TECHNIQUES USED BY ENGLISH MAGISTER STUDENTS

OF UNP IN TRANSLATING REPORT TEXTS FROM

INDONESIAN INTO ENGLISH AND THEIR GRAMMAR
AWARENESS
Thesis Proposal

MELANI
19178021

GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ART
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG
2020
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………….….i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Problem……………………………………………....1

B. Identification of The Problem……………………………………………..3
C. Focus of The Problem……………………………………………………..3
D. Formulation of The Research……………………………………………...3
E. Formulation of the Research Questions……………………...……………4
F. Purpose of the Research………………………………………………..…4
G. Significance of The Research…………………………………………….5
H. Definitions of Key Terms…………………………………………………5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Theory……………………………………………..…6
1. The Nature of Translation…………………………………………….6
2. Argumentative Text…………………………………………………..8
B. Review of Related Findings………………………………………………9
C. Conceptual Framework………………………………………..………….9

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design………………………………………………….……...10
B. Source of Data……………………………………………………….…..10
C. Instrumentation ……………………………………………………….…11
D. Technique of Data Collection……………………………………………11
E. Technique of data Analysis………………………………………………11
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Problem

Translation is the product of translating. In translating, the meaning

of the source text is transferred to target language. In order to achieve

equivalent target text, the characteristics of the source and target language are

crucial to take into account. Since each language has its own characteristics,

English and Indonesian are different in terms of characteristics.

Therefore translator needs to understand when and how to use these

characteristics in translating. Translation requires lingual and cultural skills to

decode the meaning often couched in certain words that vary in their meaning

regionally and culturally both synchronically and diachronically.

In transferring meaning into target language, several aspects should

be considered. Schwarz (2016) stated several aspects like the knowledge of

the two languages, the meaning of the words, perceptions, the time and the

contexts in which the text was written and interpretation according to

personality and experiences. He believes that these aspects should be

considered when showing the difficulties of translating source.

Translator will face some problem in translating text. As Scwarz

(2016) explained the problems are the language problem (terminology

problem, lexical nature of problem, stylistically problem), cultural problems,

textual problem (the coherence and cohesion) and pragmatic problems.

Additionally, from the Candian specialist (1998), she also stated the
difficulties in understanding or comprehending translation are lexical

difficulties, textual structure difficulties, and pragmatic language difficulties.

The linguistic difficulties are terminological difficulties and semantic

difficulties. These problems might occur since in translating texts, the

translator will find various kinds of words and terms in different area of

knowledge.

In translating scientific and social texts like argumentative texts,

translator may face the problems which have been mentioned above since in

argumentative text the translator will find various terms from various area of

knowledge. Thus, the translator needs to use certain strategy and techniques

to comprehend the text and transfer it into the target language. Zheng (2017)

stated several strategies for texts of science and technology. They are lexical

feature accuracy of technical terms which covers terms especially used in one

field only, terms derived from general words and acronyms; and syntactic

feature of texts of science and technology which covers transformation of

nominal forms, from passive voice to active voice, and restructuring the

syntax. These strategies are not only considered by translator but also by

students who translate texts into target language.

First year of English magister students also face some problems in

translating social and scientific texts like argumentative text. So that, they use

some techniques to reproduce equivalent texts in the target language. Thus

this study will investigate the techniques used by the first year of English
 magister students in translating argumentative text from Indonesian into

English.

B. Identification of the Problem

Based on the background of the research problem, comprehending

the appropriate techniques in translating text from Indonesian into English is

crucial in order to reproduce understandable and acceptable texts. There are

challenges in translating texts from Indonesian into English. First, students

need to know problems faced in transferring meaning from Indonesian into

English, like the knowledge of the two languages, the meaning of the words,

the context in which the text is written, and the interpretation of the texts.

Second, translating text form Indonesian into English should also consider

several factors, like lexical feature, special terms, acronyms, and grammar

features. Third, translating texts should use certain methods in order to

reproduce understandable and acceptable texts.

C. Focus of The Problem

From the identification of the problem of this research, this study

focuses on investigating the techniques used by first grade of magister

students of Universitas Negeri Padang in translating scientific texts from

Indonesian into English.

D. Formulation of The Research

Related to the focus of the research problem, the problem is then

formulated into the question: “How the first year magister students in
 Universitas Negeri Padang translate the argumentative texts from Indonesian

into English?”

E. Formulation of the Research Questions

Related to the background, identification, focus of the problem and

formulation of the research, the researcher formulates three questions to be

answered as follow:

1. How do the students translate texts form Indonesian into English?

2. What techniques do they use in translating texts from Indonesian into

English?

3. What technique is mostly used by the students in translating text from

Indonesian into English?

F. Purpose of the Research

Based on the research questions above, there are three main purposes of

this research:

1. To find out the way the students translate texts from Indonesian into

English

2. To find out the techniques are used in translating texts from Indonesian

into English

3. To find out the technique is mostly used by the students in translating

texts from Indonesian into English

G. Significance of The Research

This research is expected to give useful information and review of

students’ familiarity in using certain techniques in translating texts from

Indonesian into English. It can give valued information or knowledge as a

reference for the institution to review and recognize the material of translation

course.

H. Definitions of Key Terms

In order to avoid the misunderstanding in this research, the researcher

defines the key terms as follow:

1. Translation is transferring meaning from source language into target

language

2. Argumentative text is a kind of text that use evidence and facts to prove

whether or not the thesis statement is true.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Theories

1. The Nature of Translation

Translation is the result of the translation of source text to

semantically and stylistically similar target language. (Bassnett, 1980;

Catford, 1965; Koller 1989). Translation is distinct from localization,

which is the method of converting the source language into the target

document, and includes the translators and the social and mental

processing of their brains.

In favour of the earlier concept, Nida and Taber (1969) prefer to

see translation as a reconstruction of a text that attempts to render the

nearest natural equivalent interpretation and the form of the source text

into the target text. Another interpretation of the word translation that

tends to imply "meaning" and "style" in translation is suggested by the

French theorist Dubois, as quoted in Bell (1991, pp. 5-6) that translation

is the presentation in another language (or target language) of what has

been conveyed in another source language, thus maintaining conceptual

and stylistic inferences. This can then be claimed that translation is the

product of the conversion of language in order to make the source text

available or meaningful to the viewer of the target document, who are

undoubtedly excluded from the linguistic features of the original text.

 As said by Newmark (1988, pp. 45-47), translation includes of

word for word translation, logical translation, faithful translation,

semantic translation, adaptation, open translation, accent translation, and

communicative translation. Hartono's (2009, pp. 9-15) concept of the

forms of translation is based on the standard. Hartono opposes five forms

of translation, consisting of complex translation, rational translation,

aesthetic-poetic translation, ethnographic translation and linguistic

translation.

Translation is different from the translation in which the translation

is a result while the translation is a method. Converting includes

interpreting the original language, then converting it, accompanied by

rewriting it into the target language (Djuhari, 2004). Another mechanism

proposed by Newmark (1988, p. 19) includes the specification of a

system of approach, which converts into four levels: 1) the textual stage,

2) the reference point, 3) the coherent stage, and 4) the degree of

naturalness and the revision of the protocol. Such a method includes

essential translation components such as person, instruments, socio-

cultural components, linguistic components, etc (House, 2015).

In brief, the essence of the translation is the product of the

conversion, which includes the transition of the source language to the

target language. It helps to turn the obscure context of the source text into

open and understandable translations and translation elements.

B. Review of Related Findings

Some researchers have conducted many studies related to translating

texts. To support this research, the researcher takes some previous studies

as the reference. The first come s from Mohammed (2016) who attempted

to find both strategies and parameters which would be relevant to the

translation of individual cultural reference in translating Arabic/English.

The strategies used are cultural borrowing, claque translation, definition,

cultural substitution, lexical creation, deliberate omission, compensation,

footnote, and combination procedure. The parameters used in this research

are purpose of a text, cultural reference role, cultural transparency,

readership, frequency, and pragmatic coherence, semiotic value of

referent, stylistic equivalence, contextual information, and elegance.

However, there are no specific strategies to translate meaning at individual

cultural references.

The second findings come from Andriyane, Firmawan, and Wahyu

(2016) that found out what translation techniques which are applied by the

translator in translating cultural words in the novel Eat, Pray, Love by

Elizabeth Gilberth, and translated by Silamurty Nugroho. The translation

techniques that are applied by the translator are adaptation, amplification,

borrowing, calque, compensation, description, generalization, and literal

translation. The categories of cultural words found in the novel are

ecology, public life, social life, personal life, custom and pursuit, and

private passion. It can be concluded that the most technique used by the
 translator is borrowing because not every cultural word in the novel have

equivalent meaning in Indonesian. The translator used that technique to

avoid any misinterpretation and they thought that technique was the most

frequently used with total 96 words or 53.33% from the total 100%. This

research give clear explanation on the technique used by the translator in

transferring the meaning, however the words analyzed in the novel were

only cultural. Since argumentative text covers social and scientific area,

the technique use by the student might be different

C. Conceptual Framework

In this study, the researcher wants to investigate and analyze the

techniques used by the first year magister students in translating

argumentative text from Indonesian into English. Then, categorize the

technique that is most appropriate to translate argumentative texts from

Indonesian into English.

 Newmark (1988, pp.
45-47):
Word for word
translation
Logical translation
Faithful translation
Argumentative texts Semantic conclusion
translation,
Adaptation
Open translation
Accent translation
Communicative
translation.

CHAPTER III
 METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The type of the research is qualitative research, since it sights deep

discussion about the techniques used in translating argumentative texts from

Indonesian into English. The focus of qualitative research is provided the

understanding of a social setting or activity from the perspective of the

research participants. This qualitative research designs involving analysis of

techniques in translating argumentative texts from Indonesian into English.

the subjects in this research are the first year English magister students who

take Translation subject in Universitas Negeri Padang.

B. The source of Data

The source of the data will be used in this research are the techniques

use by first year magister students of Universitas Negeri Padang in translating

argumentative texts from Indonesia into English. These are the assignment of

individual study and are collected after two weeks. This research involve a

class of translation subject consists of 24 students.

Since the population is small, the researcher will use the total sample.

The researcher will take all of the samples of this research. Document

analysis will be used as the data that was 24 items texts of the result of

individual study. The data will be analyzed by using the theory introduced by

Halliday and Hasan (1976).

The topics of the argumentative texts are:

1. Kemacetan dan Masa Depan Kota

2. WTO Globalisasi
 3. Ekonomi Indonesia\
4. Manfaat Bursa Efek
5. Liberalisasi Migas
6. Media massa jadi setan Bisu
7. Sedna, Planet ke-sepuluh di Tata Surya
8. Pencemaran
9. Hukum di Indonesia
10. Kelebihan dan kekurangan Internet

C. Instrumentation

Instrument is a tool for collecting the data or information needed. The

researcher is the main instrument of this research. She acts as a planner, data

collector, analyst, and finally the reporter of the research findings. Then, the

individual assignment will be used as instrument in this research. The

assignment is in the form of argumentative words in Indonesian and the

students will translate it into English.

D. Technique of Data Collection

Since this research is qualitative research, the researcher will use the

product of translation assignment or document as the data. The researcher

collects the document by asking permission to translation lecturer to get the

data.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the next step is analyzing the data. In

analyzing the data, the researcher will implement the steps offered by Gay

and Airasian (2009: 456). They are data managing, reading/memoing,

describing, classifying, and interpreting.

1. Data managing
 The researcher manages the data collected during the observation.

All the data are from the documents. The researcher organizes the

data and checks for the completeness of the data of students’

assignment.

2. Reading/ memoing

The researcher read carefully (read the students’ assignment). Then,

she makes code or mark on the translation techniques.

3. Description

In this step, the researcher explains the data id depth to provide

detail description. The researcher describes all the data she gets

from the participants during the research.

4. Classification

The next step, the researcher classified the data, after classifying the

data, the researcher selects the correlation to the research purpose

and organize them into smaller units before interpreting them.

5. The last step, the researcher focus in investigating all the techniques

used by the students in translating the argumentative texts.

Interpretation led researcher to summarize and conclude the data. In

this step, the researcher interprets the data by giving sign to the

students’ assignment of techniques they are using. After that, to see

the percentage of the technique used, the researcher will use the

formula proposed by Sudjana (1991), as follows:

 f
P= X 100 %
N

Where:

P = Percentage
f = frequency
N = number of students

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Gay and Airasian. 2000. Educational Research Competencies for Analyss and
Application. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Company.
Hartono , R. 2009. Teori Penerjemahan (A Handbook for Translator). Semarang.
CV. Cipta Prima Nusantara

Halliday, M.A K & Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1976. Cohesion in English. London and New
York: Longman.

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall

International Ltd.
Nida, E. and Taber, C. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: EJ.
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SCHWARZ, N. 2016. TRANSLATION PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES IN

APPLIED. Researchgate.