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Re:Readings in management
 Make decision

In psychology, decision-making is the cognitive process resulting from choosing a belief or

action between many possible possibilities. Each decision-making process provides a final
.choice, which may lead to action that may or may not prompt any action

Decision making is the process of identifying and selecting value-based alternatives,

.preferences and beliefs from a decision maker

Edit overview

Decision-making can be considered a problem-solving activity that ends with at least an

ideal or satisfactory solution. Therefore it is a process that can be rational, less rational, or
.irrational and can be based on explicit or implicit knowledge and beliefs

:Human performance has been the subject of active research from several perspectives

Psychological: studying individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences,

.and values that the individual individual owns or seeks

Cognitive: Decision-making is a continuous process that is integrated into interacting with

.the environment

Standard: Analysis of individual decisions related to decision-making logic, or

communicative rationality, and the fixed choice that leads to it. [1]

It includes a large portion ...

 Much of the decision-making process involves analyzing a limited set of alternatives
described in terms of evaluation criteria. Then the task may be to rank these alternatives
in terms of how attractive they are to the decision maker when considering all the criteria
simultaneously. Another task may be to find the best alternative or determine the relative
priority of each alternative (for example, if the alternatives represent projects competing
for funds) when considering all the criteria simultaneously. The solution to these
problems is to focus on multi-criteria decision analysis. This method of decision-making,
although very old, has attracted the attention of many researchers and practitioners and
remains a matter of great debate as there are many methods that can produce very
different results when applied to the exact same data. [2] This leads to the paradox of
.decision-making

Logical decision making is an important part of all science-based careers, as professionals

apply their knowledge in a specific area to make rational decisions. For example, medical
decisions often involve diagnosis and the selection of appropriate treatment. But natural
... research for decision-making shows
 Decision making characteristics

.The goals must first be determined

.Goals must be classified and developed according to importance

.Alternative procedures must be established

.Alternatives must be evaluated against all goals

.An alternative that can achieve all goals is the experimental decision

.The experimental decision is evaluated for more potential consequences

Take decisive action, and take additional measures to prevent any negative
consequences from becoming problems and start both systems (problem analysis and
.decision making) again

There are steps that follow this result in the decision model that can be used to
determine the optimal production plan. [7]

In the event of disagreement, role-playing may be useful for predicting decisions taken by
the parties
The steps are modified

A variety of researchers have developed similar steps aimed at improving decision-

making.

Gopher justice

In the 1980s, psychologist Leon Mann and his colleagues developed a decision-making
process called Gopher, which is taught to adolescents, as explained in the book Making
Decision Education for Adolescents. [14] The process was based on previous extensive
research attributed to psychologist Irving Janice. [15] Gopher is an abbreviation of five
steps to make a decision: [16]

Clarifying Goals: Examining values and goals.

Generating options: consider a wide range of alternative procedures.

Finding the facts: seeking information.

Consideration of impacts: identifying the positive and negative effects of options.

Review and implementation: a plan for how to implement and implement options.

Edit decided

In 2008, Christina Goh published a decision-making model, which contains six parts: [17]

Definition of the problem.

Create or restrict all criteria (restrictions).

Consideration or plural of all alternatives.

Determine the best alternative.

Create and implement a business plan.

Evaluate and monitor the solution and study the results when necessary.

Other justice

In 2007, Pam Brown of Singleton Hospital in Swansea, Wales divided the decision-making
process into seven steps: [18]

Locate…
‫مراجع عدل‬
^ Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos, eds. (2000). Choices, values, and frames. New York;
Cambridge, UK: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN
0521621720. OCLC 42934579

^ Triantaphyllou, Evangelos (2000). Multi-criteria decision making methods: a comparative

study. Applied optimization. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 320.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3157-6. ISBN 0792366077.

( ‫↑ أ ب‬PDF)
https://web.archive.org/web/20170922004204/http://necsi.edu/projects/yaneer/envco
mplexity00.pdf. ( ‫مؤرشف من األصل‬PDF) | ‫ مفقود أو فارغ‬.2017 ‫ سبتمبر‬22 ‫في‬title= ()‫مساعدة‬

^ (PDF)
https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093141/http://www.its.caltech.edu/~theory/God
frey-Smith.pdf. ( ‫مؤرشف من األصل‬PDF) | ‫ مفقود أو فارغ‬.2018 ‫ مارس‬13 ‫في‬title= ()‫مساعدة‬

^ Frensch, Peter A.; Funke, Joachim, eds. (1995). Complex problem solving: the European
perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805813365. OCLC
32131412

^ Kepner, Charles Higgins; Tregoe, Benjamin B. (1997) [1965]. The new rational manager:
an updated edition for a new world (Updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Research
Press. OCLC 37666447

^ Monahan, George E. (2000). Management decision making: spreadsheet modeling,

analysis, and application. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–
40. ISBN 0521781183. OCLC 42921287

^ Armstrong, Jon Scott (2001). "Role playing: a method to forecast decisions". In

Armstrong, Jon Scott. Principles of forecasting: a handbook for researchers and
practitioners. International series in operations research & management science. Boston,
MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 15–30. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-47630-3_2. ISBN
0792379306.

^ Paul Saffo quoted in: Foley, John (30 October 1995). "Managing information: infoglut".
InformationWeek. Archived from the original on 2001-02-22. Retrieved 2015-07-26.

^ Duncan (1972). "Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived

environment uncertainty". Administrative Science Quarterly. 17(3): 313–27.

^ Kutty, Ambalika D.; Kumar Shee, Himanshu; Pathak, R. D. (November 2007). "Decision-
making: too much info!". Monash Business Review. 3 (3): 8–9. doi:10.2104/mbr07056

^ Hall, Crystal C.; Ariss, Lynn; Todorov, Alexander (July 2007). "The illusion of knowledge:
when more information reduces accuracy and increases confidence" (PDF). Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 103 (2): 277–290.
doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.003

^ Franklin, Benjamin (1975) [1772]. "To Joseph Priestley". In Willcox, William Bradford.
The papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1772. 19. New Haven:
Yale University Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 0300018657. OCLC 310601
^ Mann, Leon; Harmoni, Ros; Power, Colin (1991). "The GOFER course in decision making".
In Baron, Jonathan; Brown, Rex V. Teaching decision making to adolescents. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 61–78. ISBN 0805804978. OCLC 22507012. See also:
Mann, Leon (July 1989). "Becoming a better decision maker". Australian Psychologist. 24
(2): 141–155. doi:10.1080/00050068908259558.

^ Janis, Irving L.; Mann, Leon (1977). Decision making: a psychological analysis of conflict,
choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0029161606. OCLC 2542340.

^ Mann, Leon; Harmoni, Ros; Power, Colin; Beswick, Gery; Ormond, Cheryl (July 1988).
"Effectiveness of the GOFER course in decision making for high school students". Journal
of Behavioral Decision Making. 1 (3): 159–168. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960010304.

^ Guo, Kristina L. (June 2008). "DECIDE: a decision-making model for more effective
decision making by health care managers". The Health Care Manager. 27 (2): 118–127.
doi:10.1097/01.HCM.0000285046.27290.90. PMID 18475113.

• ^ "Career coach - decision-making". Pulse Today ‫ مؤرشف من األصل في‬.)‫(باللغة اإلنجليزية‬

.2018 ‫ مارس‬12 ‫ اطلع عليه بتاريخ‬.2018 ‫ مارس‬13

^ Pijanowski, John (February 2009). "The role of learning theory in building effective
college ethics curricula". Journal of College and Character. 10 (3): 1–13. doi:10.2202/1940-
1639.1088