BAGUIO PATRIOTIC HIGH SCHOOL

#21 Harrison Road, Baguio City

Junior High School Department
SY 2020-2021

Learning
Module in
Science 9

Prepared by:

RYAN A. BERSAMIN

Learning Module in Science 9

INTRODUCTION
 This module provides the learners with the
physical sciences that will help them understand
and explain natural phenomena and increase their
awareness of the role human beings in preserving,
conserving, and protecting the environment

This module has four quarters. Each quarter is

divided in the different area and branches of
Science on spiral pattern.

Here’s the coverage of Science 9 for the whole

school year:

Living Things and Their Environment

 The Human Respiratory System
 The Cardiovascular System
 Genetics
 Biodiversity
 Reproduction
Matter
 The Atom
 Chemical Bonding
 Inorganic Compounds
 Organic Compounds
 The Mole
Earth and Space
  Geology of the Earth
 Climate Change
 The Sun and the Stars
Force, Motion, and Energy
 Projectile Motion
 Impulse and Momentum
 Waves
 Heat
 Magnetism
 Electricity

Learning Module in Science 9

Date Topics
15-24 July 2020 Unit I: Living Things and Their
 Environment
Chapter I: Breath In, Breath Out
 The Human Respiratory System
Reference Book: Exploring Life Through Science 9, Ferriols-
Pavico, Josefina Ma. et al., Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2018,
pages 1-22

27-31 July 2020 Chapter II: Traversing the Body’s

Highway
 The Human Circulatory System
Reference Book: Exploring Life Through Science 9, Ferriols-
Pavico, Josefina Ma. et al., Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2018,
pages 26-52
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Most Essential Learning Competencies: At the end of this module, each learner should
be able to:
 Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to transport
nutrients, gases, and other molecules to and from the different parts of the body.
 Infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of respiratory and circulatory
systems.

Values:
 Discipline in advocating activities that promote a healthy and well-functioning
respiratory and circulatory system.
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Week 1—Day 1

The circulatory and respiratory systems work together

to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Air
moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi,
and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through
the pulmonary arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
The pulmonary vessels operate backwards from the rest
of the body's vasculature: The pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and the
pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart to
be distributed to the body.
To submit all answered activities, just take a photo of
your answers and send it to my Facebook Messenger, e-mail,
and/or personally dropped it in school by an Assigned
Person Outside Residence (APOR).
Come on guys! Let’s get things started.
  How to join the Google
Classroom

1. Go to classroom.google.com and
click sign in.
Sign in with your existing google account
2. On the classes page, select your
assigned classroom,
click join class.
3. Enter your section code and click
join:

Science Mahogany Code: gehfrlo

Science Kamagong Code: bywufyu

 Submission of
activities will be
SATURDAYS
succeeding the end
of every module

Submission of accomplished worksheets and/or

modules shall be done through different means of
electronic submissions such as:

e-mails and/or fb messenger, among others.

 For those who do not

have internet access,
a set-up pick-up
and drop off area will
be staged in the
school campus.

Physical submission shall be done by

parents/guardians ONLY.
All physical contact shall be in compliance with the minimum health standards.

Pre-Test

Let’s Check What You Know!

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I MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer, write all answers on a
separate paper which is provided at the end of this pre-test.
1. Which system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the air and the cells?
A. circulatory B. excretory
C. digestive D. respiratory
2. Which organ serves to filter and warm the air entering it?
A. air sac B. diaphragm
C. bronchus D. nasal cavity
3. Where does exchange of gases take place?
Ã. alveoli B. bronchioles
C. bronchi D. diaphragm
4. The chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the
outside air and the cells is called __________.
A. breathing B. exhaling
C. inhaling D. respiration
5. The life support system that feeds the cells with food and oxygen is the
A. circulatory B. excretory
C. digestive D. respiratory
6. Which organ is NOT a part of the circulatory system?
A. blood B. esophagus
C. blood vessel D. heart
7. Which organ is referred to as the living pump?
A. heart B. lung
C. liver D. stomach
8. All of the following carry blood to and from all parts of the body EXCEPT:
A. arteries B. large intestines
C. capillaries D. veins
9. Of the four parts of respiration, the part when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs, is __________.
A. pulmonary ventilation B. external respiration
C. transport of respiratory gases D. internal respiration
10. Which is the correct sequence for the path of oxygen through the respiratory system?
A. nasal passages, bronchi, trachea, bronchioles, cells, blood, alveoli
B. cells, blood, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, nasal passages
C. nasal passages, blood, alveoli, bronchi, cells, trachea, bronchioles
D. nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood, cells
11. Which statement best explains the function of the respiratory system?
A. Carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.
 B. Carries waste materials away from the cells of the body.
C. Draws oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide from the body.
D. All of the above.

12. In humans, which structure prevents food from entering the trachea?
A. Alveolus                B. Cartilage ring
C. Mucus membrane D. Epiglottis   
13. These are tiny hairs that filters out particles of dirt that
enter the nostrils.
A. mucus membrane                      B. Glottis
C. Vocal cord                               D. Cilia
14. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes
place in the lungs is called:
A. External respiration B. Inhalation
C. Internal respiration D. Exhalation      
15. It protects the lungs from outside harm.
A. Cartilage                                 B. Rib cage
C. Tiny sacs                                  D. diaphragm

II. Write each body parts in the column of the system to which it belongs.
NOSE BLOOD AIR SACS
HEART CAPILLARIES DIAPHRAGM
BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES BRONCHI
TRACHEA LARYNX VEINS
Circulatory System Respiratory System
 BAGUIO PATRIOTIC HIGH SCHOOL
#21 Harrison Road, Baguio City
Junior High School Department
SY 2020-2021

Name: ________________________________________ Grade/Sec: _______________

Pre-Test Post-Test

A B C D A B C D
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II II
Circulatory Respiratory Circulatory Respiratory
System System System System
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
 __________ __________ __________ __________

Week 1—Day 2
Chapter I: Breath In, Breath Out
Lesson 1: The Respiratory System
Patricians, did you know that you can survive for several days without water and
survive for a month without food, but you cannot survive for more than five minutes
without oxygen?
Oxygen is the part of the air that we breathe. Air is a mixture of different gases. The
air you breathe is made up of:

Oxygen … 21.0%
Nitrogen … 78.1%
Carbon Dioxide … 0.03%
Other gases … 0.87%

Our life depends on breathing because the cells of the body need oxygen. You breathe
in to bring fresh air into the lungs. The lungs must separate the oxygen from the air. Then
you breathe out to get rid of the carbon dioxide that the body does not need.
Breathing is a mechanical process. It is a process of pumping air into and out of the
lungs. Breathing is done by a group of organs that make up the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
The function of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the air and the cells.
 The respiratory organs filter particles from the incoming air. They help control the
temperature and water content of air. They also aid in producing the sounds used in
speech
and play important roles in the sense of smell and the regulation of pH.
Now, let us take a tour of our respiratory system. The following are the parts and
their functions.

Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity

Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and
the larynx, the organs of the upper
respiratory tract are located outside the
chest cavity.
Inside the nose, the sticky
mucous membrane lining the
nasal cavity traps dust particles,
and tiny hairs called cilia help
move them to the nose to be
sneezed or blown out.

Nose
The function of the nose is to filter and
warm the entering air with the help Pharynx
of the cilia (hairs inside it). Both food and air pass through
the pharynx before reaching
their appropriate destinations.
The pharynx also plays a role in
speech.
Larynx
The larynx is essential to human
speech.

#########################################################

Lower Respiratory Tract Lungs

Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and
all segments of the bronchial tree
(including the alveoli), the organs of the
lower respiratory tract are located inside
the chest cavity.
Together the lungs form one of
the body’s largest organs. They’re
responsible for providing oxygen
to capillaries and exhaling carbon
dioxide.

Bronchi
Trachea The bronchi branch from the
Located just below the larynx, the trachea into each lung and create
trachea is the main airway to the the network of intricate passages
lungs. that supply the lungs with air.

Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the main
respiratory muscle that contracts
and relaxes to allow air into the
lungs.
Alveoli
They are an important part of the respiratory
system whose function it is to exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the
bloodstream.
Minds-On Hands-On Activity 2
Demonstration of breathing

Procedure:
A. Close your mouth, then press your nose
B. Do it for a few seconds or ONLY for as long as you can hold breathing.

Answer the following questions:

1. What happened when the air cannot enter your body when you press your nose with
your mouth closed?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What is your realization about the importance of air and its role in preserving life?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Mechanism of Gas Exchange

A. Breathing: The First Step in Respiration

Breathing is the physical action of taking oxygen into, and releasing the
waste carbon dioxide out of our lungs.

Always remember Patricians!

The process of breathing in is called
inhalation. The process of breathing out is called
exhalation. Breathing is a vital function of life.
The lungs add oxygen to the blood and remove
carbon dioxide in a process called gas exchange.

B. External Respiration: Transport of Gases with the

Circulatory System
 External respiration is the formal term for gas exchange. It describes both the bulk
flow of air into and out of our lungs and the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the
bloodstream through diffusion.

The walls of the alveoli and

the capillaries share a fused
basement. They are so close that
the oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse between the respiratory
system and the bloodstream.
Through the thin walls of the
alveoli, oxygen enters the
bloodstream and is carried to the
cells throughout the body. Carbon
dioxide leaves the bloodstream and
returns to the alveoli to be blown
out of our next exhalation.

The alveoli (singular: alveolus), these tiny,

balloon-shaped air sacs sit at the very end
of the respiratory tree and are arranged in
clusters throughout the lungs.

C. Internal Respiration: Exchange of Gas with Body Cells

This refers to the exchange of gas at the level of body cells. It brings oxygen from
lungs to all the other tissues in our body, and takes out carbon dioxide from the tissues
back to our lungs as a waste product. As blood slowly moves through the capillaries, it
picks up the oxygen and carries it to the cells throughout our body. When the oxygenated
blood reaches the cells, it releases the oxygen. At the same time, the blood picks up the
carbon dioxide produced by the cells during respiration and returns it to the alveoli, where
it is released from
our body when we
exhale.

In external respiration,
oxygen diffuses across
the respiratory
membrane from the
alveolus to the
capillary, whereas
carbon dioxide diffuses
out of the capillary into
the alveolus.
D. Cellular Respiration: The Body’s Energy-Releasing Process
 Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with
foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining
activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. 

Where do organisms get energy from?

The chemical energy that organisms need comes from
food. Food consists of organic molecules that store energy
in their chemical bonds. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate
with the chemical formula C6H12O6. It stores chemical
energy in a concentrated, stable form. In your body, glucose
is the form of energy that is carried in your blood and taken
up by each of your trillions of cells. Cells do cellular
respiration to extract energy from the bonds of glucose and
other food molecules. Cells can store the extracted energy in
the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The overall reaction for cellular respiration: (does this
reaction look familiar? Overall, it is the reverse reaction of
photosynthesis, but chemically, the steps involved are very
different.)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O
 Week 1—Day
3
Name: ____________________________________ Year/Sec: __________________
Minds-On Hands-On Activity 1
Effect of Different Activities on Breathing and Hearth Rate

OBJECTIVES MATERIALS
 Observe how the circulatory system and stop watch
the respiratory system respond to Activity log book
changes in body activities.

INVESTIGATE
1. Start by taking a rest and relax for 5 minutes. Then get your pulse rate for 60
seconds. Also, count your breathing rate for 60 seconds. Record your observation.
2. Rest for another 5 minutes. Then make a stationary run for 5 minutes. Immediately
get your pulse rate and breathing rate. Take note of other changes that you
experience. Record your observation.
3. Rest for another 5 minutes for the last time. Then make a stationary jump for 5
minutes. Immediately get your pulse rate and breathing rate. Take note of other
changes that you experience. Record your observation

DATA
Pulse Rate and Breathing Rate
ACTIVITY ____________________
ppm bpm
At Rest

Running

Jumping

Legend: ppm = pulse per minute; bpm = breathe per minute

Other physical changes observed

Running
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Jumping
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
 ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE

1. Describe the pumping of your heart after doing each activity.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Describe your breathing and your pulse rate after doing a more intense activity
(jumping in place).
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

GENERALIZATION

What is the relationship between the breathing rate and the pulse rate as you perform
different activities?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Week 2—Day 1
Lesson 2: The Circulatory System
 The circulatory system is the life support system that feeds your cells with food and
oxygen. It also takes away the waste products. The circulatory system is like a network of
highways, streets and alleys connecting all the cells together into a community. In turn the
community of cells keeps the body alive.

The main function of the circulatory (or cardiovascular)

system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body
tissues, while simultaneously removing carbon dioxide
produced by metabolism. Oxygen is bound to molecules
called hemoglobin that are on the surface of the red blood
cells in the blood.

The Human Heart

The heart is a muscular

pump that is the central
component of the
circulatory system. It is divided
into a right and left side by a
muscular septum. The
muscular component of the
heart, the myocardium, is
composed of involuntary cardiac
muscle. It is lined by a
membrane called
the endocardium internally, as
well as an external epicardium.
Contraction of the cardiac
muscle cells is stimulated by
electrical impulses that are
sporadically fired from the
regulatory centers of the heart.

The heart is a muscular organ about

the size of a fist, located just behind
and slightly left of the breastbone.
The heart pumps blood through the
network of arteries and veins called the
cardiovascular system.
 Your heart is a living pump. It is really two pumps in one,
a pump on the left side and a pump on the right side. Each side is
divided across into two chambers. The top chamber is called the
Atrium (plural: atria). The bottom chamber is called the
Ventricle. Both sides of the heart are divided in the same way.
There is a VALVE between each atrium and ventricle to prevent
the blood from flowing backwards. The valves are like one-way
doors that keep the blood moving in only
one direction.

The Blood and Its Composition

The blood is the mobile component of the circulatory system that carries
most of the materials necessary for life. The blood has two different
parts. The nonliving, liquid part is called PLASMA. It is a yellowish fluid that
makes up 55 percent of your blood. The remaining 45 percent is made up of three kinds of
cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Functions of the Blood

 Transport of oxygen to cells and tissues, providing
essential nutrients to cells, transporting hormones
Blood plasma is a 'yellowishfromliquid' component
one part of the body to another, and removing
of blood that holds the blood cells of whole blood in
waste materials, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and
suspension. It is the liquidlactic
part acid.
of the blood that
carries cells and proteins
 throughout
Protects thethe body.
body fromItinfection and foreign bodies
makes up about 55% of the body'sthe white blood cells.
through
total blood volume  Regulates acidity (pH) levels and body temperature.

Red Blood Cells (RBC) are also called erythrocytes. They are
the most numerous cells in the blood. Each liter of blood
contains 4.5 to 6 trillion red blood cells. The main component
of red blood cells is the pigment known as hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin in the RBC binds and carries oxygen.

White Blood Cells (WBC) are larger and less

numerous than RBC. WBC, also called
leukocytes, contain nuclei and other types of
organelles. WBC may circulate in the blood for
weeks before leaving the blood and entering other
tissues. WBC help defend the body against
infection.
Platelets or thrombocytes are smaller than the
red and white blood cells. Platelets play a role in
blood coagulation and wound healing. When a
blood vessel ruptures, platelets combine with
fibrin, derived from fibrinogen, to form a clot.
 Patricians! You want to play some games? Visit this website:
https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine
/bloodtypinggame/gamev2/index.html
and learn more about blood typing:
What happens if you get a blood transfusion with the wrong
blood type? Even though a patient's own blood type is the first
choice for blood transfusions, it's not always available at the
blood bank. Try to save some patients' lives and learn about
human blood types!

Blood Vessels

The circulatory system is a closed system. This means that the blood
stays inside the heart and a set of tubes as it circulates. Your blood
moves through your body in tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of
blood vessels that make up the circulatory system: ARTERIES, VEINS, and
CAPILLARIES.

Arteries
Arteries have thick, muscular walls. They are elastic and expand every
time the ventricles contract. The force of the heart pumping keeps the blood
moving through the arteries.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The blood in the arteries is
bright red because it contains much oxygen.
The large artery is the AORTA. This is the first artery leaving the heart to
the body. The arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels, which end at
the capillaries.

Veins
Veins have muscular walls too, but they are thinner than the walls of the
arteries. There are one-way valves inside the veins to prevent the blood from
flowing backwards. Blood is moved along when you move your muscles. This
squeezes the blood inside the veins and pushes the blood towards the heart.
Veins carry blood to the heart. The blood in the veins is blue in color
because it lacks oxygen. You can see some of your veins because they are
right under the surface of the skin. The veins begin at the capillaries and join
into larger veins until the largest vein empties into the heart.

Capillaries
Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect arteries to veins. The capillaries
are so small that the red blood cells must pass through them in single file.
Also, the walls of the capillaries are only one-cell thick.
 The circulatory system in the human body
stretches 66,000 miles, more than two and a half
times the circumference of the Earth.
1. The heart beats 2.5 billion times during the life of a 75-year-
old.
2. The heart expels 2 ounces of blood with each beat, five
quarts of blood each minute, 220 million quarts in 70 years.
3. Human blood retains a link to ancient Cambrian seas; the
same balance of salts and minerals that existed in the
primitive oceans half a billion years ago is present in blood.
4. Blood is a liquid tissue: fluid makes up more than half;
plasma, white and red blood cells make up the remainder.
5. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the body’s cellular lungs;
their job is to ferry oxygen to every cell and remove carbon
dioxide.

Name: ____________________________________ Year/Sec: __________________

Activity 1
Transport System

I FILL-IN THE BLANK: Complete each statement using a term or terms from the list
below. Write your answers in the spaces provided. Some words may be used more
than once.

HEART CIRCULATION OXYGEN BLOOD

VEINS FOOD CAPILLARIES

ARTERIES BLOOD VESSEL WASTE MATERIALS

1. The transport of materials in living things is called __________________.

 2. In humans, circulation is carried out by the liquid called ___________________.
3. Blood is pumped by the ____________________.
4. Blood brings to cells things like ____________________ and __________________.
5. Blood picks up ___________________ from the cells.
6. Any tube that carries blood is called a(n) _______________________.
7. The three kinds of blood vessels are ______________________, ____________________, and
________________________.

8. Blood is carried away from the heart by ___________________.

9. Blood is carried back to the heart by _____________________.
10. Arteries and veins are connected by tiny blood vessels called
_____________________.
II TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and write the
word FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer in the space before
each statement.
____________ 1. Circulation is the transport of materials in living things.
____________ 2. Life stops when circulation stops.
____________ 3. Blood is pumped by the brain.
____________ 4. Blood circulates through the body only a few times a day.
____________ 5. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
____________ 6. Arteries transport carbon dioxide to the cells.
____________ 7. Veins carry blood away from the heart.
____________ 8. Veins pick up waste materials from the cells.
____________ 9. Capillaries connect arteries and veins.
____________ 10. Capillaries are the largest blood vessels.

Week 2—Day 2

Red Blood Cells are Special

Unlike most other cells in the body, red blood cells have no
nuclei. Lacking this large internal structure, each red blood cell
has more room to carry the oxygen the body needs. But
without a nucleus, the cells cannot divide or synthesize new
cellular components.
After circulating within the body for about 120 days, a red
blood cell will die from aging or damage. But don't worry
— your bone marrow constantly manufactures new red blood
cells to replace those that perish.
 Body Circulation

The cardiovascular system is composed of two circulatory paths:

pulmonary circulation, the circuit through the lungs where blood is
oxygenated; and systemic circulation, the circuit through the rest of the body to
provide oxygenated blood. The two circuits are linked to each other through the heart,
creating a continuous cycle of blood through the body.

Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs
for oxygenation, then back to the heart again. Oxygen-depleted blood from the
body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right atrium through the
superior and inferior venae cava. The blood is then pumped through the
tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, blood is pumped
through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary
artery splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries and travel to each lung.
At the lungs, the blood travels through capillary beds on the alveoli where gas
exchange occurs, removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the blood. Gas
exchange occurs due to gas partial pressure gradients across the alveoli of the
lungs and the capillaries interwoven in the alveoli. The oxygenated blood then
leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which returns it to the left atrium,
completing the pulmonary circuit. As the pulmonary circuit ends, the systemic
circuit begins.

Systemic Circulation
Systemic circulation is the movement of blood from the heart through the body
to provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body while bringing
deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium
from the pulmonary veins. The blood is then pumped through the mitral valve into
the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, blood is pumped through the aortic valve
and into the aorta, the body’s largest artery. The aorta arches and branches into
major arteries to the upper body before passing through the diaphragm, where it
branches further into the iliac, renal, and suprarenal arteries which supply the
lower parts of the body.
The blood circulation is the path of the blood throughout the body. It can be divided into two small circulations which are the minor
(pulmonary) blood circulation, steps 1-3, and the major (systemic) blood circulation, steps 4-11.

Week 2—Day 2
Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Diseases
of the Respiratory System and Circulatory System

A. Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Patricians always remember that preventing diseases begins with the change in
lifestyle. Although mild respiratory illnesses such as colds, flu, and allergies may not be
life-threatening, some diseases like tuberculosis and pneumonia should not be taken for
granted. Here are some diseases of the respiratory tract.

Emphysema
Emphysema is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
COPD is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe and get worse
over time. The other main type of COPD is chronic bronchitis. Most people
with COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but how severe
each type is can be different from person to person.
The cause of emphysema is usually long-term exposure to irritants that
damage your lungs and the airways. Cigarette smoking is the main cause.
Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke can also cause emphysema,
especially if you inhale them.

Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are
two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and
release carbon dioxide when you exhale.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer, though lung cancer
can also occur in people who have never smoked. The risk of lung cancer
increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes you've smoked. If
you quit smoking, even after smoking for many years, you can significantly
reduce your chances of developing lung cancer.

Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a common lung disease caused by an infection in the air
sacs in the lungs. The infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal. Most people
can recover in one to three weeks, but for certain people, pneumonia can be
extremely serious and even life-threatening.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also
damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person
with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks. If you have been
exposed, you should go to your doctor for tests. You are more likely to get TB
if you have a weak immune system.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed
airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus
(sputum) production and wheezing. It's typically caused by long-term
exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette
smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease,
lung cancer and a variety of other conditions.

COVID-19
The illnesses listed above have all withstood the test of time.
COVID-19 is new, meaning we're still learning about it. COVID-19 is
a respiratory illness that belongs to a large family of viruses called
coronaviruses. This type of virus infects humans and animals, but
this new strain has not been seen in humans before 2019. The virus
seems to have originated in Wuhan, China. From what we can tell,
the virus spread mainly from person-to-person between people who
are in close contact with one another (within about 6 feet). Like other
viruses, COVID-19 spreads through droplets released when an
infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. The primary symptoms are
cough, shortness of breath and fever.
 B. Diseases of the Circulatory System

Because the circulatory system’s important functions in the body, any injury to the
blood or the network of blood vessels through which it flows on have serious consequences.
Here are some of the diseases of the circulatory system.

Arteriosclerosis occurs when

the blood vessels that carry oxygen
and nutrients from your heart to the
rest of your body (arteries) become
thick and stiff—sometimes
restricting blood flow to your organs
and tissues. Healthy arteries are
flexible and elastic, but over time,
the walls in your arteries can
harden, a condition commonly
called hardening of the arteries.

A stroke is a sudden
interruption in the blood supply of
the brain. Most strokes are caused
by an abrupt blockage of arteries
leading to the brain (ischemic
stroke).  Other strokes are caused by bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts
(hemorrhagic stroke).

Hypertension is another name for high

blood pressure. It can lead to severe health
complications and increase the risk of heart
disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Blood
pressure is the force that a person’s blood exerts
against the walls of their blood vessels. This
pressure depends on the resistance of the blood
vessels and how hard the heart has to work.

Coronary heart disease (CHD), or

coronary artery disease, develops when the
coronary arteries become too narrow. The
coronary arteries are the blood vessels that
supply oxygen and blood to the heart. CHD tends to develop when cholesterol builds up on
the artery walls, creating plaques. These plaques cause the arteries to narrow, reducing
blood flow to the heart. A clot can sometimes obstruct the blood flow, causing serious
health problems.

Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry
adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia can make you feel tired and weak.
There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause. Anemia can be temporary or
long term, and it can range from mild to severe. See your doctor if you suspect that you
have anemia. It can be a warning sign of serious illness.

C. Living a Healthy Lifestyle

Patricians! Use the following tips - 10 Ways to Take Charge of Your Health—to
embark on a heart- and lung-healthy lifestyle to fight diseases.

1 Schedule a Yearly Checkup 

Your heart is in your hands. Each year on your birthday,
schedule a checkup to have your blood pressure, cholesterol and
glucose levels checked, and ask your doctor to help you reach or
maintain a healthy weight. Be sure to follow your healthcare
professional's recommendations, including taking prescribed
medications as directed.

2 Get Physical
  Step, march or jog in place for at least 15 minutes a day while watching
your favorite TV shows. Increase your activity by five minutes each week until
you're getting a minimum of 30 minutes most days of the week.
If exercise and diet do not get you to your goal, ask your doctor about adding
medication.

3 Drink More Water

Take a water bottle with you wherever you go. It'll keep you
hydrated and the bottle's weight will strengthen your arms.
 

4 Eat Healthy
Keep packages of unhealthy food hidden. Put raw veggies and fruits in front
in the refrigerator and healthy snacks in the front of the pantry, so that's what
you see first. If you grab healthy foods for a minimum of 21 times, healthy
choices will become a habit.

5 Control Cholesterol
  Eating foods high in saturated fat, trans fat or cholesterol
can lead to high blood cholesterol. To help keep your
cholesterol levels down, eat foods low in saturated fat and trans
fat, such as lean chicken or turkey (roasted or baked, with skin
removed), fruits and veggies, low-fat or fat-free dairy products
and whole grains.

6 Cut Down on Salt

  To help lower high blood pressure, watch your salt intake. It may be
disguised in food labels as sodium alginate, sodium sulfite, sodium caseinate,
disodium phosphate, sodium benzoate, sodium hydroxide, monosodium
 glutamate (MSG), or sodium citrate.

7 Quit Smoking
Try this four-step way to kick your habit:
On Day 1, cut the number of cigarettes you smoke by half
On Day 3, cut the number of cigarettes you smoke in half again
And on Day 5, cut your smoking in half again
On your Quit Day... quit!

8 Maintain a Healthy Weight

Excess weight increases your risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. To
achieve steady, painless weight loss, take it easy. Each day, if you eat 200-300
calories less than you would normally consume, and exercise at least 30
minutes on most or all days of the week, you'll get closer to your goal and be
able to achieve weight loss that's steady and painless.

9 Stay Positive
If you get off your exercise schedule, have a cigarette, or eat a fattening meal,
immediately get back on track toward re-establishing a healthy lifestyle.

10 Give Yourself Credit

To maintain momentum with exercising, losing weight, or quitting smoking,
keep track of your achievements and reward yourself by doing something you
enjoy.

Week 2—Day
3
Name: ____________________________________ Year/Sec: __________________
Minds-On Hands-On Activity 2
The Heart as a Pump

OBJECTIVES MATERIALS
 To explore how the heart work by making wide mouth jar (plastic)
comparisons with the actions of a pump. balloons
bbq stick
2 flexible straws
scissors
tub or pail to collect water spills
sponge
activity log book
 INVESTIGATE
1. Fill the jar half full of water. Cut the neck off of
the balloon and stretch the balloon over the
mouth of the jar so it fits tightly. Save the neck of
the balloon for use in step three, below. With the
bbq stick, poke two small holes into the stretched
balloon, about 2 cm apart.

2. Carefully insert a straw through each hole in the balloon. The

straws should fit snugly. If there are gaps between the straws and
the balloon, plug the gaps with a masking tape.

3. Use the neck from the balloon to make a valve. The valve goes on the end of one
straw as a flap. Secure lightly with tape. Bend down the straw with the balloon valve.
Place the jar in a tub or pail.

4. Push and release the balloon stretched over the jar several times. Can you get water
to move through the straws? In what direction does the water move?

ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE

1. The set-up resembles a heart. What are the similarities between the heart and the
pump you assembled?
 _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. Remove the balloon flap (valve) slowly from the apparatus. What happened?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. Does the valve affect how well the water flows?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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4. Can you think of other equipment that makes use of valves and pumps to regulate
the flow of fluids?
_________________________________________________________________
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Post-Test

Let’s Check What You Know!

###########################################################
I MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer, write all answers on a
separate paper which is provided at the end of this post-test.
2. Which system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the air and the cells?
A. circulatory B. excretory
C. digestive D. respiratory
2. Which organ serves to filter and warm the air entering it?
A. air sac B. diaphragm
 C. bronchus D. nasal cavity
3. Where does exchange of gases take place?
Ã. alveoli B. bronchioles
C. bronchi D. diaphragm
4. The chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the
outside air and the cells is called __________.
A. breathing B. exhaling
C. inhaling D. respiration
5. The life support system that feeds the cells with food and oxygen is the
A. circulatory B. excretory
C. digestive D. respiratory
6. Which organ is NOT a part of the circulatory system?
A. blood B. esophagus
C. blood vessel D. heart
7. Which organ is referred to as the living pump?
A. heart B. lung
C. liver D. stomach
8. All of the following carry blood to and from all parts of the body EXCEPT:
A. arteries B. large intestines
C. capillaries D. veins
9. Of the four parts of respiration, the part when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs, is __________.
A. pulmonary ventilation B. external respiration
C. transport of respiratory gases D. internal respiration
10. Which is the correct sequence for the path of oxygen through the respiratory system?
A. nasal passages, bronchi, trachea, bronchioles, cells, blood, alveoli
B. cells, blood, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, nasal passages
C. nasal passages, blood, alveoli, bronchi, cells, trachea, bronchioles
D. nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood, cells
11. Which statement best explains the function of the respiratory system?
A. Carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.
B. Carries waste materials away from the cells of the body.
C. Draws oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide from the body.
D. All of the above.

12. In humans, which structure prevents food from entering the trachea?
A. Alveolus                B. Cartilage ring
C. Mucus membrane D. Epiglottis   
13. These are tiny hairs that filters out particles of dirt that
enter the nostrils.
A. mucus membrane                      B. Glottis
C. Vocal cord                               D. Cilia
14. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes
place in the lungs is called:
A. External respiration B. Inhalation
C. Internal respiration D. Exhalation      
15. It protects the lungs from outside harm.
A. Cartilage                                 B. Rib cage
C. Tiny sacs                                  D. diaphragm
II. Write each body parts in the column of the system to which it belongs.
NOSE BLOOD AIR SACS
HEART CAPILLARIES DIAPHRAGM
BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES BRONCHI
TRACHEA LARYNX VEINS
Circulatory System Respiratory System

BAGUIO PATRIOTIC HIGH SCHOOL

#21 Harrison Road, Baguio City
Junior High School Department
SY 2020-2021

Name: ________________________________________ Grade/Sec: _______________

Post-Test Post-Test

A B C D A B C D
I I
1. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 1. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 2. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 3. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
 4. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 4. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 5. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
6. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 6. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
7. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 7. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
8. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 8. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
9. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 9. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
10. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 10. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
11. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 11. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
12 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 12 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
13. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 13. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
14. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 14. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
15. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 15. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
II II
Circulatory Respiratory Circulatory Respiratory
System System System System
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________

References

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#:~:text=Breathing%20is%20the
%20first%20step,air%20pressure%20in%20the%20lungs.

https://www.google.com/search?
q=alveoli&sxsrf=ALeKk02luKbTlNEOH1Wb14d9BNjfZVgOaQ:1593559077523&source=lnms
&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM5fmV1qrqAhVI7WEKHceQChgQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw&bi
w=1093&bih=526#imgrc=d6eLV2DCixwWLM

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/gas-exchange/
https://www.uwhealthkids.org/kidshealth/en/parents/heart-slideshow.html/

https://www.online-sciences.com/the-living-organisms/the-blood-circulation-in-the-
circulatory-system/

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book
%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/05%3A_Cells/5.09%3A_Cellular_Respiration

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/circulatory-system

https://www.hema-quebec.qc.ca/sang/savoir-plus/composants.en.html

https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/gamev2
/index.html

https://www.unitypoint.org/homecare/article.aspx?id=2448b930-1451-43e4-8634-
c0c16707c749

The Cardiovascular System

I MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer and write the CAPITAL
LETTER of your choice on the space provided before each number.
______1. If we have a two-chambered heart (one atrium and one ventricle) with the vena
cava entering the atrium and aorta leaving the ventricle, which of the following would be
true?
A. there would be no bodily circulation
B. the blood would be unable to carry food to the cells
 C. no oxygen would reach the cells
D. no blood would reach the heart and neck
______2. Begin with the red blood cell located in the superior vena cava and travel with it in
proper sequence as it goes through the following structures. Which will be the last
in the sequence?
A. aorta B. left atrium
C. pulmonary artery D. right atrium
______3. What can you infer about carbon dioxide from the fact that your body needs to
breathe it out?
A. Without it, the lungs would not be able to function
B. It is delivered to the heart via coronary circulation
C. It can be harmful if it builds up in the bloodstream
D. It is necessary for a variety of life processes
______4. What would happen if your circulatory system did not deliver oxygen to your
body's cells?
A. Your body's cells would multiply at twice their normal rate
B. Your body's cells would shut down
C. Your body's cells would use carbon dioxide instead
D. Your body's cells would enter your bloodstream
______5. Through which type of circulation does blood flow to your hands and feet?
A Systemic circulation B. Pulmonary circulation
C. Cardiac circulation D. Coronary circulation
______6. Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the __________ and then it passes into the
__________, to be pumped to the entire body.
A. left ventricle; left atrium B. right ventricle; right atrium
C. left atrium; left ventricle D. right atrium; right ventricle
______7. Immediately following strenuous and vigorous exercise, which of the following is
most likely to occur?
A. blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs.
B. the skin will be cold and clammy
C. capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
D. blood flow to the kidneys quickly increases.
______8. The exchange of nutrients and waste between tissue cells and blood takes place by
diffusion through the walls of __________.
A. arteries B. capillaries
C. valves D. veins
______9. Which one of the following series represents the correct path of blood circulation?
A. left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, body
B. right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body
C. left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, body
D. right atrium, lungs, right ventricle, left atrium, body, left ventricle
______10. Why is oxygen important to reach the different parts of the body.
A. oxygen helps the blood clot
B. oxygen brings food to the cells
 C. Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and enemy
D. Oxygen is not important—Carbon dioxide is the most important substance to the
body
______11. Which of the following statements explains the correct gas exchange in the
capillary of blood vessels?
A. Carbon dioxide leaves the capillary to the cell, and oxygen enters the capillary.
B. Nitrogen leaves the capillary to the cell, and carbon dioxide enters the capillary.
C. Oxygen leaves the capillary to the cell, and carbon dioxide enters the capillary.
D. Oxygen leaves the capillary to the cell, and nitrogen enters the capillary.
______12.  It is the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right
side of the heart.
A. Pulmonary vein B. Vena cava
C. Aorta D. Pulmonary artery
______13. When oxygen-rich blood leaves the lungs to the heart, it enters the heart through
the pulmonary vein into what part of the heart?
A. Right atrium B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle
______14. The heart is considered to be a double pump because
A. The atria contract then the ventricles contract, giving two pumps.
B. There is a backup mechanism in the heart in case of heart attack that gives one a
second chance.
C. The two sides of the heart pump blood that never mixes.
D. All statements are correct.
______15. The main function of valves within the circulatory system is to __________.
A. stop the circulation whenever necessary
B. permit blood to circulate rapidly
C. prevent blood from moving in the wrong direction
D. prevent blood from moving too rapidly

II ESSAY: Read the question carefully and answer it thoughtfully in a paragraph

form. Make sure that you make use of the terms that you have learned to make your
essay more scientific and reliable. UNDERLINE or HIGHLIGHT the terms you have
used.
If you hear the statement, “Government Warning: Cigarette smoking is
dangerous to your health”. How does cigarette smoking increase the risk of
cardiovascular diseases? (5points)

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