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Family • Malvaceae

Okra
Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench.
GUMBO
Huang su kui

Scientific names Common names

Abelmoschus bammia Webb Okra (Tag., Engl.)
Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench. Gumbo (Engl.)
Abelmoschus longifolius (Willd.) Kostel. Lady's fingers (Engl.)
Abelmoschus officinalis (DC.) Endl.  
Abelmoschus praecox Sickenb.  
Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & Singh  
Hibiscus esculentus Linn.  
Hibiscus ficifolius Mill.                  Unresolved  
Hibiscus hispidissimus A.Chev.   [Illegitimate]  
Hibiscus longifolius Willd.                   
Hibiscus praecox Forssk.               
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names

ARABIC: Bâmyah.
CHINESE: Ka fei huang kui, Yue nan zhi ma, Yang jiao dou, Hu ma, Qiu kui, Huang su kui.
BURMESE: You padi.
CARIBBEAN: Okro.
CROATIAN: Jedilna oslez.
DANISH: Okra.
DUTCH: Okra.
FRENCH: Gombo, Gombeaud, Bamie-okra, Ketmie comestible (Belgium).
GERMAN: Ocker.
GREEK: Bamies. Bamia.
HEBREW: Bamiya, Hibiscus ne'echal.
HINDI: Bhindee, Dheras, Bandakai, Vendakai.
HUNGARIAN: Gombó, Bámia.
ITALIAN: Gombo, Ocra, Bammia d'Egitto, Corna di Greci .
JAPANESE: Amerika neri, Kiku kimo, Okura.
KHMER: Pôôt barang.
KOREAN: Oh k'u ra.
LAOTIAN: Khüa ngwàng.
MALAY: Bendi, Kacang bendi, Kacang lender, Sayur bendi , Kacang lendir , Kachang bendi, Kopi arab.
NEPALESE: Van lasun.
NORWEGIAN: Grønsakhibisk
POLISH : Czyli okra, Ketmia jadalna.
PORTUGUESE: Gambô, Quiabo, Quibombô, Quibombó.
ROMANIAN: Bame.
RUSSIAN: Bamiia.
SANSKRIT: Tindisa.
SPANISH: Gombo, Ají turco, Quimbombo, Ocra, Ruibarbo.
TAMIL: Vendaikkaay.
THAI: Krachiap, Ton krachiap, Krachiap khieo, Krachiap mon, Bakhua mun.
TURKISH: Bamya .
URDU: Bhindii.

Botany
Okra is a coarse, erect, branched, more or less hairy, annual herb, 0.6 to 1.5 meters high. Leaves are long-
petioled, orbicular or orbicular-ovate, about 25 centimeters long or less; with a heart-shaped base; the margins, 3-
to 5-lobed. Petioles are equal to the blade in length or longer. Flowers are axillary and solitary; corolla, large and
yellow, and inside, deep purple at the base. Fruit is elongated, 10 to 25 centimeters long, 1.5 to 3 centimeters in
diameter, tapering to a blunt point and containing rows of rounded, kidney shaped seeds.

Distribution
- Cultivated for its edible fruit.
- Nowhere naturalized.
- Pantropic.

Constituents
- Fruit contains abundant pectin; mucilage; starch; some fat, 4%; water, 80.7%; and ash, 1.41%.
- Seeds yield: palmitic acid, 27.33%; stearic acid, 2.75%; arachidic acid, 0.05%; oleic acid, 43.74%; linoleic acid,
26.62%; unsaponifiable matter, 0.37%.
- Roots yield gum, 16%; and the seeds yield vitamin C.
- Distillation of leaves with water yield an essential oil, which in time solidifies as a crystalline camphor allied to
menthol and called 'Basil-camphor.
- Nutrient analysis of raw okra (per 100 g of edible portion) showed: (Proximates) water 89.58 g, energy 33 kcal
or 138 kJ, protein 1.93 g, total lipid (fat) 0.19 g, ash 0.86 g, carbohydrates, by difference 7.45 g, total dietary fiber
3.2 g, total sucrose 0.60 g, glucose 0.32 g, fructose 0.57 g, starch 0.34; (Minerals) calcium 82 mg, iron 0.62 mg,
magnesium 57 mg, phosphorus 61 mg, potassium 299 mg, sodium 7 mg, zinc 0.58 mg, copper 0.109 mg,
manganese 0.788 mg, selenium 0.7 µg; (Vitamins) vitamin C 23.0 mg, thiamin 0.20 mg, riboflavin 0.06 mg, niacin
1.0 mg, pantothenic acid 0.245 mg, vitamin B6 0.215 mg, total folate 60 µg, total choline 12.3 mg, vitamin A RAE
36 µg, ß-carotene 416 µg, alpha carotene 27 µg, vitamin A 716 IU, lutein + zeaxanthin 280 µg, vitamin E (alpha-
tocopherol) 0.27 µg, vitamin K 31.3 µg; (Lipids) total saturated fatty acids 0.026 g, total monosaturated FA 0.017
g, total polyunsaturated FA 0.027 g, trans FA 0 mg, cholesterol 0 mg, phytosterols 24 mg. (33)
- Nutrient analysis (per 100 gram of edible portion) yielded: (Amino Acids) tryptophan 0.017 g, threonine 0.065 g,
isoleucine 0.069 g, leucine 0.105 g, lysine 0.081 g, methionine 0.021 g, cystine 0.019 g, phenylalanine 0.065 g,
tyrosine 0.087 g, valine 0.091 g, arginine 0.084 g, histidine 0.031 g, alanine 0.073 g, aspartic acid 0.145 g,
glutamic acid 0.271 g, glycine 0.044 g, proline 0.045 g, serine 0.044 g; (Flavonols) quercetin 21.0 mg. (33)
- Phytochemical analysis of fruits and leaves of aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts yielded tannins, steroid,
flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenol, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides, while resin was
present in aqueous extracts of leaves and absent in ethanolic extracts of fruits. (39)
- In a study of food plants from Cote d'Ivoire, Abelmoschus esculentus yielded a mucilage content of 34.86 ±
5.27%. Physiochemical analysis of mucilage content yielded ash 10.71 ± 0.20%, polyphenols 13.09 ± 1.14
mg/100g, lipids 0.17 ± 0.04%, proteins 3.29 ± 0.16%, insoluble fibers 3.22 ± 0.04%, soluble fibers 72.86 ± 7.63%,
carbohydrates 9.57 ± 7.69%, and energy 44.29 ± 26.79 Kcal/100g. (57)
Properties
- Whole plant is aromatic, with an odor resembling cloves.
- Demulcent, emollient, sudorific, cooling, carminative, stimulant, cordial, antispasmodic.
- Very mucilaginous when cooked.
- Mucilage considered to have an aphrodisiac effect.
- Seeds considered antispasmodic, cordial and stimulant.
- Studies have suggested antiulcer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, CNS
depressant, diuretic, anti-Helicobacter, antitumor, antimicrobial, nootropic, anti-inflammatory properties.

Parts utilized
- Roots, leaves, young pods, seeds.

Uses
Edibility / Nutrition
· Fruit is edible.
· Prepared in a variety of ways; an ingredient of soups and stews.
· Very mucilaginous when cooked.
· Fair source of iron, vitamin A and C; good source of calcium.
· Also contains thiamine and riboflavin.
· Seeds occasionally used a coffee substitute.
Folkloric
· Decoction of roots and leaves as a tea or for washing.
· Decoction of young fruit useful for catarrh, urinary problems.
· Syrup from mucilaginous fruit used for sore throat.
· Infusion of roots used for syphilis.
· Poultice of roots and leaves for wound healing.
· Young pods for fevers, difficult urination and diarrhea.
· Decoction of roots for headaches, varicose veins, arthritis, fevers.
· Decoctions of leaves for abdominal pain.
· Decoction of immature fruit used as demulcent and emollient poultice.
· Decoction of leaves and flowers used for treatment of bronchitis and pneumonia.
· Leaves also useful as emollient poultice.
· Mucilage prepared from roots and leaves used for gonorrhea.
· Infusion of fruit mucilage used for treating dysentery and diarrhea, inflammation and stomach irritation.
· Fruit used as demulcent in gonorrhea and dysuria.
· Paste of seeds, mixed with milk, used for pruritic skin lesions.
· In Turkey, leaves used in preparation of medicine to reduce inflammation.
· In India, decoction of young fruit used for catarrh and urinary troubles. Also used for fevers, catarrhal attacks,
genitourinary irritations such as dysuria, gonorrhea and leucorrhea, and in cases associated with scaling, pain,
and difficulty passing urine.
· Bland mucilage used for dysentery, usually as soup.
· Seeds and tender pods eaten for spermatorrhea.
· Mucilage from from fruits and seeds of fresh, bruised capsules make an efficient, emollient poultice.
· Fruit decoction used as soothing demulcent remedy for throat irritations associated with coughing.
· Infusion of toasted seeds used for sudorific effect.
· Hindus consider the aromatic seeds as cooling, tonic, and carminative.
· In Annam, seeds considered antispasmodic.
· In the Antilles and Guiana, seeds considered stimulant, cordial, and antispasmodic.
· In Annam,

Studies
• Anti-ulcer: Anti-ulcerogenic
activity of some plants used as
folk remedy in Turkey: Five
herbal remedies, including H
esculentus, were studied for
anti-ulcerogenic activity. All
extracts exhibited significant
gastroprotective effects. (1)
• Anti-Helicobacter Pylori
Adhesion / Antiadhesive
Property: Glycosylated
compounds from okra inhibit
adhesion of Helicobacter pylori
to human gastric mucosa: A
polysaccharide isolated from
the fresh juice showed strong
inhibitory effects and an
antiadhesive activity with
blocking of the Helicobacter
surface receptors. (2)
Standardized aqueous fresh
extract from immature okra
fruits was evaluated for a
quantitative in vitro adhesion
assay. Results showed dose-
dependent inhibition of H. pylori binding to AGS cells. Non-specific interactions between high molecular
compounds from okra fruits and the H. pylori surface lead to strong antiadhesive effects. (18)
• Antioxidant / Hepatoprotective: (1) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of the roots of Hibiscus esculentus
Linn: The ethanol extract of HE roots showed excellent scavenging effect on free radicals and hepatoprotective
effects. (2) In antioxidant assays of five vegetables, strong activity was seen with okra fruit. (3)
• Mucilage / Suspending Agent / Disintegrating Property: Study showed that the mucilage of A esculentus
may be used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant and as a suspending agent and other pharmaceutical applications, as
a gelling, emulsifying or disintegrating agent. (4)
• Reversible Male Reproductive Effects: Study results showed the oral administration of methanol fruit extract
of A esculentus produced a reversible reduction in male fertility in rats. There was significant reduction of gross
sperm motility, count and life/dead ratio with an increase in abnormal sperm cell in the semen
sample. (5) Mucilage extracted from the pods was shown to be devoid of toxicity. The mucilage powder was
effective as disintegrant in low concentrations (4%) and was found superior to disintegrating agent Ac-Di-Sol®.
Results suggest the extracted mucilage may be a good source of pharmaceutical adjuvant, specifically as
disintegrating agent. (58)
• Review / Nutritional Healing Properties in Diabetes: In a literature review, the healing properties of AE were:
(1) Alkaline reaction, soothes irritated membrane of the intestinal tract, lowering of blood sugar, facilitates healing
of burns and any kind of skin rashes (2) Mucilaginous texture soak up the unhealthy cholesterol, toxin and
mucous waste from the GI tract; acts as a laxative, facilitating ulcer healing and reduction of gastric reflux,
antioxidant, anticancer and promoting cardiovascular health. (8)
• Hypoglycemic: In a research framework to study the hypoglycemic effects of a water extract of AE in
streptozoticin-induced diabetic rats, the findings of expected results from the experiment may reveal underlying
mechanism of diabetic pathophysiology, suggesting a new potential target for drug discovery. (9)
• Antidiabetic / Antihyperlipidemic / Toxicity Study / Peel and Seed: Study of peel and seed powder of
Abelmoschus esculentus showed antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats. Toxicity study showed no signs and mortality at dose level of 2000 mg kbw. (11) Okra helps in the
management of the human body's high cholesterol level. It is also used to stabilize blood sugar by regulating the
rate by which sugar is absorbed from the intestinal tract. (30)
• CNS Depressant / Analgesic / Root: Study evaluated a root extract of A. esculentus for CNS depressant and
analgesic activity. Significant decrease in locomotor activity was observed. There was significant and dose-
dependent reduction of writhing reflex in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and linking response in the formalin
induced inflammatory pain. Results suggest analgesic and CNS depressant activity. (12)
• Hepatoprotective / CCl4-Induced Injury: Study evaluated a root extract for hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-
intoxicated HepG2 cell line and Wistar rats. Results showed a hepatoprotective effect attributed to its antioxidant
capacity. (13)
• Analgesic / Fruit: Study of methanolic and aqueous extract of fruit showed significant analgesic activity using
tail immersion method in rats. (14)
• Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity: Study evaluated the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of methanol and hexane
extracts of AE dried fruits on 41 clinical isolates. The methanol extract showed inhibitory effects against
Helicobacter strains, with zones of inhibition between 13 and 28 mm on 32 isolates. Results suggest a potential
for alternative antimicrobial agents to be isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from edibles like A. esculentus
for the treatment of H. pylori infections. (16)
• Hepatotoxicity Concern: Study showed exposure to Abelmoschus esculentus (500 mg/kbw) and Piper
guineense (20 mg/kbw and above) induced adverse and detrimental effects on the liver architecture in rat
model. (19)
• Diuretic Potential: Study evaluated the diuretic potential of plant decoctions of A. esculentus, C. frutescens and
C. olitorius in white rats. Results showed all three had diuretic potential comparable to furosemide and suggest
further studies and potential as alternative to commercial diuretic. (20)
• Anti-Diabetic / α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibitory Effects / Peel and Seed: Study evaluated
aqueous extracts of okra peel and seed for antidiabetic activity through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase
enzymes. Results showed concentration dependent inhibitory effect. (21)
• Anti-Diabetic / Fruit Extract: Stud of fruit extract in alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits. A gradual decrease in
blood glucose levels was observed after feeding of fruit extract for ten days. (32)
• Alteration of Gastric Mucus Secretion / Gastroprotective / Seed Mucilage: Study showed mucilage of A.
esculentus significantly inhibits ulcer induced by indomethacin, ethanol, and water immersion stress. The
cytoprotection may be through the formation of a protective layer with increase in mucous secretion from the
superficial epithelial cells. (22)
• Antitumor Effect / Human Breast Cancer Cells / Lectin: Study evaluated a newly discovered lectin isolated
from okra for anti-tumor effects. Results showed the AEL induced significant cell growth inhibition (63%) in MCF7
cells, with increased expression of pro-apoptotic caspase-3, caspase-9 and p21 genes. Findings suggest a
potential therapeutic for human breast cancer. (23)
• Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic in B16F10 Melanoma Cells: Study studied the effects of okra RG-1
(rhamnogalacturonan) obtained from okra pods on melanoma cell growth and survival in vitro. Results showed
okra RG-1 induces apoptosis in melanoma cells by interacting with Gal-3. The interaction suggests potential for
new melanoma therapies. (24)
• Antimicrobial / Fresh Pods: Study evaluated the antimicrobial properties of lyophilized and fresh water extracts
of fresh okra pods against Rhodococcus erythopolis, R. opacus, Mycobacterium sp. and M. aurum,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Xanthobacter Py2. The extracts were effective against all bacterial
strains except for R. erythropolis, and the fresh water extract was better than the lyophilized extract. Activity was
attributed to the two major constituents of the lipid fraction, palmitic and stearic acids. (25)
• Anticancer and Antimicrobial Effect / Gold Nanoparticles: In vitro findings suggest that pulp synthesized Au
NPs can significantly elevate intracellular reactive oxygen species and diminish mitochondrial membrane
potential, indicating effective involvement of apoptosis in cell death. The Au NPs also showed sufficient degree of
antimicrobial activity against different types of bacteria. (26)
• Safety Evaluation / Pod Extracts: Study evaluated various extracts of pod extract polysaccharides (OKPs) in
vitro and in vivo toxicity studies in mice. Findings of the preliminary study suggest that in both acute and sub
chronic studies OKPs is a safe pharmaceutical excipient. (27)
• Analgesic/ Anti-Inflammatory / CNS Depressant / Seeds: Study of methanolic extract of seeds showed
analgesic (acetic acid induced writhing model and formalin induc4d licking and biting in mice), anti-inflammatory
(carrageenan induced model) and CNS depressant activity (locomotor and exploratory activities in hole cross and
open fields testing). (28)
• Nutritional benefits / Seeds, Oil, Mucilage: Okra mucilage has medical applications when used as a plasma
replacement or blood volume expander. The mucilage binds cholesterol and bile acid carrying toxins dumped into
it by the liver. Okra is a potential source of oil, varying from 20% to 40%, with up to 47.4% linoleic acid, a
polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for human nutrition. The amino acid composition of okra seed protein is
comparable to that of soybean but with a protein efficiency ration higher than that of soybean. Okra also yields
insoluble and soluble fiber. (30)
• Antioxidant / Antistress / Nootropic / Seeds: Study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vivo
protective effects of aqueous and methanolic seed extracts against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment
using passive avoidance test and acute restraining stress-induced behavioural and biochemical changes using
elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) in mice. Results showed significant antioxidant activity
and no signs of toxicity or death up to a dose of 2000 mt/kg p.o. Results showed A. esculentus possess
antioxidant, antistress and nootropic activities. (31)
• Immunomodulatory / Antitumor: Aqueous extraction and purification yielded a water polysaccharide
(OFPS11) from flowers. The OFPSS11 was evaluated for immunomodulating activity. Cells pretreated with
OFPS11 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells and also enhanced phagocytic ability and induced
elevation of NO production, TNF-a and IL-1ß secretion of RAW264.7 cells. It can also increase NF-kB levels in
nuclei to modulate expressions of iNOS, NO and TNF-a. Results suggest OFPS11 exerts antitumor activity
possibly by stimulating macrophage activity through nulcear NF-kB pathway. (Zheng et al 2014). (34)
• Total Flavonoids / Neuroprotective on Transient Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (TCI-RI) /
Flowers: Study of various plant parts showed the flower extract to yield the highest total flavonoids content
(788.56 mg/g) with 122.13 mg/g of quercetin-3-O-[ß-D-glu-(1>6)]-ß-D-glucopyranoside. Study of effects of total
flavonoids of flowers on TCI-RI showed significant reduction of neurologic deficits, infarct area,and histologic
changes in brain tissue. Results suggest flower total flavonoids protects against TCI-RI by scavenging free
radicals and activating Nrf2-ARE pathway. (35)
• Wound Healing: Study evaluated an ointment formulation of an aqueous extract of A. esculentus in Wistar
albino rats against excision and incision wound models. Results showed faster epithelization in the excision model
and significant (p<0.001) increase in breaking strength. Results suggest potent wound healing activity with
potential for use in different wound healing models like burn wound, dead space wound, XR radiation injury and
ultraviolet light injury. (36)
• Cytotoxic / Antifungal / Fruit: Study of A. esculentus fruit extract for phytoconstituents yielded monomer
compounds. Results showed monomer compounds 1-4 possessed antifungal and cytotoxic activities. (37)
• Nutraceutical Benefits of Subfractions in Treatment of T2DM: A recent study on subfractions of AE reported
on attenuation of adverse effects of high glucose and fatty acid in vitro. This study explored the effect on AE
subfractions on the metabolic disturbances caused by insulin resistance in vivo in STZ-induced diabetic male
Sprague-Dawley rats. All of the subfractions lowered triglycerides and free fatty acid, but not total cholesterol.
Subfraction FR significantly increased HDL/LDL lipoprotein ration. F1 subfraction showed anti-obesity effect.
Results suggest AE has potential as adjuvant therapy for diabetes, whether as vegetable or as nutraceutical. (38)
• Antibacterial / Dental Caries Derived Streptococcus mutans: Study evaluated the antibacterial effect of
extracts of various parts of okra vegetable on S. mutans. Highest inhibition zone (4 mm) was seen in the
combination of peel and seed. All combinations of the plant extract exhibited antibacterial activity equal or highest
than control Ofloxacin. Results suggest potential use as natural antibacterial agent against cariogenic bacteria like
S. mutans. (40)
• Cardioprotective Activity / Mucilage: Study investigated the effect of mucilage of okra fruit (crude water
extract and water fraction) on lipid parameters in high-fat diet fed rats. Results showed potential to reduce
(p<0.01) different lipid fractions (TC, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL) and the atherogenic index. The mucilage also
showed potential to increase HDL fraction (p<0.01) of the test group. Study suggests crude eater extract and
water fraction of fruit modulate blood lipid levels favorably and has potential as a "heart-friendly" vegetable. (41)
• Neuroprotection / Hypoglycemic / Diabetic Neuropathy: Study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of
Abelmoschus esculentus L. on alloxan-induced neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Treatment with
extract significantly reduced (p<0.05) hyperglycemic and thermal hyperalgesia and significantly increased
(p<0.05) rotarod performance. At 200 mg/kbw, there was no nerve fiber swelling and lesser demyelination
observed. (42)
• Immunomodulatory / Polysaccharides: Study yielded crude okra polysaccharide (RPS) by water extraction
and alcohol precipitation. Fractionation yielded three purified fractions of RPS i.e., RPS-1, RPS-2, and RPS-3.
RPS and the three purified fractions significantly increased RAW264.7 cell proliferation, NO production, iNOS
expression, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interferon (IFN)-y, and interleukin (IL)-10 secretion (p<0.05). RPS-
2 also increased spleen index, splenocyte proliferation, and cytokine secretion in vivo. Results suggest potential
of the polysaccharides as novel immunomodulators. (43)
• Antidiabetic / Seeds: Study of seed extract for antidiabetic property showed increasing activity with increase in
dose and gradual decrease in blood glucose level with increased period of exposure to the test drug. (44)
• Protective Against Glucocorticoid-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia / Peel: Study evaluated the
effect of an aqueous extract of peel on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemic induced in rats by dexamethasone
(DEXA). At 200 mg/kg, results showed significant reduction in effects of DEXA on blood glucose, cholesterol,
triglycerides and LDL. (45)
• Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Mucilage: Study evaluated pods of eight okra accessions grown in
Western Ethiopia. The mucilage contents of pods ranged from 1.25 to 3.45 g/100 g. Functional properties varied
significantly (p<0.05) in measures of bulk density, emulsion stability, emulsifying ability, foaming capacity and
foam stability. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 4.66 to 39.93 mg GAE/g and 8.18 to 18.72 mg
CE/g, respectively. Effective EC50 for DPPH scavenging and metal-chelating activity varied from 3.15 to 6.60 and
1.10 and 1.85, respectively. Results demonstrate pod mucilage is a source of natural antioxidant and has
potential in various food systems. (46)
• Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated A. esculentus aqueous extract of leaves for phytochemicals and
antioxidant activity using various assays. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and flavonols i the leaf extract were 9.61 mg
Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g, 9.25 mg of Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/g and 6.12 mg of QE/g of dry extract,
respectively. Significant antioxidant activity was confirmed by IC50 values of DPPH, NO and superoxide anion
radical scavenging assays of 53.96, 59.15, and 52.50 µg/ml, respectively. Results were almost at par with
ascorbic acid. (47)
• Emulsifying Properties / Application in Coconut Milk Emulsion: Study evaluated the emulsifying properties
of extracted okra mucilage at different maturity indices (1, 2, and 3). Okra with maturity index 2 showed the
highest percentage of mucilage (1.46%). Okra mucilage (maturity index 2) at 1.0% percentage in coconut milk
showed the highest emulsion capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES). Study suggests okra plant has potential
for use as emulsifying agent in food emulsion system. (48)
• Hypolipidemic / Tyloxapol-Induced Hyperlipidemia: Study evaluated the hypolipidemic activity from
dichlomethane and methanol extracts from whole plant and fruit of A. esculentus in tyloxapol-induced
hyperlipidemia in mice and compared to simvastatin (Zocor). Cholesterol levels decreased in range of 41.13 to
56.45% (simvastatin 53.63%).Results showed hypolipidemic activity which may be due to interference with
cholesterol biosynthesis. (49)
• Effect of Powder on Ovarian Histology, Expression of Apoptotic Genes and Oxidative Stress: Study
evaluated the effect of Okra powder on serum oxidant/antioxidant status, ovarian structure and expression of
apoptotic/antiapoptotic related genes in ovary of experimentally induced high fat diet in diabetic rats. Effects were
similar to metformin. Results suggest Okra powder could be used in intervention for improvement of ovarian
dysfunction in diabetic rat via three possible mechanisms: attenuation of glucotoxicity, down regulation of ovarian
apoptosis related gene and reduction of oxidative stress. (50)
• Effect of Chronic Consumption of Okra and Black Pepper on Gastric Mucosa / Histomorphological
Study: Study investigated the effects of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and black pepper (Piper guineense) on
histomorphology of gastric mucosa of the fundic stomach on adult Wistar male rats. Results showed marked
significant effect of single extract of AE, PG, and the combination of both extracts. Histopathology showed
glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, superficial gastritis, gastric erosion, erosive gastritis and gastric ulcer in
all the experimental groups. Results suggest that use of the two extracts, singly or combined, posed a degree of
gastric mucosal pathology. (51)
• Inhibition of Growth / Induction of Differentiation / Colon Cancer Cells / Okra and Moringa oleifera: Study
evaluated if methanolic and ethanolic extracts from okra and drumstick can inhibit growth and induce synthesis of
differentiation markers in colon cancer cells. In okra, phenolic molecules and antioxidant activity were associated
primarily with seeds. Small effects on colon cancer cell differentiation were seen with extracts of okra seed and
with pulp and seed extract from drumstick as evidenced by induction of alkaline phosphatase activity. In okra seed
extracts the effect was additive with the action of butyrate. Results suggest a potential for okra and drumstick for
cancer chemopreventive activity. (52)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic / Anti-Nociceptive / Fruit Peel: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, and anti-nociceptive activities of methanolic and water extracts of fruit peels of A. esculentus in Swiss
albino mice. Results showed statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity n carrageenan induced
inflammation, analgesic activity in acetic acid inducted writing test, and anti-nociceptive activity in formalin induced
pain test. (53)
• CNS Stimulant and Antidepressant / Seeds: Study evaluated the CNS stimulant and antidepressant activity of
A. esculentus using different solvent extracts of defatted seeds. Among all extracts, decoction and aqueous
extracts showed maximum CNS stimulant and antidepressant activities. The decoction showed 115.56 ± 9.49 %
increase in CNS stimulating activity compared to standard caffeine (112.54 ± 11.03%). (54)
• Method of DNA isolation from Highly Mucilage-Rich Okra: Study reports on a protocol for highly purified
DNA isolation from fresh leaves of A. esculentus and PCR analysis for resultant DNA. A modified Doyle and
Dolye (1987) protocol utilizing polyvinylpolypyrrolidone yielded a high quality DNA found suitable for PCR and
RAPD analysis. The study opens doors for molecular characterization and genetic improvement works for the
promising vegetable and medicinal plant. (55)
• Benefits of Biofield Energy Treatment on Vegetative Growth Parameters: Study evaluated the growth
contributing characters of bottle gourd and okra seeds subjected to biofield energy treatment (BET). Vegetative
growth of okra plants after BET was found to be stout with small canopy, strong steam, and more fruits per node.
Overall results suggest BET treatment on seeds of bottle gourd and okra improves overall growth of plant and
yield, which may enhance flowering and fruiting per plant. BET can be an alternate method to improving crop yield
in agriscience. (56)
• Antiproliferative / Breast, Cervical, and Prostate Cancer Cell Lines: Study evaluated the phytochemical
constituents of Annona muricata and Abelmoschus esculentus and their antiproliferative activity on breast,
cervical and prostate cancer cell lines. The pods of A. esculentus and fruit of A. muricata were rich in secondary
metabolites viz. saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenols. Abelmoscus
esculentus showed high antiproliferative activity on Hela (cervical cancer cells) with IC50 of 22.507 µg/m, whereas
the ICC50s of DU145 (prostate cancer) and HCC (breast cancer) were 50.413 µg/ml and 178.319 µg/ml,
respectively. Both plants inhibited the growth of cancerous cells tested (SI>3). (59)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Commercial cultivation. 
© Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D. / StuartXchange
Abuse and Plagiarism of the Compilation on Philippine Medicinal Plants Under the Guise of Fair Use

Updated Dec 2018 / Dec 2016

Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

SOURCES
Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Anti-ulcerogenic activity of some plants used as folk remedy in Turkey
(2)
Glycosylated compounds from okra inhibit adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosa
( 3)
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of the roots of Hibiscus esculentus Linn
(4)
Evaluation of Abelmoschus Esculentus Mucilage as Suspending Agent in Paracetamol Suspension / Ravi Kumar
et al / International Journal of PharmTech Research • Vol.1, No.3, pp 658-665 , July-Sept 2009
(5)
EVALUATION OF THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS FRUIT EXTRACT OF ABELMOSCHUS
ESCULENTUS (OKRO FRUIT) ON SOME MALE REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY
RATS / I I Olatunji-Bello et al / Journal of Phytology 2009, 1(6): 461–468
(6)
Antioxidant activity of five vegetables traditionally consumed by south-Asian migrants in Bradford, Yorkshire, UK /
N M Ansari et al / Phytotherapy Research • Volume 19 Issue 10, Pages 907 - 911
(7)
Sorting Abelmoschus Names / Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE
(8)
Nutritional Properties of Abelmoschus Esculentus as Remedy to Manage Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review /
Indah Mohd Amin / 2011 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology IPCBEE vol.11
(2011)
(9)
Hypoglyclemic Effects in Response to Abelmoshus Esculentus Treatment: A Research Framework using STZ-
Induced Diabetic Rats / Indah Mohd Amin / International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics,
Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2011
(10)
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(11)
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic rats / V. Sabitha, S. Ramachandran, [...], and K. Panneerselvam / Journal Bioallied Sci. 2011, Jul-Sep;
3(3); 397-402.
(12)
CNS depressant and analgesic activities of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Linn.) / M Atowar Hossen, Ishrat
Jahan, M. Abdullah A. Mamun, JAM Samir Sakir, M Shamimuzzaman, M Jashim Uddin, M. Ekramul Haque /
Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, 2013; 4(1): pp 44-52
(13)
Hepatoprotective role of Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench., on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
/ Subramanian Saravanan, Perumal Pandikumar, Natesan Pazhanivel, Michael Gabriel Paulraj, and Savarimuthu
Ignacimuthu / Sept. 2013, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp 528-536 (doi:10.3109/15376516.2013.796032)
(14)
SCREENING OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS FRUITS FOR IT S ANALGESIC ACTIVITY / Biren N. Shah* /
A. K. Seth, K.M. Maheshwari, and R.V. Desai / Pharmacologyonline, 2: 17-21 (2010)
(15) /
Nutritional Properties of Abelmoschus Esculentus as Remedy to Manage Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review /
Indah Mohd Amin / 2011 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology IPCBEE vol.11
(2011)
(16)
Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra): An in vitro Study / Taiye A
Olorunnipa, Christopher C Igbokwe, Temitope O Lawal, Bolanle A Adeniyi and Gail B. Mahady / Clin Microbial
2:132 / doi: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000132
(17)
Functional properties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench): traditional claims and scientific evidences /
Anupam Roy, Shanker Lal Shrivastava and Santi M. Mandal / Plant Science Today (2014) 1 (3): 121-130 121 /
http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2014.1.3.63
(18)
Antiadhesive Properties of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) Immature Fruit Extract against Helicobacter pylori
Adhesion / Jutta Messing , Christian Thöle , Michael Niehues , Anna Shevtsova, Erik Glocker, Thomas Borén,
Andreas Hensel / PLoS ONE 9(1): e84836. / doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084836
(19)
Chronic consumption of combined extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus and Piper guineense induced hepatoxicity
in Wistar rats: Histopathological study / Idorenyin Umoh, Samson Oyebadejo*, Eno-obong Bassey, Ukeme Nnah /
Int J Pharm Biomed Sci 2013, 4(2), 73-77
(20)
DIURETIC POTENTIAL OF CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS LINN., CORCHORUS OLITURIUS LINN., AND
ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS LINN. / Regilda P. Maramag / ASIAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL & APPLIED
SCIENCES, Vol 2, No 1, March 2013
(21)
In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects in aqueous extracts of Abelmoscus esculentus (L.)
Moench / V. Sabitha, K. Panneerselvam, S.Ramachandran* /Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
(2012),162-164
(22)
Alteration of gastric mucus secretion in rats treated with Abelmoschus esculentus seed mucilage / Shrikant V.
Joshia*, Kalyani A. Kedarb, Urvashi V. Markanac, Sandesh R. Lodhaa, Payal D. Shaha, Heta G. Vyasa, Ruchi B.
Vyasa, Bhavin A. Vyasa, Gajanan G. Kalyankara. / Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2011: 3 (5) 183-188
(23)
Lectin of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) promotes selective antitumor effects in human breast cancer cells /
Monte LG, Santi-Gadelha T, Reis LB, Braganhol E, Prietsch RF, Dellagostin OA, E Lacerda RR, Gadelha CA,
Conceição FR, Pinto LS. / Biotechnol Lett. 2014 Mar;36(3):461-9. doi: 10.1007/s10529-013-1382-4. Epub 2013
Oct 16.
(24)
Antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions of okra pectin on B16F10 melanoma cells. / Vayssade M,
Sengkhamparn N, Verhoef R, Delaigue C, Goundiam O, Vigneron P, Voragen AG, Schols HA, Nagel MD. /
Phytother Res. 2010 Jul;24(7):982-9 / doi: 10.1002/ptr.3040.
(25)
Antibacterial properties of the extract of Abelmoschus esculentus / Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho, Priscila Almeida
Cruz, M. Manuela R. da Fonseca, Lauro Xavier-Filho / Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering
October 2011, Volume 16, Issue 5, pp 971-977
(26)
Anticancer (in vitro) and antimicrobial effect of gold nanoparticles synthesized using Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
pulp extract via a green route / Md. Masud Rahaman Mollick, Biplab Bhowmick, Dibyendu Mondal, Dipanwita
Maity, Dipak Rana, Sandeep Kumar Dash, Sourav Chattopadhyay, Somenath Roy, Joy Sarkar, Krishnendu
Acharya, Mukut Chakrabortye and Dipankar Chattopadhyay* / RSC Adv., 2014,4, 37838-37848 /
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA07285E
(27)
SAFETY EVALUATION OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS POLYSACCHARIDE / Ilango K B*, Pradeep
Rajkumar L A, Vetrivel D, Brinda P and Manisha Mishra / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Review and Research, Volume 10, Issue 2, September – October 2011
(28)
Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and CNS Depressant Activities of the Methanolic Extract of Abelmoschus esculentus
Linn. Seed in Mice / Mst. Luthfun Nesa, Md. Monirul Islam*, Md. Badrul Alam, Mst. Shirajum Munira, Shabnam
Mollika, Mst. Nazmun Naher and Md. Rafiqul Islam / British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol.: 4, Issue.: 7
(01-15 April)
(29)
Abelmoschus esculentus / Synonyms / The Plant List
(30)
Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): A Review / Habtamu Fekadu
Gemede*, Negussie Ratta, Gulelat Desse Haki, Ashagrie Z. Woldegiorgis, Fekadu Beyene / Food Science and
Quality Management, Vol.33, 2014
(31)
Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antistress, and Nootropic Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Seed
Extracts of Ladies Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Mice / Sathish Kumar Doreddula, Srinivasa Reddy
Bonam, Durga Prasad Gaddam, Brahma Srinivasa Rao Desu, Nadendla Ramarao, and Vijayapandi Pandy* /
ScientificWorldJournal. 2014; 2014 / doi: 10.1155/2014/519848
(32)
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS FRUIT EXTRACT  / Subrahmanyam. G.V*, M.
Sushma, A. Alekya, Ch. Neeraja, H. Sai Sri Harsha and J. Ravindra / IJRPC 2011, 1(1)
(33)
Raw okra; Nutrient Analysis / National Nutrient Database / USDA
(34)
Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological evidences for Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) / Rakesh K Sindhu,
Vishal Puri / The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2016; 5(6): pp 238-241
(35)
The Protective Effect of the Total Flavonoids of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Flowers on Transient Cerebral
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Is due to Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway / Yang Luo, Hong-Xin Cui, An Jia,
Shan-Shan Jia, and Ke Yuan / Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Volume 2018 /
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8987173
(36)
EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (LINN) IN ALBINO
WISTAR RATS / Mohd Baleeghuddin Farooqui, Dr. Shaik Mohammed Khasim, Mohd Rafiq, Ashfaq Ali Khan /
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH, 2018; 5(5): pp 508-511
(37)
Chemical Constituents of Abelmoschus esculentus Fruit and Biological Activity / Yu-Xian Li, De-Ying Deng, Hai-
Bing Liao, Hui Zhou, Hua-Liang Liu and Ke Yuan / Medicine and Biopharmaceutical, 2016: pp 1040-
1048 / https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814719810_0133
(38)
The nutraceutical benefits of subfractions of Abelmoschus esculentusin treating type 2 diabetes mellitus / Chien-
Ning Huang, Chau-Jong Wang, Chih-Li Lin, Hui-Ting Lin, Chiung-Huei Peng  / PLOS-
One / https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189065
(39)
Phytochemical Screening of Abelmoschus esculentus From Leptis area at Al-Khums Libya / Dheba Mohammed
Abobaker, Salem Mohamed Edrah, Khaled Altwair / International Journal of Chemical Science, Nov 2017; 1(2): pp
48-53
(40)
Antibacterial Effect of Abelmoschus Esculentus (Okra) Extracts on Dental Caries Derived Streptococcus Mutans. /
Kalarani.G, Mohan Govindharajan,Leoney A, Anand Prabhu, Ramalingam Krishnakumar, Sugumar
Dhurikaliyamorthy / IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Science, April 2017; 16(4), Ver. II: pp 63-66 / DOI:
10.9790/0853-1604026366
(41)
Cardio protective activity of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) / Vindika Sumudunie Kuruwitaarachchige, Deepthi
Inoka Uluwaduge, Sirimal Premakumara, Jayantha Wijayabandara / International Journal of Food Science and
Nutrition, Sept 2018; 3(5): pp 39-43
(42)
NEUROPROTECTION OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. AGAINST DIABETIC NEUROPATHY / Lee Wei
Yang, Santosh Fattepur, Kiran Chanabasappa Nilugal, Fadli Asmani, Eddy Yusuf, Mohd Nizam Abdul Ghani,
Ibrahim Abdullah / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2018; Vol 11, Special Issue 3
(43)
In Vitro and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Polysaccharides / Huricha
Chen, Hanwei Jiao, Ying Cheng, Kailian Xu, Xiaoxiao Jia, Qiaoyun Shi, Shiyu Guo, Manchuriga Wang, Li Du, and
Fengyang Wang / Journal of Medicinal Food, March 2016; 19(3) / https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2015.3513
(44)
Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of abelmoschus esculentus in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats / Dr. K.
Anantha Babu, Dr. E. N. P. Sainath, D. Sathish Kumar / Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics,
Oct-Dec 2017; 6(4): pp 396-404
(45)
Effects of the aqueous extract from Abelmoschus esculentus L peel on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced
by dexamethasone in rats / Aisha Mohamed Dugani, Wesal Issa Alkhetally, Etham Omran Elghedafi, Feras Walid
Alkayed /  Libyan Int Med Univ J, 2018; 3: pp 3-7 / DOI: 10.4103/LIUJ.LIUJ_1_17
(46)
Indigenous Ethiopian okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)mucilage: A novel ingredient with functional and antioxidant
properties / Habtamu Fekadu Gemede, Gulelat Desse Haki, Fekadu Beyene, Sudip Kumar Rakshit, Ashagrie Z
Woldegiorgis / Food & Science Nutrition, May 2018; 6(3): pp 563-571 / https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.596
(47)
Screened Phytochemicals of A. esculentus Leaves and their Therapeutic Role as an Antioxidant / Tiwari Ayushi,
Dubey Prachee, Gupta S K, Watal Geeta / International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research,
2016; 8(9); pp 1509-1515
(48)
Emulsifying properties of extracted Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) mucilage of different maturity index and its
application in coconut milk emulsion / Noorlaila, A., Siti Aziah, A., Asmeda, R. and Norizzah, A.R. / International
Food Research Journal, 2015; 22(2): pp 782-787
(49)
HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF EXTRACTS FROM ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. – MALVACEAE ON
TYLOXAPOL- INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN MICE / Huynh Ngoc Trinh, Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Tran T Van
Anh, Vo Phung Nguyen / !3th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Nov 1-30,
2009
(50)
Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus powder on ovarian histology, expression of apoptotic genes and oxidative
stress in diabetic rats fed with high fat diet / Naeem Erfani Majd, Mohammad Reza Tabandeh, Ali Shahriari, Hajar
Azizian / Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018; Vol 17
(51)
Histomorphological Study of the Effect of Chronic Consumption of Abelmoschus Esculentus and Piper Guineense
On The Gastric Mucosa Of Albino Wistar Rats / Idorenyin Umoh, Samson Oyebadejo, Eno-obong Bassey and
Noah Udoh / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 2013; 2(3): pp 31-37
(52)
Abstract 5439: Inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation of colon cancer cells by extracts from okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus) and drumstick (Moringa oleifera) / Michael
A. Lea, Taofeek Akinpelu,  Ritesh Amin, Kiranmai Yarlagadda, Ramadevi Enugala, Bishambar Dayal and Charles 
des Bordes / Cancer Research, April 2012; 72(8), supplement / DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.AM2012-5439
(53)
Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-Nociceptive Efficacy of Peel of Abelmoschus esculentus Fruits in
Laboratory Animal / Zannatul Naim, Md. Mustahsan Billah, Md. Ibrahim, Dipti Debnath, S M Masud Rana, Paroma
Arefin, Md Emdadul Hasan Makul / Current Drug Therapy, 2015; 10(2) /
DOI : 10.2174/157488551002151222161409
(54)
CNS STIMULANT AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF SEEDS OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS IN
RATS / Arvind Agarwal, Deepika Bora, Chanderpriya Agarwal, Ratendra Kumar and Veermaram Choudhary /
Bull. Pharm. Res., 2015; 5(2)
(55)
An optimized method of DNA isolation from highly mucilage-rich okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L.) for PCR
analysis / Vijai Singh and Vinay Kumar / Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012; 3 (3): pp 1809-1813
(56)
Evaluation of Vegetative Growth Parameters in Biofield Treated Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and Okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus) / Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Maynak
Gangwar, Snehasis Jana / International Journal Of Nutrition And Food Sciences, December 21, 2015 / DOI:
10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150406.24 
(57)
Characterization of the Mucilages of Four Food Plants, Abelmoschus esculentus, Beilschmiedia mannii,
Corchorus olitorius, and Irvingia gabonensis, from Côte d’lvoire / Olivier Yapo Assi, Daouda Sidibé, Privat
Kouakou, Viviane Deigna-Mockey, Ysidor N’guessan Konan, Adama Coulibaly and Henri Godi Biego /
Biotechnology Journal International , 2017; 19(2): pp 1-10
(58)
Evaluation of disintegrating properties of Abelmoschus esculentus mucilage / Ravi Kumar, M. B. Patil, Sachin R.
Patil, Mahesh S. Paschapur / International Journal of PharmTech Research, Apr-Jun 2009; 1(2): pp 241-246
(59)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF ANNONA MURICATA AND
ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS AGAINST BREAST, CERVICAL AND PROSTATE CANCER CELL LINES /
Mercy Jepkorir Seroney / 2017 / The KASH 7 Abstract Submission
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