SPE 94469
Discussion of Foam Corrosion Inhibition in Air Foam Drilling
Y. Meng, SPE, Southwest Petroleum Inst.; L. Wan, Tubular Goods Research Center; X. Chen and G. Chen, Great Wall
Drilling Co.; L. Yang, Tubular Goods Research Center; and J. Wang, Xi'An ShiYou U.
Copyright 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield
Corrosion held in Aberdeen, United Kingdom, 13 May 2005.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
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Abstract
Simulating corrosion condition of air foam drilling, corrosion
inhibition performance and foaming properties of stable foam
are evaluated. Corrosion product layer images and composites
are investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy
dispersion spectrometer and x-ray diffraction analysis. The
results show that corrosion pitting with sodium chloride
crystalline grain forms on the surface of steel corroded by
formation water. Foam can retard corrosion, particles in foam
uniformity, thinness and tightness. After adding foam and
inhibitor no obvious corrosion phenomenon happens but
existing tiny trace originating from washing and erosion.
Foam corrosion inhibition mechanism is first put forward
through laboratory data and theoretical analysis, which mostly
consists in foam agent absorption on steel surface; viscosifier
complexing characteristic; oxygen isolation; foam enwrapping
sands, reducing erosion. Adding inhibitor and oxygen
scavenger, foam corrosion inhibition ability is improved
further. Indoor experiment and field application show foam
drilling substituting for dry air drilling and adjusting pH value
and adding inhibitor reduce sharply corrosion of drilling tools.
Special formula in Western Gasfield of China X-14 well is
2.0%F4 +0.3%HPAM + 0.2%XC + 0.5%CT2 + 0.05%Na2SO3.
Practice proved that this method effectively restrained drilling
tools corrosion and improved economic benefits.
This paper is the first in a series of studies designed to
bring forward foam corrosion inhibition in air foam drilling.
The goal is to better understand the mechanism of foam
corrosion inhibition, to be able to select the proper inhibitor
and extend air foam drilling techniques in suit region.
Introduction
Definition of Air Drilling1-2. An air drilling operation can be
defined as any drilling process that utilizes compressed air as
the primary agent in an effort to cool the bit, to remove
cuttings from the face of the bit, and to carry those cuttings to
the surface. There are several drilling processes that fit this
definition: (1) dry air drilling; (2) mist drilling; and (3) foam
drilling (It can be detailedly classified stable foam drilling and
rigid foam drilling ).
During the dry air drilling or dusting process, dry air is
injected into the drillstring and cutting carrying capacity for a
particular application is determined by borehole annulus air
velocity. This method is used when no formation liquids are
present in the wellbore.
In mist drilling some water is injected along with the air
into the drillstring, but air remains the continuous phase while
water is the discontinuous phase. This practice can be used to
handle relatively small water flows into the wellbore.
Corrosion inhibitor and a surfactant solution are commonly
injected along with the water in this method.
For foam drilling, enough water and foaming agent are
injected along with the air to make air the discontinuous phase
and water the continuous phase. Foam has a cuttings carrying
capacity superior to that of any other system, including liquid
drilling systems, yet it retains most of the advantages common
to all air drilling procedures. In additional, it can be used to
handle water influxes that are too large to be handled with
mist drilling. Air drilling types and peremeter show in Table 1.
Advantages of foam drilling. Drilling speed is high and
there is no obvious corrosion phenomenon of drilling tools
using dry air or natural gas drilling without formation water. If
formation water invads into the annulus during drilling,
drilling tools were corroded severely, hence the dry air drilling
should be substituted for foam drilling, which can not only
carry the formation water to ground effectively, but also
sharply reduce the corrosion of drilling tools. The foam
drilling is based on the dry air drilling in addition adding
foamer, viscosifier and some other surfactants, which can
produce stable foam, enwrap water and drill cuttings in foam
or foam-like structure, take away the formation water as
carrying the solid particles consequently eliminate the
formation water effectively. Compared with dry air drilling,
foam drilling can reduce erosion of drilling tools due to less
air output and lower return velocity, and cut down contact of
air and drilling tools by foam enwrapping air, at the same time
through synergetic function of high pH and inhibitor, the
corrosion of drilling tools is reduced3-4. Besides, foam drilling
can potentially result in increased profit margins due to its
2 LIpING WAN AND YINGFENG MENG
advantages. These include: (1) avoidance of lost circulation
problems; (2) minimizing damage to sensitive pay zones; (3)
higher penetration rates and bit life; (4) immediate and
continuous evaluation of cuttings for hydrocarbon shows; and
(5) production while drilling.
Experimental Procedures
Main Experiment Equipment. GSH-1/10 high-intensity
magnetic agitation and high temperature high pressure
(HTHP) action vessel; Waring Blender; HITACHI S-450
scanning electron microscope (SEM); OXFORD ISIS energy
dispersion spectrometer (EDS); D/max-2400 X-Ray
diffraction (XRD).
In order to factually simulate air foam drilling process,
the HTHP reaction vessel is rebuilt. First adding a tri-wheel
metal leaf in the bottom of central rotation pole can stir
cuttings deposited in bottom, which realistically simulates
cuttings erosion to drilling tools and connection abrasion.
Second reaction vessel is not set uprightly but lain down (two
setting methods form an angle of 90 degree), which ensures
the contact of drill cuttings and corroded steel is interim. If
reaction vessel setting uprightly most of cuttings subsided to
bottom, thus contact of cuttings and corroded steel is
continuous, which can not agree with field air foam drilling.
In practical air foam drilling operation, cuttings carried by
airflow bump and erode drilling tools at intervals, so reaction
vessel should be lain down. Finally air holes in vessel lid are
plugged up with filter mesh, preventing cuttings jamming
holes.
Corroded Materials and Medium. Test material: S135 drill
pipe steel (API standard), chemical element and metallurgical
analysis are listed in Table 2. Material element and mechanics
performance conform to the standard of API SPEC 5D.
Machining dimension: 50mm H 25mm H 3mm, round hollow
diameter 3mm.
Abrasion medium: Using outcropped rocks of X-14 well
nearby simulate sands or drill cuttings. These rocks are
smashed into 20, 55 and 75 grid fine grain. Adding quantity is
10% respectively, so tatal quality of cuttings accounts for 30%
of formation water.
The corrosion medium is simulating formation water of
ChangQing Gasfield X-14 well. According to the element
percentage of the formation water in the depth of 1126m-
1180m, representative water is prepared. The water type is
CaCl2, and the content of Cl- is 41641mg/L, the salinity is
relatively high, the flowout amount of formation water is
about 90m3/h. The specific water quality analysis result is
showed in Table 3.
Results and Discussion
Weight Loss Corrosion Experiment. One major aspect
concerning the applicability of a foaming system is the
stability of the foam in downhole condition. An important
point to be investigated is the optimization of the system
regarding the proper choice of the foamer agent and its optium
concentration5. Through indoor experiments, the optimal
formula of new style anticorrosion stable foam is ascertained
2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC+0.5%CT2 +0.05%Na2SO3. F4
SPE 94469
is foamer mixed dodecyl alcohol sulfonate with dodecyl
dimethyl tertiary amine oxide, HPAM is viscosifier which is
modified from polyacrylamide, XC biopolymer is foam
stabilizer, CT2 is quaternary ammonium imidazoline inhibitor,
Na2SO3 is oxygen scavenger.
Test temperature is 60 , air pressure 1.0 Mpa, the
amount of drill cuttings 30%, the rotate speed of electromotive
150r/min, corrosion reaction time 48h. Surveying the dynamic
corrosion rate of foam in high pressure vessel, moreover
measuring quality and half life of the foam in Waring Blender,
the result as is shown inTable 4.
Conclusion is obtained as follow: foam has corrosion
inhibition ability to a certainty, which can be improved after
adding inhibitor. This conclusion provides a powerful
laboratory support for that the corrosion of drilling tools
reduces when the foam drilling substitutes for dry air drilling.
Corrosion phenomenon shows that: when adding foaming
agent into corrosion medium, viscosity of solution enhances,
non uniform corrosion of test coupon is translated into
uniform corrosion, the superficial layer is covered by high
viscosity film, which is yellowish-brown, can be washed by
water, the inside layer black corrosion product. Corrosion rate
of test steel falls to 1.475mm/a from 2.195mm/a, and
inhibition ratio reaches 32.8%. Inhibition ability of foam
principally consists in foaming agent absorption on steel
surface. Adding inhibitor into foam system, viscosity of
solution increases, uniform corrosion. The superficial layer is
covered by high viscosity films which are yellowish-brown.
The black scales of the inside layer decreases evidently, and
corrosion rate ulteriorly drops. The inhibition ratio of corroded
coupon arrives at 82.5%, which reaches the aim of corrosion
inhibition initially. The reason lies in that CT2 is quaternary
ammonium imidazoline inhibitor, the atom N of imidazoline
can be connected with quaternary ammonium, then change
into great molecular weight cation, which is easy to form
steady coordination bond with free d orbit on the surface of
steel, and then reducing corrosion rate of anode. After
adding the oxygen scavenger, the stable performance of the
foam system declines slightly, but its inhibition ability is
improved. In appointed temperature, oxygen scavenger can
remove dissolved oxygen in a great measure from corrosion
medium, so corrosion inhibition ability is improved a lot. As
for the stability decrease of foam system, it maybe is that the
reduction of dissolved oxygen of medium leads to the decrease
of gas phase percentage of foam system, then quality and half
life reduce subsequently. The amount of dissolved oxygen in
foam system is lower compared with the air, as a result, even
adding oxygen scavenger, the quality and half life is not
reduced dramatically.
X-Ray diffraction analysis and other surface experiments.
Watching the corrosion images of S135 steel in three different
corrosion environments : blank solution; 2.0%F4+0.3%
HPAM+0.2%XC; 2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC+0.5%
CT2+0.05%Na2SO3. The morphology of corrosion scales is
shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. It showed that corrosion pitting
forms on the surface of steel corroded by formation water with
sodium chloride crystal grain; particles uniformity, thinnesse
and tightness after adding foam; no obvious corrosion
SPE 94469 DISCUSSION OF FOAM CORROSION INHIBITION IN AIR-FOAM DRILLING
phenomenon but existing tiny trace originated from medium
washing and drill cuttings erosion. The element percentage of
product layer is showed in Table 5. The percentage of element
which atom ordinal number is lower is not illustrated because
of the limited experiment instruments and conditions. But it
will not effect studying the behavior of corrosion product
layer. Analyzing the percentage of element in corrosion scales,
the result is obtained as follow: the percentage of Fe in
corrosion product layer decreases as adding foam and
inhibitor, the possibility of steel corrosion maybe reduce
gradually, simultaneously part of Ca in corrosion medium is
covered by viscosifier HPAM and XC; the penetration ability
of Cl- in medium is hold back in part as the compact property
of corrosion product increases, hence its percentage decreases
accordingly.
The XRD spectrum of corrosion product of steel S135 in
blank solution and in foam system as is shown in Figs. 4 and
5 respectively, which indicates that the main corrosion
products are Fe3O4 Fe2O3 CaCO3 Ca.2SiO2, intermixing
2Na.Mg.Fe(SO4)(CO3)2 inclusion, in which Fe3O4 Fe2O3 are
corrosion products of dissolved oxygen in high temperature
and high pressure; CaCO3 is corrosion product of CO2 ;
Ca.2SiO2 is the original ingredient of drill cuttings;
2Na.Mg.Fe(SO4)(CO3)2 is the result of CO2 corrosion products
dissolved or displaced by other metal ions. Compare corrosion
product adding foam with which without adding foam, the
following conclusion can be drawn: the percentage of CaCO3
and ferric oxide reduces, and the spectrum of the former is
more simple. All of these adequately account for the trend that
corrosion product has oversimplified by degrees. Why?
Analysis according to the laboratory result as follow:
Corrosion Inhibition Discussion of Foam6
Absorption of foam agent (F4 )on steel surface. F4 is
combinational product predominating in dodecyl alcohol
sulfonate (structural formula is C12H25O(CH2CH2O)3SO3Na),
belongs to anion surfactant. When adding foam agent into
corrosion medium, its polar group (-SO3H) clings to the
surface of metal through physical or chemical absorption,
while its non-polar group (-C12H25) is far away from the
surface of metal and rangs in certain direction. thus a layer of
hydrophobic protective film forms on the total surface of
metal and then the aim of inhibition is achieved. The
Schematic diagram of foam agent absorption is shown in Fig.
6.
The complexing characteristics of foam stabilizer and
viscosifier HPAM and XC biopolymer. Foam stabilizer and
viscosifier HPAM and XC biopolymer have the similar
characteristics of complexing agent which complex metal ion
such as Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe3+, then form aqueous soluble
complexing substance, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. On the one
hand it avoids these metal ions reacting with the surfactant
which has the anion characteristic to creat insoluble substance,
on the other hand the percentage of Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe3+ in
corrosion medium is reduced, accordingly the salinity of
formation water is cut down, thereby the content of
2Na.Mg.Fe(SO4)(CO3)2 and CaCO3 in corrosion product layer
decreases.
3
Oxygen isolation. In foam system, liquid is continuous phase
through the connection of liquid film, while the gas is
enwrapped by liquid film, and then changed to be dispersive
phase. The surface of steel do not directly contact with the air
containing oxygen , but with dispersive oxygen through liquid
film, which reduces interface of dissolved oxygen and steel
surface, subsequently decreases the contact corrosion with
oxygen.
Wrapping sands and reducing erosion. Foam which takes
on netlike structure has intensive structure viscosity, so it can
wrap drill cuttings and sands into the netlike structure, and
then move up together with the total structure. Besides foam
can carry drill cuttings in lower return velocity, drilling tools
erosion induced by drill cuttings descends. The foam structure
and fixing drill cuttings illustrations are shown in Fig. 9. The
return velocity of air drilling is about 15m/s in the bottom,
nearly 100m/s in the top, while foam drilling is about 1m/s in
the bottom, more than 10m/s in the well top. Thus, cuttings
which are fixed in the foam structure with relatively lower
velocity (less than 2m/s) move. Steel surface erosion induced
by cuttings is conquered or dropped greatly.
Inhibition ability of inhibitor in foam system. After adding
inhibitor (CT2) and oxygen scavenger (Na2SO3) into the foam
system, the kinds of corrosion product cut down. The main
corrosion products are Fe2O3 Ca.2SiO2, intermixing a little
2Na.Mg.Fe(SO4)(CO3)2. Watching the corrosion images, the
coupon is uniformly corroded after adding inhibitor. The
reasons mainly are foam corrosion inhibition, other two
explainations as follow: adding the oxygen scavenger
(Na2SO3) to foam system, the dissolved oxygen in medium
decreases or is eliminated successfully, thus the corrosion
brought by dissolved oxygen reduces. But as the adding of
Na2SO3, the amount of SO42- increases, so it maybe happen
that SO42- is wrapped in FeCO3 which is the CO2 corrosion
product. organic inhibitor (CT2) is a kind of quaternary
ammonium imidazoline inhibitor, which belongs to
amphoteric ion surfactant. The atom N of imidazoline can be
connected with quaternary ammonium, then change into great
molecular weight cation, which is easy to form steady
coordination bond with free d orbit on the surface of steel,
relating to the outside electron distribution of Fe is 3d64s2, and
then corrosion rate of anode declines.
Field Application and Prevention Measures
Field application. X-14 well drilling from ground to 1126m
with dry air, formation water first flows out, the content of Cl-
is 41641mg/L.Then enhances air output adopting mist drilling
to 1970m, next formation water is countered, the content of Cl-
is 127834mg/L, salinity is close to saturation brine. Lifting up
drilling tools, severe corrosion phenomenon is observed, red
loose rust in surface layer, black compact product in inner
layer, which is consistent with HTHP corrosion phenomenon.
Then adopting stable foam drilling to goal. Fig.10 shows
surface corrosion image of S135 drilling string in X-14 well
(1970m). Fig.11 shows 8 inch vibration corrosion image in
formation water. From above two pictures, we can realize
4 LIpING WAN AND YINGFENG MENG
severe corrosion of drilling tools in dry air drilling or mist
drilling when encountering formation water. Fig.12 shows
mushy protective layer in stable foam drilling. Foam drilling
substituting dry air drilling, mushy protective layer made up
of low return velocity cuttings forms on surface of drilling
tools, prevent drilling tools corrosion.
Indoor experiment and field observation show that the
main corrosive factors of drilling tools are acid formation
briny electro-chemical corrosion in high temperature;
oxidation corrosion of dissolved oxygen in high pressure air;
oxidizing film shedding creating erosion, for cuttings carried
by airflow bump and erod drilling tools intervally. In order to
prevent drilling tools corrosion, formulating high pH value
and adding inhibitor stable foam proceeding air foam drilling,
reduce direct contact air with drilling tools; neutralize acid
substance deriving from air and formation water; and reduce
return velocity of foam in annulus, slow corrosion and erosion
to drilling tools. Special formula in Western gasfield is
2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC+0.5%CT2+0.05%Na2SO3.This
method effectively restrains drilling tools corrosion and
improves economic benefits.
Prevention measures. On the one hand air drilling can not
deviate from dry air, and it is impossible to clear oxygen from
air (except adopting N2, but high cost should be considered),
on the other hand air column exerts a hydrostatic pressure that
is much lower than the hydrostatic pressure exerted by a
conventional drilling mud column of the same height, so
formation fluids can easily inpour wellbore. According to
wellbore situation, adopting reasonable measures to protect
drilling tools from corrosion, not only utilizing air drilling
advantages, at the same time reducing drilling tools corrosion
to least dgree. Combining past experiment air drilling should
adopt hereinafter measures to protect drilling tools:
(1) Dry zones drill using pure air; low water influx zones
using dry foam; high water influx zones using foam. From the
mechanism of corrosion, water is the most important in
drilling tools corrosion induced by air (oxygen and carbon
dioxide). Air can not produce corrosion in dry environment.
But in humidity (wet) circumstance, even oxygen content is
very low ( 1mg/L)which can bring severe corrosion. So dry
air drilling can be performed in dry, rigid zones. When
countering formation water, mist drilling can be carried out
through increasing air output. If formation water influx is great
and salinity is high, above two drilling methods can not be
operated. It is necessary to adopt foam drilling. Thus not only
descending air output and return velocity of annulus, reducing
drilling tools erosion, but also using foam wrapping air,
decreasing contact opportunity of drill pipe and medium.
(2) Surface treatment. For instance, zincification or
coating oxidation films.
(3) During stop drilling, wash duly all foam channels,
drilling tools and equipment.
(4) Preparing high pH value foam agent and adding some
protection agents.
Conclusions and Recommendations
1.The dynamic corrosion experiment in HTHP indicats that
foam owns the ability of inhibition, which is stronger after
adding inhibitor. It gives a powerful laboratory support for
SPE 94469
that corrosion of drilling tools reduces when foam drilling
substituting for dry air drilling.
2.Foam corrosion inhibition mechanism consists in
absorption of foam agent on steel surface; the complexing
characteristics of foam stabilizer and viscosifier HPAM and
XC biopolymer; oxygen isolation; foam wrapping
sands and reducing erosion. Adding inhibitor (CT2) and
oxygen scavenger (Na2SO3), foam corrosion inhibition ability
is improved further.
3.Through the practical experience and theoretical analysis, it is
considered as a good method to solve the corrosion problem
of drilling tools in formation water that taking foam drilling
substituts for air drilling, adding inhibitor, oxygen scavenger,
and improving pH of foam properly.
Acknowlegement
The authors would like to thank the management of Tubular
Goods Research Center of CNPC and State Key Laboratory of
Oil and Gas Reservoirs Geology and Exploitation in SWPI for
their technical support and permission to present this paper.
References
1. Supon,S.B., Adewumi,M.A. and Fairchild,N.: Measure
and Analysis of the Pressure Drop in a Vertical Annulus
in a Simulated Air drilling Operation, paper SPE 17039
presented at the 1987 SPE Eastern Regional Meeting,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Oct.21-23.
2. E.Y.Nakagawa and Valter Silva Jr.: Comparison of
Aerated Fluids/Foam Drilling Hydraulics Simulators
Against Field Data, paper SPE 54319 presented at the
1999 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and
Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia, Apr.20-22.
3. Scott,S.L., Wu,Y.and Bridges,T.J.: Air Foam Improves
Efficiency of Completion and Workover Operation in
Low Pressure Gas Wells paper SPE 27922 presented at
the 1994 SPE Mid-Continent Gas Symposium, Amarillo,
Texas, May 22-24.
4. A.L.Martins, A.M.F.Louren and C.H.M.Dens: Foam
Property Requirments for Proper Hole Cleaning While
Drilling Horizontal Wells in Underbalanced
Conditiond, paper SPE 64382 presented at the 2000 SPE
Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition,
Brisbane,Australia, Oct.16-18.
5. Samuel Campbell,Sunder Rama Chandran and Keith
Bartrip: Corrosion Inhibition/Foamer Combination
Treatment to Enhance Gas Production, paper SPE 67325
presented at the 2001 SPE Production and Operation
Symposium, Oklahoma, Mar.24-27.
6. Marek Pakulski and Richard Martin: Synergism and
Antagonism of Foaming Agents and Corrosion
Inhibitors, paper SPE 65016 presented at the 2001 SPE
International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry,
Houston, Texas, Feb.13-16.
Fig. 1-SEM of corrosion scales in blank solution Fig. 2-SEM of corrosion scales in foam (2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC)

Fig. 3-SEM of corrosion scales inhibition foam (2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM +0.2%XC+0.5%CT2+0.05%Na2SO3)

6 LIpING WAN AND YINGFENG MENG SPE 94469

Fig. 4 -XRD spectrum of corrosion scales in blank solution

Fig. 5 -XRD spectrum of corrosion scales in foam system

SPE 94469 DISCUSSION OF FOAM CORROSION INHIBITION IN AIR-FOAM DRILLING 7

Corrosion medium layer

Hydrophobic group
C12H25
Hydrophilic group
SO3H

Steel S135

Fig. 6-Schematic diagram of foam agent absorption on the surface of S135 steel

2+
Fig. 7 -Sketch map of HPAM complexing Ca
2+ -
low concetration [Ca ] and [-coo ] complexing inside of molecule forming collapse chain;
2+ -
high concetration [Ca ] and [-coo ] complexing first inside of molecule forming mutual chain;
2+ -
high concetration [Ca ] and [-coo ] collecting second in mutual molecule forming congeries
8 LIpING WAN AND YINGFENG MENG SPE 94469

M: Na K+ 1/2Ca2+ 1/2Mg2+

AC: CH2CO-

2+
Fig. 8 -Sketch map of XC complexing Ca

drill cuttings

Fig. 9-Schematic diagram of foam netlike structure and fixing drill cuttings
SPE 94469 DISCUSSION OF FOAM CORROSION INHIBITION IN AIR-FOAM DRILLING 9

Fig. 10- Corrosion image of S135 drilling string in X-14 well (1970m)

Fig. 11- 8`` vibration damper Corrosion image in formation water

10 LIpING WAN AND YINGFENG MENG SPE 94469

Fig. 12- Mushy protective layer in foam drilling

Table 1- Air drilling types and specific parameter

Types Suit zone Reture velocity of annulus Ratio of liquid to gas

Dry air Dry, rigid 15m/s 0

3
Mist drilling A little formation water ( 35m /h) 15m/s 0.004%~0.02%

Foam drilling Dry, rigid, sea or salt water 0.5m/s~1.5m/s 0.3%~0.8%

Table 2- S135 steel chemical component analysis (mass %)

Element C Mn Cr Si S P Mo Ni s (MPa) b(MPa)

Content(%) 0.37 0.94 1.01 0.22 0.016 0.02 0.032 0.028 1083 1148

API standard --- --- --- --- 0.03% 0.03% --- --- 931~1138 1000

Microstructure Ferrite + sorbite, netting structure array

SPE 94469 DISCUSSION OF FOAM CORROSION INHIBITION IN AIR-FOAM DRILLING 11

Table 3-Element analysis results of formation water

+ + 2+ 2+ - - 2-
Index K Na Ca Mg Cl HCO3 SO4 pH density salinity
3
Unit mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L --- g/cm mg/L

Concentration 2034 18461 6280 1072 41641 1274 3085 6.3 1.07 73847

Table 4-Result of foam dynamic experiment

Quality Half life Corrosion rate Inhibition ratio
(%) (min) (mm/a) (%)
blank solution --- --- 2.195 ---

2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC; 82.1 73.4 1.475 32.8

2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC+0.5%CT2 76.4 76.2 0.385 82.5

2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC+0.5%CT2+0.05%Na2SO3 72.3 68.0 0.235 89.3

Table 5-The percentage of element in corrosion product layer (mass%)

Fe Mn Cr Si S Ca P Cl Mg

blank solution 82.71 2.13 0.63 1.40 0.73 10.14 0.44 0.81 ---

2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC 80.11 2.55 1.99 1.14 1.75 7.98 --- 0.68 1.45

2.0%F4+0.3%HPAM+0.2%XC+0.5%CT2+0.05%Na2SO3 75.92 2.27 0.47 0.94 0.70 3.09 1.09 0.53 0.54