MASONRY WORKS

BAUNZON, Jeswer Aaron

CANTUJA, Catherine, Ginger
INDUCTIVO, Kian Carlo
JIMUNZALA, Minbert
 MASONRY

INDUCTIVO, Kian Carlo

 MASONRY
• Building of structures
from individual units laid
in and bound together by
mortar.
• Generally a highly
durable form of
construction.
 MASONRY QUALITY
ENSURANCE
• Repair by
Professional Mason
• Timing for
Companies
• Quality of Materials
• Work Examination
 MASONRY MATERIALS
• Brick
• Building Stone
• Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)
• Mortar
 BRICK
• Absorb water ≤ 20% Dry Weight
• Edge is sharp, straight, and at right angle
• Uniform in color, size, and shape
• Should not break when dropped
• Surface has no defect
 BUILDING STONE
• Crushing Strength > 1000 kg/cm²
• Uniform in color
• Free from defects
• Durable
• Fracture should be sharp, even, and clear
• Hardness is between 14-17
• Percentage wear ≤ 3
 BUILDING STONE
• Fireproof
• Specific Gravity ≥ 8.7
• Texture
• Water Absorption ≤ 0.60
• Well-seasoned
• Toughness Index is 13-19
BUILDING STONE
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
(CHB)
• High Durability
• Low Maintenance
• Color and brilliance withstands outdoor
elements
• Strength
• Fire Resistant
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
(CHB)
• Provide thermal and sound insulation
• Economical
• Environmental friendly
• Low insurance rates
MASONRY UNIT DIMENSION
 MASONRY UNIT DIMENSION

• The bed is the side formed by thickness ×

length
• The face is the side formed by height ×
length
• The head is the side formed by thickness ×
height
ORIENTATIONS
BOND PATTERN
SNECKED WALLING
SNECKED WALLING
SNECKED WALLING
SNECKED WALLING
SNECKED WALLING
 MORTAR
• Good adhesion with building units
• Designed Stresses
• Penetration Resistance of rainwater
• Cheap
• Durable
• Easily Workable
 REQUIRED MORTAR
CHOICES
• Cementitious system
• Mortar type
• Proportion specification

Basis: ASTM C270 (Standard Specification

for Mortar for Unit Masonry)
 CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEM
• Cement and Lime
• Masonry Cement
• Mortar Cement
 TYPES OF MORTAR
• Type M: High compressive and tensile
bond strength
• Type S: Moderate compressive and tensile
bond strength
• Type N: Low compressive and tensile
bond strength
 TYPES OF MORTAR
• Type O: Very low compressive and tensile
bond strength
• Type K: No longer used (for historic
preservation project)
 MASON / BRICKLAYER
• Good Practical Skills
• Careful and Accurate
• Work as a team
• Aware of Safe and Health issues
• Technical
• Good Level of Fitness
• On-site Experience
 PRACTICES

JIMUNZALA, Minbert
 BRICK
• Mixture ratio is 1:6 (1 cement: 6 sand)
• Cement, sand and water mixture is used in
2 hours
• Joint between the bricks should not be one
above the other
• Length of the wall should end at an angle
of 45 degrees
 PLASTERING
• Done after masonry curing
• Cement and aggregate ratio is 1:6 for
internal and 1:4 for external
• Hacking is done before
• Cement and mortar ratio is 1:3
• Usage of mesh is advised
 SAFETY MEASURES
• Health Concerns
• Not exposed to hazards
• Wear appropriate items
• Secure the ladder
• Don’t use defective equipment
• Use scaffolding safely
 CHECKLIST

CANTUJA, Catherine Ginger

 ITEMS TO BE INSPECTED

• CHB Units
• Mortar
• Equipment / Tools
 PREPARATION
• Recognize the wall layout plans
• Architectural Building Drawing
• As built Electrical and Plumbing
• Structural Building Plan- masonry detail
section, specs. & details
PREPARATION
 PLACEMENT OF UNITS
• CHB Units
• Mortar Mixture
• Door Jamb
• Dowels
• Maximum Layers
per Day
• MEPF Checklists
 REINFORCEMENT AND
CONNECTIONS
• Rebar Spacing
• Rebar Splice Length
 PLASTERING
• Plaster Guide
• Scratch Coat
• Corner Bead
• Plaster Mixture
• Clean Water
• Built-in items
 WATERPROOFING
• Waterproofing Materials
• Shop Drawings
• Zocallo
• Cleanliness
• Pipe Chase
• Door Jamb
 WATERPROOFING
• CHB with Plaster Guide
• Pedestal
• Elevation
• Built-in items
 PUNCHLIST

BAUZON, Jeswer Aaron

 GENERAL CAUSE OF
DEFECTS
• Human
• Design
• Execution
• Utilization
• Disaster
 GENERAL CAUSE OF
DEFECTS
• Natural actions
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological
• Natural Calamities
 REASONS OF DEFECTS
• Sulphate Attack
• Crystallization of Salts from Bricks
• Corrosion of Embedded Iron or Steel
• Shrinkage on Drying
 SULPHATE ATTACK

• Identification
• Chipping and spalling of bricks and
• Formation of cracks in joints and rendering
• Cause
• sulphate salts present in brick work
• Common in:
• exposed boundary wall
• parapet wall
• manhole and retaining walls (where they come in contact with
moisture)

• Solution
• adopting suitable construction detail and good quality materials
that prohibits entry of moisture into the body of brick work.
 CRYSTALLIZATION OF SALTS
FROM BRICKS

• Identification
• crystallization of salts from brick are known as efflorescence.
• Cause
• excessive soluble salts in the brick is the primary cause of
this type of defect.
• Common in:
• Environment near coastlines
• Solution
• repeatedly brushing and washing the wall surface.
 CORROSION FROM
EMBEDDED IRON OR STEEL
• Identification
• Formation of cracks in brick work.
• Cause
• Dampness in building causes corrosion of embedded
iron or steel.
 CORROSION FROM
EMBEDDED IRON OR STEEL
• Common in:
• Environment near coastlines
• Prevention
• encasing the reinforcement in thick and impermeable
cement mortar and providing a cover of 15 to 25 mm
around the embedded member.
 SHRINKAGE ON DRYING

• Identification
• Formation of cracks in masonry joints
• Cause
• Bricks water absorption and then water evaporation due
to it porous property.
• crack occurs is dependent upon type of mortar used in
brick masonry.
• Prevention
• by using good quality of brick and mortar
• by protecting masonry from moisture
 CRACK IN WALLS
• Differential settlement of foundations
• Excessive deflection of the top slab
• Thermal movements of roof slabs
• Moisture shrinkage
• Moisture expansion of masonry walls
• Cladding failing due to thermal/moisture
movements and insufficient connections
(ties) to the support wall
 DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT
• Cause
– Soil Compaction were not achieved.
– Soil Erosion under the
foundation due to environmental factors
• Prevention
– Evaluating soil parameters: increase the geotechnical investigations
– Observe dimensions and shapes of the buildings: provide joints
– Attention to existence of soft/deep soil layers, fluctuations of the water
table and leaking of the drainage system that saturates the soil around
shallow foundations
• Remedies
– Consolidation of soils and/or increase stiffness of foundation elements
– Use of deep foundation when the water table fluctuates or when there
are soft/deep soil layers.
– Fix the drainage system
 EXCESSIVE TOP SLAB
DEFLECTION
• Cause
– Poorly supported walls
– Insufficient detailing or access to typical construction
details not adapted to the construction case
• Prevention
– Limitation of the deflection (improving the design)
– Practical means to protect partitions from cracking
• Make the partition independent of the structure (seismic gap
then fill it with backer rod and then sealing the gap with sealant)
• Remedies
– Rework
 THERMAL ROOF SLABS
MOVEMENTS
• Cause
– temperature and humidity variation
– cause is cyclic or acts randomly over time
– edges of the crack are progressively destroyed by erosion or other
physical or chemical actions
• Prevention
– Roof ventilation
– Shading of slab
– painting the roof top with white or reflective paint
– Thermal insulation on the roof slab.
• Remedies
– Formal creation of an expansion joint.
– Transmission of forces and movements between crack sides is relevant,
fixing anchors or embedded steels bars should cross the crack.
– Arrange additional horizontal reinforcement along the upper courses.
Repair the cracks
 MOISTURE SHRINKAGE
• Cause
– High temperature of the environment
or high evaporation rate during the
construction
• Prevention
– For the shrinkage of the slab, besides
good curing, temporary joints can be
inserted in the cast slab (later
concreted) to reduce shrinkage or
permanent joints can be placed in
suitable locations.
• Remedies
– Subsequent insertion of expansion
joint in the slab, carefully cutting and
filling the empty space with
deformable material.
 MOISTURE EXPANSION OF
MASONRY WALLS
• Cause
– Incorrect installation of flashings and water barriers that
compromise durability.
• Prevention
– Applying water proofing layer to prevent water
absorption
• Remedies
– Rework
 CLADDING FAILING DUE TO
THERMAL/MOISTURE MOVEMENTS AND
INSUFFICIENT CONNECTIONS (TIES) TO
SUPPORT WALL
• Cause
– Poor horizontal reinforcement
– Design did not comply to structural codes
– Negligence in the case of wind loading, special wall
geometry and support conditions (lack of specification
of wall ties, anchors, etc.)
 CRACKS AT THE OPENINGS
(DOORS AND WINDOWS)
• Cause
– No reinforcement or lack of reinforcement above and
beside the openings
– Structural movement
– Poor workmanship
• Prevention
– Steel reinforcement should be installed before the door
post and window are placed.
• Remedies
– Rework
 BLISTERING

• Cause
– De-icing salts and ground moisture
• Common
– Sandstone, but also on granite.
– Generally found on a surface close to
the ground.
• Remedies
– Replacement/Patching with Like or
Compatible Substitute Materials
 CHIPPING
.

• Cause
– Later alterations or repairs, use of hard tools
• Remedies
– Dutchman repair (refers to any new or salvaged stone
fitted
into the existing facade stone. New stone shall
match
existing.)
– Replacement/Patching with Like or Compatible
Materials
 COVING

• Cause
– Standing rainwater or rainwater
splash off the ground.
– Salts deposited in the adobe by the
evaporation of water.
• Remedies
– Replacement/Patching with Like or
Compatible Substitute Materials
 CRUMBLING

• Cause
– Inherent weakness of
the masonry and
gradual dissolution of
the binder
– salts or moisture
entering the masonry
• Remedies
– Consolidation
 CRAZING
• Cause
– Due to shrinkage of the
concentrated dense paste
Layer of the surface.
– Poor or inadequate curing
– Too wet mix, excessive floating,
– Sprinkling cement on the surface
 CRAZING
• Prevention
– Start curing the concrete as soon as
possible
– When placing, use moderate slump
concrete
– NEVER sprinkle/trowel dry cement or
mixture fine cement to absorb water
bleed
– When higher evaporation rate is
anticipated, dampen the subgrade
prior to concrete placement
• Remedies
– Using skim coat before painting
 UNEVEN PLASTERING
• Cause
– Poor workmanship
• Prevention
– Before plastering,
proper leveling and
alignment should be
employed.
 DELAMINATION
• Cause
– a natural condition of
sedimentary stones
such as sandstone or limestone
• Remedies
– Composite Patching/Plastic
Repair
– Replacement/Patching with
Like or Compatible Substitute
Materials
– Mechanical Repair
 DETACHMENT
• Cause
– Later alterations or repairs,
use of hard tools
• Remedies
– Mechanical repairs
• No Corrosive Pinning
• Using epoxy
 DIRTY PLASTERING

• Cause
– Walls are not properly cleaning
before the plastering commence.
– Tools used are not clean causing
the cement not to stick on the wall.
• Prevention
– Cleaning of tools such as trowels
and floats
– Cleaning of the wall using water
and brushing.
• Remedies
– Housekeeping
 EFFLORESCENCE
• Cause
– Excessive "pulling" of
soluble salts into the
masonry and out
through the surface
• Remedies
– Poulticing
– Water washing
 HONEY COMBING
• Cause
– Not vibrated properly
– Use of very stiff concrete
– Jumbling of reinforcement of
beams and column rods at one
place
– Presence of more percentage of
bigger size of aggregate in
concrete
• Prevention
– Size of aggregate should comply
to the specification of concrete
mixture
 HONEY COMBING

• Remedies
– For shallow, re-concreting
– For deep, rework should
be done
 SUGARING

• Cause
– salts dissolved in and
transported through the stone
by moisture and consequent
dissolution of the binder.
• Remedies
– Consolidation
 WEATHERING
• Cause
– natural disintegration and
erosion of stone caused
by wind and rain, resulting
in granular and rounded
surfaces.
• Remedies
– Replacement/Patching
with Like or Compatible
Substitute Materials,
 REFERENCES

• http://www.acivilengineer.com/2013/05/good-quality-brick.html
• http://civilblog.org/2015/02/07/how-to-check-quality-of-bricks-on-site/
• http://theconstructor.org/building/requirements-of-a-good-building-
stone/7541/
• https://www.scribd.com/doc/40521673/4/Qualities-of-a-good-
building-stone
• http://www.ecologicbuild.com/advantages_of_hollow_blocks.pdf
• http://www.engineeringcivil.com/testing-of-concrete-blocks.html
• http://myjobsearch.com/careers/bricklayer.html
• http://www.orientcement.com/good_construction_practices.html
• http://clients.junction-18.com/beep/snecked-walling
 REFERENCES
• http://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/honeycombs-
in-concrete-and-remedies/6889/
• Defects in Masonry Walls. Guidance on Cracking:
Identification, Prevention and Repair
• http://civilblog.org/2015/09/21/what-cause-defects-in-
brick-masonry-and-its-remedies/
• http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-
preserve/preservedocs/Historic-Masonry-
Deterioration.pdf
• http://homeinspectionsusa.us/masonry-deterioration-
and-repair/
• http://www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/03p.pdf