fw,T , Ed   Fw, L , Ed  Fw,T , Ed 1.87 if steel grade is S275
    1 
F  F  Fw, L , Rd 1.98 if steel grade is S355
 w,T , Rd   w, L , Rd 
20
Weld Capacity with

S275 Steel
Page C–316
These tables are ONLY valid for  =45 Fw , L , Rd  f vw , d a Fw ,T , Rd  Kf vw , d a

such that a = 0.7s and K = 1.225
Weld Capacity with

S355 Steel
Page D–316
21
Example 1(b)–T: Fillet weld connection between two perpendicular plates (directional)
8mm
100mm FEd = 220kN

Fw,T , Ed Fw,T , Ed
45 45
Fw,T , Ed  1.1 kN/mm; Fw, L , Ed  0 kN; L  200 mm
2 2
 Fw,T , Ed   Fw, L , Ed  F Throat Line
Weld Check:   
 F
  1; w,T , Ed  1.87

 Fw,T , Rd   w, L , Rd  Fw, L , Rd   45 

2 2
 Fw,T , Ed   Fw, L , Ed   1.10  2
    
F  F   1.15   1
 w,T , Rd   w, L , Rd 
Fw,T , Ed 1.10
  1.17  1.87 OK!!
Fw, L , Rd 0.94
22

12 Welded Connections

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12 Welded Connections

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

Types of Welded Joints

Edge Joint Tee Joint Corner Joint

In a partial penetration BUTT weld, the weld

Design of Fillet Welds

where s1 and s2 are the leg lengths of the weld s2

2. In lap joints, the minimum overlap Lp ≥ 4*min(t1, t2).

Simplified Method vs Directional Method

fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker connected part

Weld Capacity with

Weld Capacity with

100mm FEd = 220kN

100mm FEd = 220kN

Use weld with leg size s = 8.0mm.

Longitudinal It is common to find  = 45

Weld Capacity with

These tables are ONLY valid for  =45 Fw , L , Rd  f vw , d a Fw ,T , Rd  Kf vw , d a

Weld Capacity with

100mm FEd = 220kN

Use weld with leg size s = 6.0mm.

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