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2013 International Food Technology Workshop

May 24-25, 2013


Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and
Technology (IAPPST)

Development of Computer Modeling


for Simulation of Food Extrusion
using Twin-Screw Extruders
使用双螺杆挤出机做食品挤出模拟的电脑模型开发
Adam Dreiblatt, Director Process Technology
CPM Century Extrusion
Why Simulate Food Extrusion ?
为何模拟食品挤出?
Predict performance of machine 预测设备运转情况
Process variables 工艺变量
Hardware configurations 设备硬件配置
Formulation variables 不同配方
Scale-Up 试验到大生产的放大
Predict product quality 预测产品质量
System Analytical Model for Extrusion of Biopolymers
Shear Rate Molecular
Shear Stress Structure

Extrusion Key System Product Quality


Parameters Parameters Attributes

X Y Z
Machine Parameters Specific Energy Sensory
Free Volume Mechanical Texture
Screw Configuration Thermal Flavor
Die Geometry Pressure Taste
Residence Time Physical
Process Parameters RTD Density
Screw Speed Color
Feed Rate Hardness
Barrel Temperature Properties
Moisture 这个模型描述了在食品挤出过
Relationships Solubility
程中,设备几何形状,尺寸与
Z = f (Y) Viscosity
Raw Material / Formula 设备运转参数和原材料性能之 Gelatinization
Moisture Y = f (X)
Fat
间的相互作用。
Starch
Ref: Van Lengerich
Influence of Extrusion Parameters on SME
Shear Rate Molecular
Shear Stress Structure

Extrusion Key System Product Quality


Parameters Parameters Attributes

Machine Parameters
Die Area SME Sensorical
STE (Texture,flavor,
Taste)
Process Parameters Pressure
Barrel Temperature
RTD Physical
(Density,Color,
Raw Material / Formula Hardness)
Moisture Content Release Properties
(Hydrophobicity
这里显示设备运转参数 Porosity Part.Size,
Surface Structure) 260
(湿度,磨头压力和筒体 Protective Properties
温度)如何影响比能量的
输入
Ref: Van Lengerich
Influence of SME on Molecular Weight of Wheat Starch
Shear Rate Molecular
Shear Stress Structure
这里展示了比能量对淀粉分
Extrusion
子量分布的影响--高比能量会 Key System Product Quality
Parameters
导致淀粉分子量降低 Parameters Attributes

Low Med. High Shear

Ref: Van Lengerich


Optimization of Product Attributes
左侧显示的是运行参数(螺杆速度,喂料速度和筒体温度等)对粘度(蓝色),
Shear Rate Molecular
溶度(黄色)和沉淀(红色)的影响。右侧是三维空间里产品性能达到最优
Shear Stress Structure

Extrusion Key System Product Quality


Parameters Parameters Attributes

Ref: Van Lengerich


Food Extrusion Simulation Challenges
模拟完整的食品挤出过程不是件容易
的事—因为太多设备上的不同,原材料
也太过复杂来依数学理论分析,同时食
Complex geometry 品的挤出加工过程是高反应系统(时间
和温度的影响)
+
Precludes comprehensive
Complex rheology treatment of complete process
+
Reactive system
之前模拟食品挤出过程不成功;有太多的假设条件
1D Simulation Models
使其在不同情况下成功

Yacu (1984), Della Valle, et.al. (1993), others

Focus on development of a single model (many models cited


in literature, each with some range of validity)

Transformation of starch (i.e. “melting”) not considered

Adiabatic behavior in kneading elements

Limited treatment of thermal heat transfer

No opportunity to correct theoretical models


1D Simulation Models

Since twin-screw extrusion was borrowed/adapted from the


plastics industry, why not borrow/adapt models which
describe extrusion of polymers ?

Polymer melting…vs…gelatinization

Practical simulation of twin-screw extrusion should provide


choice of models and opportunity to adjust theoretical
models using empirical or semi-empirical correction factors
因为食品挤出使用双螺杆挤出机借鉴于塑料挤出,那么为何不借用塑料模拟
模型于食品挤出?
1D Simulation of Food Extrusion
一些定义解释:有关淀粉热量/机械转化的“挤出烹饪” – 淀
粉如塑料一样熔融,我们称淀粉熔融为“糊化”
Starch “melting”
Disappearance of crystallinity @ low hydration
Melting temperature, enthalpy = f (water content)
Starch “melting” in twin-screw extruders
Occurs rapidly
Initiates at filled screws / restriction elements
Shear dominates thermal effects (Wang, 1991)
Verified with experimental data (e.g. split barrel)
1D Polymer Simulation Models

Sources of energy for polymer melting in kneading elements


Thermal heat transfer from barrel
Plastic deformation of solids (compressive/shear stress)
Particle – barrel friction
Particle – particle friction
Viscous dissipation in melt
*Gogos, Tadmor and Kim (1998)
此页显示了一个用捏合块塑料熔融的模型。固态
聚合物熔融的能量来自五种能量来源
1D Polymer Simulation Models

dĖM /dz = kf(m)pF(f,θ)Nws


+ {kc(m)Acσy + ks(m)Asy } N/q ws
+ kv(m){A0ėv(1- ws ) + A1 ėv‘}
+ kH(m)BhM (TB – T)

在啮合块里塑料熔融的数学模型=粒子摩擦产生的能量+压缩/剪切的能量+
粘滞发热的能量+从筒体传导进的能量
Where
kf(m),kc(m),ks(m),kv(m),kH(m) are user-defined melting model
adjusting coefficients
Gelatinization Model

Example: Cai and Diosady (1993)


First order model
Rate constant accounting for shear stress and temperature

f = 1 – exp{- k0 exp[- (E0 - ß)/(RT)]t}


Where 这是一个发表过的淀粉糊化的模型-
f = Degree of gelatinization 我们用这个模型代替“塑料熔融”模

ΔE = Thermal activation energy
ß = Activation volume
τ = Shear stress
Assemble Virtual Extruder
组装虚拟挤出机
Step 1 – Define the geometry
确定几何结构
Assemble Virtual Extruder

你可以组装任意螺纹组合,任意大小的挤出机,任意L/D
Input Operating Conditions
输入操作条件
Step 2 – Define the rheology
确定流变力
Input Operating Conditions

材料菜单包含淀粉粘度和热能特性。 加入的水分作为工艺参数。输
入运行条件(螺杆速度,筒体温度设置,入料量)
Simulate
模拟
Step 3 – Analyze the results
分析结果
模拟总结:排出温度,滞留时间,比能量
Determine Upper and Lower Limits
确定上限和下限
Step 4 – Evaluate alternate models
评估其他模型
Incorporate Alternate Models

模拟用不同模型的热传播和糊化等来找到上下限
一个模型预测比另一个模
型有更多的热传递;实际
的性能应该是在两者之间
Validate Theoretical Model
验证理论模型
Step 5 – Calibrate using empirical data
使用经验数据校准
Incorporate Empirical Adjusting Coefficients

这些参数是用来“校正”计算结果使其跟实际操作的数据相符,依此设定一
个基础线。一旦设定这些参数后,就可以来分析相关挤出机,操作条件,和
原材料等所有的可变量。
一旦模拟模型经过校正,
我们就可以模拟任意状态
下的挤出机了。
Simulation Results

我们现在可以计算
螺杆轴向上的各种
不同的参数了(压
力,温度,等等)
Cai & Diosady (1993)

Starch Gelatinization vs. Axial Distance

这页显示了从实际挤出实验中得出的发
100
表过的数据----停下挤出机,从每个螺

Degree of Gelatinization (%)


杆部分的不同位置,在不同的设定筒体
温度下,采集样本来测量糊化度

100 °C
120 °C
160 °C

Beginning of Cooking Zone

0
0 Extruder Length (Diameters) 15
Ref: Journal of Food Science
这页展示了发表的数据的
模拟----跟实际数据有很
好的相关性
Simulation Results

现在我们可以在不同的情
况下模拟,这儿的例子显
示---不同的磨头孔大小情
况下
通过模拟现在可以看到不
同磨头孔大小下不同的
滞留时间
现在也可以模拟不同挤出
条件,不同螺纹组合设计
下的不同的糊化度
Simulation Summary
模拟小结
Simulation of food extrusion is possible 食品挤出模拟是可能的
Difficulties to characterize raw materials
分类,描述原材料比较困难
Need to include multiple reaction kinetic models
需要包括多个反应动能模型
Gelatinization 糊化
Maillard reaction, etc. 美拉尔德化学反应
Degradation 降解
Future work will include alternate kinetic models, prediction of
expansion (product density), etc. 将来的开发工作将包括其他可替代
动能模型,扩展的预测(产品密度),等
THANK YOU

Contact info:
zhangm@centuryextrusion.com Michelle Zhang 张恒民
dreiblatta@centuryextrusion.com Adam Dreiblatt

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