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Department of IE & M
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore-560060
Diffusion
• The migration of atoms from their original lattice site in a crystal structure
to other sites is referred as diffusion.
DIFFUSION MECHANISMS
Diffusion is just the stepwise migration of atoms from lattice site to lattice site.
(2) the atom must have sufficient energy to break bonds with its neighbor
atoms and then cause some lattice distortion during the displacement.
DIFFUSION MECHANISMS
• Vacancy Diffusion
• Interstitial Diffusion
Vacancy Diffusion
• Diffusion Flux (J), defined as the mass (or, the number of atoms) ‘M’
'diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit cross-sectional area of solid
per unit time.
It states that, the flux of atoms ‘J’ moving across a unit surface area in unit time is
Proportional to the concentration gradient.
D = D0 e(-Q/RT)
1. Temperature
2. Crystal structure
3. APF
4. Grain boundaries
5. Grain size
6. Atomic Size
7. Concentration Gradient
List of Formulae
List of Formulae
Examples
1. Calculate the value of the diffusivity D in m2/s for the diffusion of carbon in
ɣ- iron (FCC) at 972°C. Use values D0 = 2.0x10-5 m2/s, Q = 142 KJ/mol and
R =8.314 J/mol.k
2. The diffusivity of copper atoms in FCC copper lattice is 8.0x10-21 m2/s at 400°C and
6.0x 10-15 m2/s at 800°C. calculate the activation energy in J/mol for the diffusion of
copper atoms in FCC copper lattice in this temperature range, given R=8.314 J/mol.k
3. Calculate the diffusion rate of carbon in iron at 700°C assuming the constants
A=4.9 x 10-5m2/s and E =153.2 KJ/mol.
Examples
4. A steel tank in a process industry contains nitrogen at 400K and a constant pressure
of 15 atm. Vacuum exists outside the tank. Nitrogen concentration at the inner
surface of the tank is equal to 12kg/m3. The constant D0 and activation energy for the
diffusion process between nitrogen and steel are 5 x 10-7 m2/s and 75 KJ/mol.
Calculate the rate at which nitrogen escapes through the tank wall. Tank wall is 6mm
thick.
Examples
5. A surface of steel gear is made of 1020 steel (0.2% C) is to be carburized at 927°C.
calculate the time required to increase the carbon content to 0.4% at 1mm
below the surface if the carbon potential at surface is 1.2 wt%.
Take erf(0.9) = 0.8