Actuators (if applicable): In systems where the liquid level needs to be controlled, actuators

such as pumps, valves, or gates may be included to adjust the level.

Safety Alarms and Shutdowns (if applicable): In critical applications, high and low-level
alarms may be integrated to alert operators of potential issues. In some cases, these alarms can
trigger automatic shutdowns or corrective actions.

Working of a Liquid Level System:

Level Measurement: The sensor measures the liquid level and converts it into an electrical
signal. The type of sensor used will determine the method of measurement (e.g., float position,
pressure, capacitance, etc.). Signal

Conditioning: The raw signal from the sensor may need to be adjusted or processed to ensure it
is within the desired range and format for the controller.

Controller Processing: The controller processes the signal to determine the actual liquid level.
It may apply calibration factors or compensations based on sensor characteristics and
environmental conditions. Display and
Output: The determined level is displayed on a visual indicator for operators to monitor. It
may also be recorded and transmitted to a control room or data logging system for further
analysis.
Control (if applicable): In systems where level control is necessary, the controller will send
signals to actuators like pumps or valves to adjust the level.
Safety and Alarm Handling (if applicable): The system may include safety features to
respond to critical situations, such as shutting down equipment or activating alarms if the level
exceeds predefined threshold
Diagram:
 Height of Water in Tank 1

Observations:

Time(t)
Simulation Model:

Height of Water in Tank 2

Time(t)
Graph between level of water in Tank 1 and time Graph between level of water in Tank 2
and time

Height of Water in Tanks

Time(t)

Consolidated graph of levels of water in Tanks 1 and 2 with time

Result:

We observe the working of a liquid level system how the controller controls the level of fluid in the
liquid level system. A liquid level system involves principles of sensing, control, safety, and system
dynamics. Accurate measurement and control of liquid level are essential in many industrial processes
to ensure the efficient and safe operation of tanks and vessels. Proper design, sensor selection, control
algorithms, and safety measures are critical for the reliable performance of liquid level systems. Liquid
level control systems use feedback control mechanisms to maintain the liquid level within a specified
range or setpoint.

Precautions and Sources of Error:

1.) The software takes time to initialize so wait until the blank model is created; otherwise the system
may hang.

2.) A blue component cannot be connected to a black component directly for that you need a converter
as blue is a physical model and black represents mathematical model.
 EXPERIMENT 1(f)

Aim:

To simulate the working of PID Control System using Transfer Functions

Software Required :
⮚ MATLAB Version R2023A
⮚ SIMULINK

Theory:

Simulating the working of a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control system using transfer

functions is a fundamental concept in control engineering. Transfer functions are mathematical
representations that describe the relationship between the input and output of a system. In this
explanation, we'll explore the theory behind simulating a PID control system using transfer functions.

1. PID Control System Overview:

A PID control system is a feedback control system used to regulate and stabilize various processes. It
combines three primary control actions to maintain a desired setpoint or reference value:

Proportional (P): The proportional term produces an output that is proportional to the current error (the
difference between the setpoint and the process variable). This term provides an immediate response to
deviations from the setpoint but can result in steady-state errors.

Integral (I): The integral term integrates the error over time and provides a control output that
eliminates steady-state errors. It acts to correct long-term discrepancies between the setpoint and the
process variable.

Derivative (D):The derivative term anticipates the future behavior of the error by looking at its rate of
change. It helps dampen oscillations and reduce overshoot.