GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

GED418: South Asian Art & Architecture. Section: 01

Mid-Term Exam – Spring 2020

Submitted to:

Ahmed Sharif

Submitted By:

Md. Abdullah Faiaz

ID: 161012063

Department of Media Studies & Journalism.

 ART & ARCHITECTURE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

The Indus Valley Civilization was an antiquated development situated in what is Pakistan and
northwest India today, on the prolific flood plain of the Indus River and its region. Proof of strict
practices right now back around to 5500 BCE. Cultivating settlements started around 4000 BCE
and around 3000 BCE there showed up the principal indications of urbanization. By 2600 BCE,
many towns and urban communities had been built up, and somewhere in the range of 2500 and
2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its pinnacle.

Photo: Indus Valley Civilization Map.

The Life of the Indus Valley Civilization

The most punctual Indian workmanship rose up out of the valley of the Indus River during the
second 50% of the 3d thousand years BC The most popular locales are Harappa, pulverized in
the nineteenth penny., and Mohenjo-Daro; these are among the soonest instances of city
arranging. Houses, markets, storerooms, workplaces, and open showers were organized in a grid
like conspire. There was additionally a profoundly evolved waste framework.

Photo: Indus Valley City.

 Photo: Indus Valley City Plan.

Photo: Urban planning of the Harappan.

The Indus human progress created numerous statuettes made of steatite and limestone. A few
statuettes take after the hieratic style of contemporary Mesopotamia, while others are done in the
smooth, twisted style that is the model of later Indian figure, where the plastic demonstrating
uncovers the vitalizing breath of life (prana). Additionally found right now square steatite seals
decorated with a scope of creatures, including naturalistically rendered bulls; artistic capacity
containers with straightforward, adapted structures; plays with wheels; and dolls, which might be
mother goddesses. Bronze weapons, apparatuses, and figures demonstrate a refinement in
craftsmanship as opposed to a significant stylish advancement.

Photo: Structure of Mohenjodaro City.

Two urban communities, specifically, have been uncovered at the destinations of Mohenjo-Daro
on the lower Indus, and at Harappa, further upstream. The proof proposes they had a profoundly
evolved city life; numerous houses had wells and washrooms just as a detailed underground
seepage framework. The social states of the residents were similar to those in Sumeria and better
than the contemporary Babylonians and Egyptians. These urban communities show a very much
arranged urbanization framework.
THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THEY HAD A HIGHLY DEVELOPED CITY LIFE; MANY
HOUSES HAD WELLS AND BATHROOMS AS WELL AS AN ELABORATE
UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM.

There is proof of some degree of contact between the Indus Valley Civilization and the Near
East. Business, strict, and creative associations have been recorded in Sumerian reports, where
the Indus valley individuals are alluded to as Meluhhaites and the Indus valley is called Meluhha.
The accompanying record has been dated to around 2000 BCE: "The Meluhhaites, the men of
the dark land, bring to Naram-Sin of Agade all sort of extraordinary products." (Haywood, p. 76,
The Curse of Agade)

The Indus Civilization had a composing framework which today despite everything stays a
puzzle: all endeavors to disentangle it have fizzled. This is one reason why the Indus Valley
Civilization is one of the least known about the significant early civic establishments of olden
times. Instances of this composing framework have been found in ceramics, special necklaces,
cut stamp seals, and even in loads and copper tablets.

Photo: Ornaments of Indus Valley.

Photo: Pottery of Indus Valley.
Another purpose of discussion is the idea of the connection between these urban areas.
Regardless of whether they were autonomous city-states or some portion of a bigger realm isn't
totally clear. Since the composition of the Indus individuals stays undeciphered and neither
models of rulers nor delineations of fights and military crusades have been discovered, proof
pointing in either heading isn't definitive.

Decay of the Indus Valley Civilization

By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley Civilization saw the start of their decay: Writing began to
vanish, institutionalized loads and measures utilized for exchange and tax collection purposes
dropped out of utilization, the association with the Near East was intruded, and a few urban
communities were step by step relinquished. The explanations behind this decay are not so much
clear, yet it is accepted that the evaporating of the Saraswati River, a procedure which had started
around 1900 BCE, was the fundamental driver. Different specialists talk about an incredible
flood in the zone. Either occasion would have effectsly affected horticultural movement, making
the economy no longer reasonable and breaking the metro request of the urban areas.

Indus Valley Seals

Around 1500 BCE, a huge gathering of traveling steers herders, the Aryans, relocated into the
district from focal Asia. The Aryans crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and interacted with the
Indus Valley Civilization. This was an enormous movement and used to be viewed as an attack,
which was believed to be the purpose behind the breakdown of the Indus Valley Civilization,
however this theory isn't collectively acknowledged today.
 Photos: Indus Valley Seals.

In this manner, the Indus Valley Civilization reached a conclusion. Through the span of a few
centuries, the Aryans step by step settled down and took up agribusiness. The language brought
by the Aryans picked up amazingness over the neighborhood dialects: the starting point of the
most broadly communicated in dialects today in south Asia returns to the Aryans, who brought
the Indo-European dialects into the Indian subcontinent. Different highlights of present day
Indian culture, for example, strict practices and standing division, can likewise be followed back
to the hours of the Aryan relocations. Numerous pre-Aryan traditions despite everything make
due in India today. Proof supporting this case incorporates: the progression of pre-Aryan
conventions; rehearses by numerous areas of Indian culture; and furthermore the likelihood that
some significant divine forces of the Hindu pantheon really started during the hour of the Indus
Valley Civilization and were kept "alive" by the first occupants as the centuries progressed.