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Seismic analysis of steel structure

Conference Paper · January 2018

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 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STEEL
STRUCTURE
A.C.Ragavan [1], J.B.Nithin [1], M.P.Sunandha [1] and K.Srinivasan [2]
1
M.tech structural students (SCALE) VIT University, Vellore
2
Professor, Structural and Geotechnical department (SCALE) VIT University, Vellore

ABSTRACT:-In our project seismic analysis of steel frame structure is conducted with the aid of
SAP2000 software. Three different types of steel frame structures like 10storey, 20storey and 30storey
buildings are analyzed in this project work. Different loading conditions like dead load, live load,
seismic load and wind load is applied in our study. Linear analysis (Time History Analysis) and Non -
linear analysis (Push over analysis) is undertaken for the evaluation of seismic behavior of the different
types of steel frame structures under examination. Linear and Nonlinear analysis of the three different
types of building structures gives an idea about the resistance capability of the examined buildings
against heavy lateral forces. Apart from the inclusion of various load patterns different properties have
been assigned to the structures in the form of bracings. Knee braces, inverted knee braces and eccentric
braces have been adopted in this project study. Displacements or deformations and shear forces at
critical sections have been examined with the provision of software analysis.

Key word:- Seismic analysis, Time history analysis, Push over analysis, displacements.

1. INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario the whole world is susceptible to the damaging effects of seismic
hazards. Hence a detailed study and investigation of seismic behavior of structures is necessary
throughout the construction process. In the case of high rise buildings the effect of lateral forces have to
be given due consideration because the exceedance of the lateral loads could lead to undesirable
vibrations, stresses and instability in the buildings.
Sway represents the magnitude to which the structure gets deformed. Therefore the structure
should be designed in such a manner that it should be able to resist shaking intensity without causing any
damage to the structures. Linear and Nonlinear analysis of a 10 storey, 20 storeys and 30 storey steel
frame structure is analyzed in our study and their response to seismic forces have been evaluated. The
project analysis have been accomplished with the supervision of Indian Standard Codes like IS: 1893-
2002(earthquake load), IS: 875-1987(wind load). Storey wise displacement, base shear have been
examined in this study along with identification of critical sections to compare the seismic performance of
different types of structures under consideration. The formation of plastic hinges at different locations of
the structures has been as curtained in this study to identify the weakest sections of the examined
structures.
2. MODELLING OF STEEL FRAMES
A 10 storey, 20 storey and 30 storey steel frames have been modeled using SAP2000 software.
The three different steel frame structures have been subjected to different types of bracing systems like
Knee braces, Inverted Knee braces and Eccentric braces to investigate the resistance of the structures to
lateral seismic forces are shown in fig.1.The modelling structure is an unsymmetrical structure with 5bays
in x-direction and 3bays in y-direction.

Fig.1 steel frame structure

3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The material properties assigned to the steel frame structures have been enlisted in the table.1.
ISMB and ISWB sections have been utilized for the modeling and analysis of columns whereas only
ISMB section is used for the case of beams. Angle sections (ISA) have been imparted in analysis of the
different types of bracing systems analyzed and properties of materials.

Storey
Column Size Beam Size Bracing Size
Level
10 ISMB 250 ISMB 350 ISA 100 X 100 X 12

20 ISWB 450 ISMB 350 ISA 100 X 100 X 12

30 ISWB 400 ISMB 450 ISA 100 X 100 X 10

Table.1 Material properties

4. LINEAR ANALYSIS
Linear analysis involves the Time history analysis of the structure. A full time history will give
the response of the structure over a time period during and after the application of the load. In the case of
linear analysis forces and displacements are evaluated with the aid of modal analysis. Time history
analysis gives the final displacement values of the structure up to the point of limit of proportionality and
their displacement values in X and Y direction of its different storey level with various types of bracings
are shown in table.2 and 3.

Inverted V- Eccen Back

Storey X-Bracing V-Bracing
Bracing Bracing
10 0.0008 0.0024 0.0005 -0.0119
20 0.0063 0.0075 0.0072 0.0059
30 0.0100 0.0133 0.0107 0.0849

Table.2 Displacement in X-direction

Inverted V- Eccen Back

Storey X-Bracing V-Bracing
Bracing Bracing
10 -0.0011 0.0024 0.0066 -0.0119
20 0.0063 0.0075 0.0072 0.0059
30 0.0100 0.0133 0.0107 0.0010

Table.3 Displacement in Y-Direction

5. NON LINEAR ANALYSIS

In SAP2000, Static Nonlinear analysis is done by using the method of Pushover analysis. In this
analysis, a structure will be subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement controlled
sideways load pattern which continuously rises through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate
point is reached. Deformation of push over analysis shown in fig.2.

Fig.2 Deformation of push over analysis

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 X-Direction Displacement:
In the case of displacement in X-direction it could be found that for all 10 storey,20 storey
and 30 storey of steel structures, the provision of X-bracings or Inverted V-bracings tend to be effective
as the deformation is very less with these two types of bracing systems when compared with other two
bracing systems are shown in fig.3.

0.1
Displacement(m) 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40
-0.02
Storey
X-Bracing V-Bracing
inverted V Eccen Back

Fig.3 Displacement in X-direction

6.2 Y-Direction Displacement:

When analyzing the displacement in Y-direction we could infer that the provision of X bracings
and Eccentric back bracing systems provide very less displacement values when compared to that of
other bracing systems are shown in fig.4.

0.015
0.01
Displacement(m)

0.005
0
0 10 20 30 40
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
Storey

X-Bracing V-Bracing
inverted V Eccen Back

Fig.4 Displacement in Y-direction

 6.3 Base Shear:

The calculations of base shear values in both X and Y direction with the aid of four
different types of bracing systems evaluated in three different steel structural systems are shown in
fig.5,6&7.

 In the 10 storey structure it is found that the maximum base shear occurs when the structure is
provided with X bracing
and eccentric back bracings whereas the shear value is much low when the structure is provided
with other two types of bracings.
 When the 20 storey structure was analyzed it was found that maximum shear value occurs when
the structure is provided with Eccentric Back bracing system and that of the minimum value when
V-bracing system is provided.
 The base reactions in the case of 30 storey structure show that the maximum reaction occurs
when the structure is provided with Eccentric Back bracing system and that of minimum value
when V-bracing is provided.

250
200
150
100
Base Reaction (kN)

50
0
-50 0 2 4 6
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
Type of Bracing

Maximum Minimum

Fig.5 Type-1 building (10 Storey)

 400

300

200

Base Reaction(kN)
100

0
0 2 4 6
-100

-200

-300

-400

Type of Bracing
Maximum Minimum

Fig.6 Type-2 Building (20 Storeys)

1200
1000
800
600
Base Reaction (kN)

400
200
0
-200 0 2 4 6

-400
-600
-800
-1000
Type of Bracing

Maximum Minimum

Fig.7 Type-3 Building (30 Storeys)

 6.4 EFFECT OF HINGE FORMATION:

The process of plastic hinge formation is analyzed hereby in this study with the Push over analysis are
shown in fig 8, 9 & 10. The location of plastic hinges represents the weakest sections in the structure and
adequate care could be taken while designing that particular sections.

Eccen Back Inverted V V-Bracing X-Bracing

Fig.8 Formation of hinges in 10 Storey

Eccen Back Inverte-v V-Bracing X-Bracing

Fig.9 Formation of hinges in 20 Storey

Eccen Back Inverted v V-Bracing X-Bracing

Fig.10 Formation of hinges in 30 storeys

 7. CONCLUSION
For analyzing the steel frame structure different type of bracing systems with different
load patterns have been incorporated in our study. We hereby conclude that the use of X-
bracing and inverted v type of bracing is giving less deformation and base reaction comparing to
other type of bracings. While going for tall structures, we should adopt the build-up sections for
columns and for beams normal type section is sufficient and for bracing angle section is enough
to resist the lateral forces. By the provision of braces, the moment gets released in continuous
form and therefore the stresses get distributed evenly throughout the structure which leads to
negligible deformation in the structures. Our chosen section is unsymmetrical section so that the
deformation is not varying that much in both the direction.

8.REFERENCE

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3. Kim Jinkoo.,Seo Youngil.,2003.” Seismic design of steel structures with buckilng-restrained knee
braces,” Journal of constructional steel research.59(2003), pp.1477-1497

4. Kim Jinkoo.,Seo Youngil.,2003.” Seismic design of low rise frames with bckling restrained
braces,” Jornal of engineering structures.26(2004), pp.543-551

5. A.Charilaos.,Psycharis.N.Loannis.,2013.” Effect of higher modes on the seismic response and

design of moment resisting RC frame structures,” Journal of engineering structures.56(2013), pp.417-430

6. G.Navya.,Agarwal Pankaj.,2016.” Seismic retrofitting of strctures by steel bracings,” Journal of

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7. FalborskiTomasz.,Jankowski Robert.,2016.” Numerical evaluation of dynamic response of a steel

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