Math Chem

Homework 5 due date: Dec. 11, 2019

Problem 1
Find all of the solutions of the first order differential equations. When an initial condition
is given, find the particular solution satisfying that condition.
 
dy
1.1 = f (x)g(y) :
dx

dy ex
(a) = .
dx 2y
dy
(b) = y 2 (1 + t2 ), y(0) = 1.
dt
p
dy 1 − y2
(c) = .
dx x
(d) xy 0 = y(1 − 2y), y(1) = 2.

(e) y 0 − (sin x)y = sin x.

1.2 (y 0 + p(x)y = r(x)):

(a) xy 0 − 2y = x2 , y(1) = 1.

(b) ẏ − 2y = te2t .
dy
(c) + y = sin x, y(0) = 0.
dx
dy 3
(d) − y = x3 , y(1) = 4.
dx x

Problem 2
2.1 For the following determine if the differential equation is exact. If it is not exact, find
the integrating factor. Integrate the equations to obtain solutions.

(a) (3x2 + 6xy 2 )dx + (6x2 y + 4y 3 )dy = 0.

(b) (1 + y 2 )dx + xydy = 0.

(c) (sin xy + xy cos xy)dx + x2 cos xydy = 0.

(d) (x2 + y)dx − xdy = 0.

(e) (2xy 2 − 3y 3 )dx + (7 − 3xy 2 )dy = 0.

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 Math Chem
Homework 5 due date: Dec. 11, 2019

2.2 Consider the following series of first-order irreversible reactions,

k k
A −−1→ B −−2→ C

(a) Write down the rate equations.

(b) Solve these differential equations with the initial conditions [A] = A0 , [B] = 0 and
[C] = 0. (The answer should include k1 = k2 .)
(c) From the result of (b) discuss the analytical solutions when k1  k2 and k1  k2 and
sketch them with k1 /k2 = 0.1 and k1 /k2 = 10.
(d) When does the concentration of B reach the maximum?

Problem 3
3.1 Prove that y1 (x) = sinh(x) and y2 (x) = 3sinh(x) − 2cosh(x) are linearly independent
solutions of y 00 − y = 0. Write y3 (x) = cosh(x) as a linear combination of y1 and y2 .

3.2 Find all of the solutions of the second order differential equations. When an initial
condition is given, find the particular solution satisfying the condition.

(a) y 00 − 9y 0 + 20y = 0.

(b) y 00 − 3y 0 + 4y = 0, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1.

(c) 8y 00 + 4y 0 + y = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.

(d) ẍ − 4ẋ + 4x = 0 for x = x(t).

Problem 4
4.1 Consider the non-homogeneous differential equation ẍ − 3ẋ + 2x = 6e3t .
(a) Find the general solution of the homogeneous equation.
(b) Find a particular solution using the Method of Undermined Coefficients by guessing
xp (t) = Aert .
(c) Use your answers in the previous parts to write down the general solution for this
problem.

4.2 Find the general solution of the given equation by the method given.
Undetermined Coefficients:

(a) y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 10.

(b) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 5 + 10 sin 2x.

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 Math Chem
Homework 5 due date: Dec. 11, 2019

Differential operator:

(a) y 00 − 5y 0 + 6y = 3ex .
(b) y 00 + 5y 0 − 6y = 3ex .
(c) y 00 + y = sec3 x.

Problem 5
5.1 A damped harmonic oscillator is displaced by a distance x0 and released at time t = 0.
The subsequent motion is described by the differential equation
d2 x dx 2 dx
m + mγ + mω 0 x = 0, = 0 at t = 0.
dt2 dt dt
(a) Explain the physical meaning of the parameters m, γ and ω0 .
(b) Find and sketch solutions for overdamping, critical damping, and underdamping.

5.2 Consider the damped oscillator of problem 5.1 subject to an oscillatory driving force:
d2 x dx
m 2
+ mγ + mω02 x = F cos ωt.
dt dt
(a) Find the general solution when γ = 0.
(b) Find the solution when γ 6= 0 and γ < ω0 .

Problem 6
6.1 Solve the Bernoulli equation xy 0 + y = y 2 lnx for x > 0.

6.2 Solve the Lagrange equation y = 2xy 0 − y 02 .

6.3. Find the general solution of the Riccati equation, y 0 e−x + y 2 − 2yex = 1 − e2x , using
the particular solution y1 (x) = ex .

Problem 7
7.1 Find the general solution of the given Cauchy-Euler equation.

(a) x2 y 00 + 5xy 0 + 12y = 0.

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 Math Chem
Homework 5 due date: Dec. 11, 2019

(b) x2 y 00 + 3xy 0 + y = 0, y(1) = 0, y 0 (1) = 1.

7.2 Solve the following non-homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations for x > 0.

(a) x2 y 00 + 3xy 0 − 3y = 3x2 .

(b) x2 y 00 − xy 0 − 3y = 2x3 .

Problem 8
8.1 Consider the following series of first-order reactions,
k1 k
A−
)−
−−
−* 2
− B −−→ C
k−1

(a) Write down the rate equations and solve them with the initial conditions [A] =
A0 , [B] = 0 and [C] = 0.
(b) Steady-state approximation: If k−1 + k2  k1 , we can assume that d[B]/dt ≈ 0. Solve
the rate equations within this approximation and compare it to the result of (a).
[B] k1
(c) Equilibrium approximation: If k2  k1 and k−1 , show that ≈ and use this
[A] k−1
result to calculte [C](t).