Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

College of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

No. : 2
)Differential level switch(
Group b

:student's names
1. Ahmed Hussain
2. Ameer Raheem Messier
3. Jasam Aqil
Introduction
Liquid level switches detect liquid levels or interfaces between
liquids such as oil and water, or liquid and solid interfaces. Liquid
level switches are used in a number of liquid container monitoring
applications including flow line monitoring, heaters and furnaces,
as well as other household appliances, automotive applications,
and control technology
In order to select the proper liquid level switch, it is important to
understand the various factors of a liquid level management
system. The switch is a critical element in the system and when
selecting a switch it is important to consider the type of
measurement, the switch type, the configuration, and the pole and
throw specifications
Objective
To control the level in the process vessel using a differential level switch
.with abnormally solenoid valve (Sol 1) controlling in flow to the vessel
Equipment : Pct 40 bench with large process vessel inner cylinder and
. supplied flexible tubing
Procedure
1- Switch On main power to the console and check flow rate (1400-1500
ml/min) with the reading from flow rates.
2- Run the pcty 40 software and select section (1): level control (inflow).
In the sample menu, select configure and check that the software is set -3
to automatic sampling with sample internal of five seconds and
continuous duration
check that controller radio button is selected differential level switch -4
on/off solenoid
5-Select the (GO) icon to begin data logging.
6-Partially close the drain valve on the bottom of the large processes
vessel to slightly.
7-Select the (STOP) icon to the finish data logging.

Calculations:
 1- 0.632*kΔθi method
kΔθi = 128

Y = 0.632*kΔθi
= 0.632*128
= 80.896
T(sec) = 6.5
2-Initial slope method
T(sec) =9.5
3-Semi _ log method
Slope = 1
T(sec) =1
Discussion:

1. Discuss difference in time constant in three methods.

i. (kΔθi) method : by select the (kΔθi) which it high value in
curve the substance in the relation
(y = 0.632* kΔθi) to find the time.
ii. Initial slope : by drawing line contact to the main curve and
intersection with (kΔθi) line the direct to X-axis to find the
time.
k ∆ θi
iii. Semi-log : by drawing Y-axis (ln k ∆ θi−H ) and X-axis time
1
and find the slope then calculate the time by relation (t = slope
).

2. What are the errors sources in the experiment?

i. Non –precision in the measurement of time.

ii. Non –precision in the measurement of flow rate taken.
iii. Difference reading in data reads between the device and
computer.
 Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
College of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

No. :3
proportional pressure input with on off controller using normally closed (
solenoid valve
Group B

:student's names
1. Ahmed Hussain
2. Ameer Raheem Messier
3. Jasam Aqil
Introduction
Proportional control valves can be operated easily using a solenoid.
Solenoid controls have digital control system: A valve is opened when
the solenoid is energized and is closed when it is de-energized or vice
versa. They are very quick in their operation and thus give rise to
pressure and flow surges in the fluid power control units. If the control
valves can be gradually opened or closed as a manually operated house
tap, it results in a gradual transition between a fully opened and a fully
closed position. These valves are operated by the application of
electronics rather than just electrical switching. The advantage of these
valves is that they give greater flexibility in the system design and
operation. They also decrease fluid power circuit complexity especially
for processes requiring multiple speed or force outputs
Objective
To control the level in the process vessel using on/off controller
connected to pressure sensor with normally closed solenoid valve (sol 1)
controller in flow to the vessel
Procedure
1- Switch On main power to the console and check flow rate (1400-1500
ml/min) with the reading from flow rates.
2- Run the pcty 40 software and select section (1): level control (inflow).
In the sample menu, select configure and check that the software is set -3
to automatic sampling with sample internal of five seconds and
continuous duration
check that controller radio button is selected controller ,select control -4
below the made to operation then set automatic and click apply
5-Select the (GO) icon to begin data logging.
6-Partially close the drain valve on the bottom of the large processes
vessel to slightly.
7-Select the (STOP) icon to the finish data logging.
Calculations:
2- 0.632*kΔθi method
kΔθi = 8
Y = 0.632*kΔθi
= 0.632*8
= 5.056
T(sec) = 34

3- Initial slope method

T(sec) =34

4- Semi _ log method

Slope = 0.018
T(sec) = 53.76
Discussion:

1-Discuss difference in time constant in three methods.

iv. (kΔθi) method : by select the (kΔθi) which it high value in

curve the substance in the relation
(y = 0.632* kΔθi) to find the time.
v. Initial slope : by drawing line contact to the main curve and
intersection with (kΔθi) line the direct to X-axis to find the
time.
k ∆ θi
vi. Semi-log : by drawing Y-axis (ln k ∆ θi−H ) and X-axis time
1
and find the slope then calculate the time by relation (t = slope
).

2-What are the errors sources in the experiment?

iv. Non –precision in the measurement of time.

v. Non –precision in the measurement of flow rate taken.
vi. Difference reading in data reads between the device and
computer.