NUMERICAL MODELING OF CONFINED DEEP BEAM

WITH HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE.

Syahril Taufik1, Elia Anggarini2, Ichwan Setiawan2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 70123
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Muhammadiyah University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 70114

ABSTRACT
Most deep beam collapse is dominated by the shear collapse, where the collapse is brittle.
Until now, the most effective way to improve the ductility of the concrete is with
confinement. Confinement is required to anticipate the occurrence of direct crack on the
beam caused by quite large shear forces.
Testing models of deep beam high strength concrete is done gradually by giving a
variation of concrete strength in phase I, then phase II is to approach the distance of confinent
bar, while the compressive strength of concrete used is based on the highest value of ductility
curvature in the earlier testing phase, and pattern of phase III that will occur is due to
extensive additional reinforcement, while the compressive strength of concrete and stirrups
rarely stay the same. The load applied is two points loads with the same loading on all three
phases. Then, analyzing of the deep beam is to be done with and without reinforcement side,
and also an analysis of the resilience of the beam to calculate the extent of the area under the
graph between force-displacement. Overall analysis to obtain ductility values ≥ 4 which is a
requisite ductility for gravity loads. 3D modeling using ANSYS FEA full scale, with the
material properties of concrete using SOLID65 and steel reinforcement using SOLID45.
The FEA ANSYS results shows that the value of the deflection, stress, toughness, crack
patterns and load bearing of the deep beam increases. The collapses that happened are all
flexural collapse (press) on the loading area of the plate, so that the final collapse of the
pattern is determined by brittle shear collapse. The condition occurred on high beam first
crack was already considered a collapse, the density of reinforcement and the additional
distance comprehensive reinforcement bar is most effective in terms of adding high ductility
of high strength concrete beams. The increasing ductility that occurs reaches up to 250% by
increasing the area of strain reinforcement. At deep beam that use by the stirrup
reinforcement ultimate capacity, toughness and ductility index increase significantly.
Keywords: numerical modelling, ANSYS, deep beam, brittle, confinement, high strength
concrete, ductility, toughnes

INTRODUCTION
Background
In high beam, the dominant collapse is shear collapse, where collapse is brittle without a
warning in the form of significant deflection. Shear collapse is caused by shear forces which
result in sloping cracks in the beam, and after this crack occurs, the shear force transfer
mechanism will be contributed by arching action. This action can provide a quite large
reserve capacity of the beam in carrying the burden (Sudarsana, 2006). Until now, the most

1
effective way to increase the ductility of concrete is to provide confinement (Park and Paulay,
1974). Restraints are needed to anticipate the emergence of cracks directly on the beam
caused by a fairly large shear force. High quality concrete has high strength but low ductility,
so special efforts are needed to improve ductility performance to be more earthquake
resistant. Therefore, to study the high beam behavior of high quality concrete with restraint,
this study was conducted using finite element method analysis with the help of computational
software programs.

Research Purpose
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1. Analyzing the behavior of high-quality concrete beams using finite element modeling
with the help of computational software programs.
2. Analyzing the value of curvature ductility in high-quality concrete beams that are
influenced by restraint.

Restraint Basic Theory

The use of stirrups will increase the strength of the beam because the stirrup will carry most
of the cross-sectional shear force, the stirrup will hold back the development of the width of
the crack diagonal and the cone that is quite tight will tie the concrete. Reinforced concrete
will increase in strength when restrained. One of the factors that might influence curvature
ductility is restraint (Whittaker, 2000), where restraint is closely related to the reinforcement
ratio.

High Beam
The definition of high beam according to ACI Code 318-2008 is a beam that has a net span
ratio (ln) equal to or less than four times the overall height of the beam (h) for even loading
or twice the effective height of the beam (2d) from the front of the placement for beams with
centralized loading (Wight, 2009). Or beams that have a short sliding span with a ratio of the
sliding range / effective height (a / d) of less than 2.0 for beams with simple support (simply
supported beam) or less than 2.5 for beams that have a long span ( continuous beam) (Park,
1975). Whereas according to Nawy, the definition of high beam is a beam that has an
effective shear / height span ratio (a / d) not exceeding 2.0 and 2.5 where the sliding span is a
net span of beam for evenly distributed loads with a centralized load and less than 5, 0 for
evenly distributed loads.
High Quality Reinforced Concrete
High quality concrete is concrete which has high compressive strength, durability and high
ability to various environmental conditions. High quality concrete also has a high modulus of
elity, low permeability and resistance to attack from some damage (Neville and Aitcin, 1997).
According to its strength classification, high quality concrete with a compressive strength of
50 MPa to 80 MPa and high quality concrete with compressive strength of more than 80
MPa.

2
 The graph of the high quality stress and strain relationship between Popovics' proposals can
be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The Popovics Proposed High Quality Concrete Strain Graph (1973)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted with the help of ANSYS version 9.0 computing software. In
modeling, 3D full scale solid elements will be carried out for all elements. The results of the
analysis will be obtained in the form of nodal displacement, elements forces and moments,
deflection, and stress contour diagrams. In addition, crack patterns will occur in the first
crack and ultimate crack (ultimate crack). The description of types elements for high beam
ANSYS input can be seen in Figure 2.

Tumpuan Beban Tulangan Baja Tekan

SOLID45 SOLID45
Balok Beton
SOLID65

Tulangan Geser Baja

SOLID45

Tulangan Baja Tarik

Tumpuan Balok SOLID45
SOLID45

Figure 2 Element Types for ANSYS Input

Table 1. Data on Reinforced Concrete Beam Model Models in ANSYS

Materia
Elemen Dimensi Element Type
l
Beton Balok 800 mm x 400mm SOLID 65
Tulangan Tarik 1D22 (As=628 mm2)
Baja SOLID 45
Tulangan Tekan 1D12 (As=628 mm2)
Baja Tulangan Geser 6-125 mm SOLID 45
Baja Tumpuan/Tumpuan Beban 200 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm SOLID 45

3
The configuration of the reinforced concrete beam model can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Configuration of Reinforced Concrete Beam Model (L = 1600 mm)

fc’ Tul. Tul.

Kode Tul. Tarik Tul. Tekan
(MPa) Longitudinal Sengkang
EA.BT.M1.65 65
EA.BT.M1.70 70
1D22 1D12 N/A Ø6-215
EA.BT.M1.80 80
EA.BT.M1.90 90
EA.BT.M2.90 90 1D22 1D12 N/A Ø6-75

EA.BT.M3.90 90 1D22 1D12 1Ø12 Ø6-75

EA.BT.M3a.90 Ø8-75
EA.BT.M3b.90 2Ø6-75
90 1D22 1 12 2Ø12
EA.BT.M3c.90 2Ø8-75
EA.BT.M4.90 Ø6-75
EA-BT-Mx-y
Description: EA = Elia Anggarini; BT = High Beam (Beam Type Implementation of High Quality
Concrete Beams); M x = Variation of stirrup reinforcement; and y = concrete compressive strength
variation (65 MPa, 70 MPa, 80 MPa and 90 MPa)

Figure 3 Validation and Model High Beams

Table 3. Input material for the SOLID65 (concrete) model

Linear Isotropic
Modulus Elastisitas 30374 MPa Rumus Modifikasi Usulan Dr. K. M. Nemati

4
 Poisson Rasio 0,20 HSC
Multininear Kinematic Hardening
Strain (c) Stress (fc) Grafik
0,00042 12,756
0,00055 17,003
0,00083 25,454 80.00

0,00111 33,741 70.00

0,00137 41,621
0,00149 45,292 60.00
0,00160 48,702
0,00170 51,782 50.00
0,00179 54,461

Stress
40.00
0,00160 48,702
0,00170 51,782 30.00
0,00179 54,461
0,00186 56,67 20.00
0,00192 58,35
0,00195 59,456 10.00

0,00252 59,964 0.00

0,00266 58,344 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004
0,00294 50,101 Strain
0,00042 12,756
Concrete65
Open shear transfer coefficient 0,20
Closed shear transfer coefficient 1,00
Uniaxial cracking stress 4,5701 0.59 x √fc'
Uniaxial crushing stress 60 fc’
Tensile crack factor 0,60

Table 4. Input of model material SOLID45 (Reinforced Steel)

Linear Isotropic
Modulus Elastisitas Baja 200000
Poisson Rasio 0,30
Bilinear Isotropic Hardening
Tegangan leleh Baja, fy (Tul. Utama Ø 22 mm) 585
Tegangan leleh Baja, fy (Tul. Utama Ø 12 mm) 433
Tegangan leleh Baja, fy (Tul. Sengkang Ø 6 mm) 397

Table 5. Input of SOLID45 model material (Base and Loading Plate)

Linear Isotropic
Modulus Elastisitas Baja 200000 Kondisi Linier
Poisson Rasio 0,30

5
RESULTS OF MODEL ANALYSIS OF HIGH BEAM BMT ELEMENTS
Deflection Test Result
The results of the High Quality Concrete Concrete High beam deflection test using FEA
ANSYS can be seen in Figure 4 through Figure 6 below.
5.00
4.50
4.00
Lendutan Maksimal (mm)
(midspan - serat bawah)

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Kuat Tekan Beton fc' (MPa)
mm
mm
mm
mm

Figure 4 Maximum Deflection in Phase I Testing

The results of the High Quality Concrete Concrete Concrete Block High Test in Phase I
resulted in a not so significant increase in deflection value.
7.00
Lendutan Maksimal (mm)
(Midspan - Serat Bawah)

6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Jarak Sengkang (mm)
mm

mm

mm

mm

Figure 5 Maximum Deflection in Phase II Testing

6
The results of the High Beam Concrete High Quality Concrete Concrete Test in Phase II
produce a deflection value that is also variable. But in certain beam models deflection values
increase significantly.
12.00

Lendutan UMaksimal (mm)

(Midspan - Serat Bawah)
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Luas Tulangan Sengkang (mm2)
mm

mm

mm

mm

Figure 6 Maximum Deflection in Phase III Testing

The results of the High Quality Concrete Concrete Block High Test deflection in Phase III
resulted in a deflection value that increased significantly.
Endurance Test Result
For the results of the endurance analysis in high quality concrete high beam models can be
seen in Table 5 below.
Table 5. Value of Resilience Index in High Beam Models
A A+B Indek
Kode Model (Satuan (Satuan Ketahana
Luas) Luas) n
1 2 3 4 = 3/2
EA-BT-M1-65 31,196 1389 45,524
EA-BT-M1-70 28,441 1326 47,622
EA-BT-M1-80 26,111 1586 61,740
EA-BT-M1-90 23,004 1643 72,422
EA-BT-M2-90 15,612 1445 93,557
EA-BT-M3-90 15,628 1338 86,615
EA-BT-M3a-90 16,581 2413 146,528
EA-BT-M3b-90 25,070 2834 114,034
EA-BT-M3c-90 15,770 4799 305,273
EA-BT-M4-90 15,560 454 30,180

7
The results of high quality concrete beam high strength testing using FEA ANSYS were
carried out with variations in concrete compressive strength (high quality), stirrup
reinforcement distance and reinforcement area increasing the value of the resistance index.
By increasing the stirrup reinforcement area the value of the resistance index increases
significantly.
Curvature Ductility Test Result
The results of high beam curvature ductility testing of high quality concrete
concrete using FEA ANSYS can be seen in Figure 7 below.

14.0

12.0
Daktilitas Kurvatur

10.0

8.0
Syarat Beban Gravitasi μφ ≥4
6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
High Beam Model with Variation in Concrete Quality, Sengkang Distance and Sengkang
Reinforcement Area

Figure 7 Graph of Curvature Ductility in All Beam Models

8
From Figure 7, it can be seen that the high beam basically has a curvature ductility value of
less than 4 (the condition for gravity loads) which causes high beams to be brittle. However,
increasing the value of the sengksang reinforcement area causes a significant increase in the
value of ductility.
Hasil Pengujian Tegangan Beton dan Tulangan Baja
The results of stress testing on High Quality Concrete Concrete High Beams using FEA
ANSYS can be concluded that concrete stresses and steel reinforcement in high beams have a
stress value dominated by compressive stress so that the final collapse pattern is determined
by brittle shear failure.
The results of the stress analysis on high quality concrete high beams on variations in
concrete quality, stirrup distance and reinforcement area can be seen in Table 6 below.
Table 6. UltimateVoyage Value on High Beam Model
Peningkata
Tegangan
n
Kode Model Beton Retak
Tegangan
Ultimit
Ultimit
fc’ (MPa) (MPa) (%)
EA-BT-M1-65 65 64,744 0,00
EA-BT-M1-70 70 72,100 11,36
EA-BT-M1-80 80 84,290 30,18
EA-BT-M1-90 90 85,551 32,13
EA-BT-M2-90 90 85,579 32,18
EA-BT-M3-90 90 96,599 49,20
EA-BT-M3a-90 90 90,144 39,23
EA-BT-M3b-90 90 90,688 40,07
EA-BT-M3c-90 90 97,299 50,28
EA-BT-M4-90 90 71,459 10,37

From Table 6, it can be seen by varying the quality of concrete, the distance of stirrups and
increasing the area of stirrup reinforcement which causes the stresses that occur in high
beams to increase too.
Test Results for Beam Crack Patterns
For an explanation of the crack pattern that generally occurs in high beams can be seen in
Figure 8. Retak Tekan dan Geser
(Pertama dan Kedua)

Retak Lentur
(Pertama, Kedua dan Ketiga)

9
 Figure 8 Crack Pattern at the Ultimate Load in Phase I Testing
It can be seen in Figure 4.5 that the first crack occurred in the middle tensile area in the
form of a flexible crack and in the press area at the position of plate loading in the form of a
compressive crack, then as the load steped the cracks in the beam sliding area occurred
cracking, cracking gradually spreading angles that occur between placement to plate loading,
the crack pattern angles when the ultimate load forms an angle between 45o to 65o which
causes collapse in the form of shear failure which causes brittle collapse.
Table 7. Percentage of Cracks Due to Testing
ANSYS
Volume Prosentas Reduksi
Beban
Volume Beton e Volume
Kode Model Pult
Retakan Balok Retak Retak
(kN) 3
(mm ) Tinggi (%) (%)
3
(mm )
7
EA-BT-M1-65 450 kN 4,267 x 10 5,120 x 107 83,33 0,000
EA-BT-M1-70 480 kN 4,523 x 107 5,120 x 107 88,33 5,660
7 7
EA-BT-M1-80 510 kN 4,864 x 10 5,120 x 10 95,00 12,284
EA-BT-M1-90 540 kN 5,035 x 107 5,120 x 107 98,33 15,254
EA-BT-M2-90 510 kN 4.960 x 107 5,120 x 107 96,88 13,986
EA -BT-M3-90 570 kN 5.117 x 107 5,120 x 107 99,93 16,611
EA-BT-M3a-90 540 kN 4,901 x 107 5,120 x 107 95,72 12,944
EA-BT-M3b-90 528 kN 4,987 x 107 5,120 x 107 97,41 14,454
EA-BT-M3c-90 600 kN 5,088 x 107 5,120 x 107 99,38 16,150
EA-BT-M4-90 540 kN 5,040 x 107 5,120 x 107 98,44 15,349

From Table 7, it can be seen by varying the quality of concrete, the distance of stirrups and
increasing the area of stirrups causing the fracture volume to bind, even when the highest
load of concrete is broken 100%.
Testing Results of the Effect of Side Reinforcement
The results of deflection testing, curvature ductility and stress on high-quality high beam
concrete without and with side reinforcement using FEA ANSYS can be seen in Figure 9
through Figure 11 below:

10
 7.00

6.00

(Midspan - Serat Bawah)

Lendutan Ultimit (mm)
5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
Jarak Sengkang (mm)
4,49 mm

6,14 mm

Figure 9 Comparison of Beam Ultima without and With Side Reinforcement

90.0
80.0
70.0
Tegangan Ultimit (MPa)

60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Jarak Sengkang (mm)
82,98 MPa

83,88 MPa

Figure 10 Comparison of the Beam's Ultimate Voltage Without and With Side Reinforcement

11
 3.50

3.00

Daktilitas Kurvatur
2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
Jarak Sengkang (mm)
2,295

3,313

Figure 11 Comparison of Beam Ductility Without and With Side Reinforcement

From Figure 9 to Figure 11 can be seen by adding side reinforcement on a beam

will increase the strength of the beam in terms of deflection, curvature ductility and
voltage, but the increase that occurs is not too significant only ranges from 10 to 20
percent.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis carried out on high quality concrete high beam models
with variations in the distance and diameter of the stirrup can be summarized as follows:
1. The results of deflection values, stress values, crack patterns and the strength of a high
beam based on the analysis using FEA ANSYS increase with increasing concrete
compressive strength, stirrup reinforcement area and close the distance between stirrups.
2. The addition of side reinforcement affects the strength of the high beam, the more the
side reinforcement increases the load that can be retained, the high beam voltage and
ductility increase.
3. The value of ductility will not increase significantly by only changing the quality of
concrete and adding longitudinal reinforcement, whereas by making variable changes on
the stirrup reinforcement such as close the distance and increase longitudinal
reinforcement and increase the diameter of the stirrup reinforcement will greatly affect
the value of ductility. So, the addition of shear reinforcement and increase the diameter
of the stirrup reinforcement is most effective in increasing ductility in high beams.

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