See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319509188

Application of the Tuned Mass Damper Concept

to the Modelling of Pedestrian-Structure
Interaction

Conference Paper · September 2017

DOI: 10.24904/footbridge2017.09512

CITATIONS READS

0 52

4 authors, including:

Elsa De Sa Caetano Cássio Gaspar

University of Porto Rio de Janeiro State University
121 PUBLICATIONS 1,698 CITATIONS 16 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Carlos Moutinho
University of Porto
38 PUBLICATIONS 349 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Human Induced Vibrations in Footbridges View project

International Symposium on Structural Integrity of Old Steel Bridges (ISSI-Bridges 2017) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Cássio Gaspar on 26 September 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

10.24904//footbridge
e2017.0951
12

APPLICATION OF
O THE TUNED
T M
MASS DA
AMPER CONCEP
C PT
TO THE MODEL
LLING OF
F PEDES
STRIAN-S
STRUCTU
URE INT
TERACTIO
ON

Elsa CAETA
ANO sio GASPAR
Cáss R José
J G. SAN
NTOS SILVA
A

CONSTRUC CT/FEUP Struc

ctural Eng. De
ept. Structural
S En g. Dept.
University o
of Porto State Univ. Rio de
e Janeiro – UERJ
U State
S Univ. R
Rio de Janeiro – UERJ
Porto, Portu
ugal Rio de Janeiro, B razil Rio
R de Janeirro, Brazil
ecaetano@
@fe.up.pt cassio.gaspar@fe
e.up.pt jg
gss@uerj.br

UTINHO
Carlos MOU
CONSTRUC CT/FEUP
University o
of Porto
Porto, Portu
ugal
moutinho@
@fe.up.pt

Summary
This paper investigates the effect off crowd walkiing in the dynamic response of a foottbridge. For this purpose e,
the modal p parameters of o a single waalking pedesttrian are idenntified on the
e basis of thee measureme ent of the
applied loadd and body acceleration.
a These param meters are thhen extended d to the charracterization of a crowd.
Noticing thaat the mass ratio,
r frequenncy and dam ping of crow wds are of thee same orderr of magnitud de of the
parameters of tuned ma ass dampers, an analogyy is establishe ed to explainn that pedesttrians can acct as tuned
mass damp pers and conttribute to dec crease the dyynamic response with regard to that tthat would be predicted
on the basiss of an indep pendent application of loa ading. Since tuned mass dampers aree only effectiive for near-
resonant co onditions, it may
m also be expected
e thaat pedestrian-structure intteraction cann only be rele
evant for
certain rangges of freque ency. This fac
ct is actually observed by y comparing the loads appplied by one e pedestrian
on a rigid pllatform and on
o a vibratingg surface, ne ear or at reso
onance. How wever, as connsequence of o the
modelling oof the crowd asa a series ofo tuned masss dampers, it is additiona ally concludeed that the most
important asspect of the crowd influence correspo onds to the added
a damping.

Keywords: human-stru
ucture interac
ction; vertica
al vibration; biodynamic
b models;
m dynaamic testing

1. Introduction
Following wwell-known evvents of pede estrian inducced vibrations in relevant footbridges,, intensive re esearch
programs have been co onducted all over
o the worlld aiming at characterisin
c ng accuratelyy the actions induced by
pedestrianss on footbridg
ges and at de efining accep g to specific aaspects, as the
ptability criteria according t function
and expecte ed use. Whe en dealing witth footbridgee design, bes sides the typiical uncertainnties related with the
accurate chharacterisatio
on of bounda ary conditionss or with the definition of the actual sttructural dammping, the
transfer of the characterrization of the
e single pede estrian loadss to an equivalent crowd loading beco omes
problematicc, as issues regarding
r syn
nchronization
n between pe edestrians or synchronizzation betwee en
pedestrianss and the footbridge may lead to comp ent load scales and to ann unrealistic response
pletely differe
prediction. T
This is particcularly enhan
nced by the fa
act that struc
ctural dampinng is usually very low and d the loads
induced by pedestrians have a nearr-deterministiic and often a near-reson nant characteer.
In former studies and standards add dressing foot bridges, for example
e 2 the loadss induced by single
[1, 2],
pedestrianss were treated as determiinistic functio
ons with perioodic characteer. Recent reesearch workks have
used informmation from studies on the e biomechan nics of the hu
uman body and, with diffeerent levels of
o
simplificatio ness and da mping have been introdu
on, pedestrian mass, stiffn uced in the c haracterization of
human indu uced loads [3
3-8].
Consideringg the domina ant mass of thhe footbridge e mass of thee pedestrian crowd, it is
e by comparison with the
understanda able that the
e properties of
o the footbrid t dynamic behaviour off the system. However,
dge govern the
as in any asssociation of a primary sttructural systtem with a su
ubsystem, internal resonaances may define
d
ranges of frequencies where
w considerable intera action occurss.
The concep pt behind the present papper lies on th e fact that th
he crowd can n be simulateed by means of an
equivalent mmass, frequeency and dam mping, whose e values are defined in ra anges that innclude the typical values
of the param
meters used in the design n of tuned m ass dampers s (TMDs). Th herefore, peddestrians can n be treated
as tuned ma ass damperss. Since TMD Ds are only eeffective in neear-resonantt conditions, it is then exp pected that
the presencce of a crowdd may also coontribute to tthe mitigation
n of the dynaamic responsse of the foottbridge with
regard to that obtained from
f an indeependent load ding of the structure, as long
l as the nnatural frequency lies
close to the footbridge natural
n ency. In the light of this concept,
freque c econd aspectt can be perc
a se ceived: for
the ranges oof frequencie
es where inteernal resona nces occur, the dynamic interaction bbetween the pedestrian/
crowd and tthe structure increases and may mod dify the chara acteristics of the applied lloads themse elves.
This paper ppresents expperimentally determined ccharacteristic cs of one waalking pedesttrian and use es them to
investigate tthe ranges of
o effectivene
ess of interacction with a fo
ootbridge. Ussing a lively ffootbridge ass example,
measuring ssimultaneoussly the load applied
a by th
he walking pe edestrian, the
e acceleratioon of the peddestrian, and
the footbridg
ge response e, an estimation of the effe
fect of the pe
edestrian-struucture interacction is obtaiined and
discussed.

2. amic charac
Dyna cteristics of walking ped
destrian loads for vertic
cal vibration
ns
The statisticcal characterrisation of the
e vertical com uced by a sinngle walking pedestrian
mponent of the force indu
has been m made in the litterature and is the basis for the load models employed in the most recent
recommend dations and guidelines
g [9, 10]. For the
e purpose of the present paper, it is reelevant to ob
btain a directt
characterisa oad applied by the pedesstrian in two different con
ation of the lo nditions: on a rigid surface; and on a
flexible vibra
ating surfacee.

2.1 Estim
mation of ap
pplied force
The direct m
measuremen nt of walking pedestrian lo
oads is not straightforwar
s rd considerinng the nature e of the
motion. Thee most precisse characterisation of succh loads is based on the direct measuurement of th he ground
b the walking person on an instrume
reaction forcce induced by ented platform
m. Clearly, thhis is not eas
sy to
measurementts of the force applied on
achieve if m n the actual fo
ootbridge are
e envisaged..
In the prese
ent work, an intermediate e methodolog gy was follow
wed to charac cterise the foorces applied
d by the
pedestrian, using simulttaneously an instrumente ed plate embbedded in a rigid platform , and a pair of
o foot
sensors devveloped for biomechanica
b ns [11] (Fig. 1). Each of the latter sennsors is formed by eight
al application
pressure ceells that are in
nterposed be
etween the fo oot and the shoe.
s
When walking along the e platform witth the two insstrumented shoes,
s a time
e record of thhe sum of the e pressures
applied by eeach foot is obtained.
o Oc ccasionally, th
he foot will hit
h the plate in
nstrumented with three lo oad cells, in
which case the total forcce is measurred and corre elated with th
he time recorrd of pressurres for the pa articular
steps in whiich the foot hit
h the platforrm. Repeatin ng the proces ss for a serie
es of 10 stepss, it is possib
ble to obtain
a descriptio
on of the applied load and d an estimate e of an equivvalent area to
o apply to thee pressure lo oad record.
This proced dure is illustra
ated in Fig. 2,
2 with the reepresentation n of simultaneeous force aand pressure measured
for 10 stepss of the right foot of one person
p walkinng at 2.3 Hz.. From a linear regressionn of the force e –pressure
relation asssociated with each step, an a equivalen t area is estimated and applied
a to thee pressure re ecord. A
relatively go
ood reconstittution of the force
f applied
d in each step is achieved
d. Table 1 syystematises the
t average
parameters estimated fo or the walking frequencie es of 2 Hz an
nd 2.3 Hz.

(a) (d)

(b) c)
(c (e)
Fig. 1. Instru
rumentation for
f measurem ment of appliied force andd pressure when
w walkingg on a rigid pllatform, a)
force platforrm mounted on a set of th hree load ce
ells, b) piezoe
electric accellerometer, c)) rigid platforrm and
instrumente ed person, d)) foot sensorrs, e) mountin
ng of foot sen
nsors
1200 150

1000
Pressure (N/cm )
2

100
800
Force (N)

600
50
400

200 0

-200 -50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Time (s) Time (s)
150 1000
Experimental data
a Force plate
Linear fitting Insole
800
Pressure (N/cm )
2

100
600
Force (N)

50 400

200
0

-50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 -200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fo
orce (N)
Time (s)

Fig. 2. Force (top, left) and

a pressure e (top, right) rrecorded for the right step for a singlee pedestrian walking at
2,3 Hz. Corrrelation presssure- force for
f one step (bottom, left)) and comparison betweeen reconstitu uted and
measured foforce for one step (bottomm, right)
 Walkking Riight foot Left foot
frequency Area (cm2) R-square ea (cm2)
Are R-squ
uare
Average 7.15 0.945 12.8
81 0.937
Stand.-devv. 2 Hz
2.0 0.49 0.059 0.44
4 0.067
Coef. Var. 0.07 0.063 0.03
3 0.071
Average 7.51 0.925 12.2
24 0.908
Stand.-devv. 2 Hz
2.3 0.27 0.018 0.40
0 0.081
Coef. Var. 0.04 0.019 0.03
3 0.089
Table 1. Pa
arameters of the identified
d footsteps
The test abo ove describeed was used therefore ass a calibration n of the pressure sensorss for the two selected
walking freqquencies. It was
w then pos ssible to obtaain an estimaate of the force applied byy the pedesttrian
considering different waalking surfacees: the rigid p
platform at th
he laboratoryy, and a flexibble surface,
correspondiing to a livelyy footbridge located at th e university campus (Fig g. 3). For the latter, two co
onditions
e corresponding to walkin
were furtherr tested, one ng on the briddge during a relatively buusy time, and d the other
referring to walking on the empty strructure.

estrian walkin
Fig. 3. Pede ng over emp
pty footbridge
e instrumente
ed with accellerometer annd foot senso
ors

2.2 Charracteristics of
o FEUP foo
otbridge
The selecte ed footbridge is a stress-rribbon structuure formed byb two spans of 28 m andd 30 m. The structure
s
has been exxtensively tested [12] and d has been p permanently monitored since 2009 [1 3]. The records of
acceleration n along the bridge
b collectted during th e pedestrian n tests were therefore
t anaalysed in ord
der to obtain
the current ffirst modal parameters
p fo
or the vertica
al direction (itt is remarked
d that the dynnamic behav viour of this
footbridge iss highly depe endent on the temperatu re, with a ran nge of variation of naturaal frequenciess reaching
15% for som me of the vib
bration modes s). These aree summarise ed in Table 2.2 This table sshows that fo
or the
selected wa alking span of
o 28 m (rightt span in the figures of Ta able 2), two vibration
v moddes contribute
significantlyy to the dynamic response e, at the sele
ected walking g frequencies of 2.08 Hz and 2.3 Hz. Despite the
closeness, n no actual ressonance occurs for a 2 H Hz walking freequency. On the contraryy, walking at 2.3 Hz
produces a resonant ressponse.
Mode no. Identified frequency
f Identified
d damping ratio
r Modal conffiguration
(Hzz) (%)
1 0.9447 1.1

2 2.0
03 0.47

3 2.0
08 0.45

4 2.3
30 0.92

Table 2. Footbridge mod

dal paramete
ers: instantan
neous identiffication
2.3 Identtification of human-stru
ucture intera
action on the FEUP foottbridge
Fig. 4 show
ws the superp position of the applied loads when walk
e estimated a king on the riggid platform in the
laboratory, oor on the foo
otbridge at a busy time, w
with clearly pe brations (maaximum acceleration
erceptible vib
0.44 m/s2, rr.m.s. 0.059 m/s
m 2), or on the
t empty fo ootbridge (ma aximum acce eleration 0.244 m/s2, r.m.ss. 0.019
m/s2).
It is relevant to notice th
hat, for the walking frequeency of 2 Hz, the amplitude of the appplied force iss very
similar for th
he three described conditions. Howevver, for the re esonant walk king frequenccy of 2.27 Hzz, it can be
noticed thatt the amplitud de of the appplied force sl ightly reduce
es with the in
ncrease of am
mplitude of vibration
v of
the surface..
The represe entation in Fiig. 4 of the body acceleraation as a fun
nction of the applied forcee shows thatt higher
acceleration n is reached for the highe er walking fre
equency. The e body accelleration is alsso higher forr the more
lively surfacce walking coondition.
1600
F=2.00 Hz
1400
1600
1400 1200
1200 1000

Force (N)
Force (N)

1000
800
800
600 600
400 400
200
200
0
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 0
‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0 5 10 15 20
Timee (s)
Body acceleration (m/s2)
f=2 Hz, bridge, no trafficc, force f=2 Hz, bridgge, with traffic, force f=2 Hz, lab, force
f=2 Hz, bridge, no traffic, acc f=2Hz, bridge, with traffic, ac c f=2 Hz, lab, acc

16600
F=2.27 Hzz
1600 14400

1400 12200
1200
10000
1000
Force (N)

8
800
800

600 6
600

400 4
400
200
2
200
0
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 0
Time ((s) ‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0 5 1
10 15 20

f=2 Hz, bridge, no traffic, acc f=2Hz, bridge, with traffic, accc f=2 Hz, lab, acc

f=2 Hz, bridge, no trafffic, force f=2 Hz, bridge
e, with traffic, force f=2 Hz, lab, force

Fig. 4. Estim
mated force applied
a by walking
w perso
on (left); Forc
ce vs accelerration of bodyy
The results above descrribed provide e an evidencce of human-structure inte eraction occuurring for ressonant
walking con nditions. In orrder to obtain
n a measuree of the reduc
ction of force due to this iinteraction, dynamic
d
load factorss (DLFs) are obtained from the spectrrum of the es stimated forcce for the twoo considered walking
frequenciess of 2 Hz and d 2.3 Hz. The ese are repre
esented in Figs. 5 and 6, respectivelyy.
0.3 0.3
f=2.10Hz f=2.00Hz

0.25 0.25
f=1.05H
Hz f=1.00Hz

0.2 0.2
DLF
DLF

0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1
f=4.03Hz
0.05 f=4.15Hz f=
=6.27Hz
0.05 f=6.05Hz

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10
0 1
15
Frequ
uency (Hz) Fre
equency (Hz
z)

Fig. 5. DLF of force app

plied by pede
estrian walkin
ng at 2 Hz: em
mpty footbrid
dge (left) andd busy footbrridge (right)
 0.5 0.3

f=2.25Hz 0.25 f=2.25Hz

0.4

0.2 f=1.12Hz
0.3 f=2.12Hz

DLF
DLF

0.15
0.2
0.1

0.1 f=6
6.84Hz 0.05 f=4.52Hz
z
f=4.54Hz f=6.79Hz

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10
0 15
Frequency (Hz) Fre
equency (Hz
z)

Fig. 6. DLF of force app

plied by pede
estrian walkin
ng at 2.3 Hz: empty footb
bridge (left) aand busy foottbridge
(right)
The analysis of Fig. 5 sh hows that no o relevant diffference in the applied forrce can be foound for the walking
w
frequency oof 2 Hz. Howe ever, for the resonant coondition (Fig. 6), it can be concluded tthat the reduction of the
contribution
n in the first harmonic
h is of
o the order oof 35% when the footbridg ge displays vvibrations.

2.4 Estim
mation of wa
alking pedes
strian moda
al properties
s
Idealising th
he human boody as a sing
gle degree off freedom sys
stem (SDOF), the estimaated applied force and
the resulting
g body acceleration can be
b used to eestimate the correspondin
c ng modal parrameters.
To accompllish this, the records of boody accelera ation measurred close to the
t center off gravity are integrated
i to
o
velocity and
d displaceme ent. Togetherr with the reccord of meas
sured force, the
t formulatioon of the dynnamic
equilibrium of the body provides
p estiimates of thee mass, damping and stifffness of the pedestrian when
w
walking. These are systematised in Table 3.
Waalking frequeency 2 Hz Walking ffrequency 2.30
2 Hz
Parameter Busy Emppty Para
ameter BBusy Empty
Rigid Rigid
R
footbridge footbrridge foottbridge footbridge
f
Freq. (Hz) 1.71 2.37 2.3
39 Freqq. (Hz) 1.98
1 22.58 2.81
 (%) 17.7 17.3 11 .2  (%) 8.6 6.7 6.7
M (kg) 37 25.9 37 .6 kg)
M (k 29.2
2 226.8 28.1
%MT 53.9 37.7 54 .7 %MT 42.5
4 339.0 40.9

Table 3. Ide
entified moda
al parameters
rs of walking pedestrian

The analysis of Table 3 shows that the t frequenccy of the pers son increases s with the inccrease of the
e walking
frequency aand is of the order
o of 2 Hz z to 3 Hz, va
alues that are
e consistent with
w the interrval of 2Hz to o 7.5 Hz
described inn the literaturre [4, 5]. It is also shown that the vibrrating characcter of the plaatform contributes to an
increase of the frequenccy, which is more m expresssive for reso
onant walkingg. Damping iss however lo ower than
described inn the literaturre (20% to 60 0%) [4, 5], deecreasing with the increa
ase of the waalking freque ency. Finally,
the equivaleent mass of the
t SDOF representing th he behaviour of the walking pedestriaan decreases s with the
increase of vibration of the
t footbridge and decrea ases also with the increa
ase of the waalking frequency, being
of the orderr of 40% of thhe total mass s MT in the la
atter case.

3. Mode
elling of a crowd as an equivalent T
TMD at the FEUP footbridge
The studiess described inn the previou
us section prorovided inform mation on the
e dynamic paarameters off one single
walking peddestrian. In order
o to exten
nd these para ameters to characterise
c a crowd, it w
would be relevvant to
estimate the
e dynamic pa arameters off a statisticallly relevant sa
ample of peddestrians for different walking
frequenciess.
For the sake e of understaanding the im
mpact of the consideratioon of the dyna
amic propertties of the croowd, a
statistical diistribution of the person’s
s frequency i s considered mal distribution with an
d. According to [4], a norm
average frequency of 3.25 Hz and standard-dev iation of 0.32 2 Hz is considered over tthe footbridge. This
correspondss to the addition of spring g-mass-dam per systems uniformly distributed aloong the bridge with the
individual na atural freque
ency given byy the normal distribution. Consideringg the results obtained in the
t previous
section, it iss considered that an equivalent masss of 40% of th he pedestriann mass and aan individuall damping
ratio of 8% are reasonable. On the basis of thosse parameters, equivalen nt parametersrs are obtaineed for the
modified strructure under a crowd witth a density o of 1 person/mm2, which are summariseed in Table 4 for the two
vibration mo odes at 2.08 Hz and 2.30 0 Hz.
Empty footbridge Foootbridge crowded withh 1 p/m2
Mode Modal Moodal
number Frequenncy Damp ping Frequency DDamping
mass maass
(Hz) ratio (%) Hz)
(H rratio (%)
(kg) (k
kg)
3 34179 2.08 0.4
45 358814 2.15 0.96
4 24066 2.30 0.9
92 252211 2.35 1.36

Table 4. Eq
quivalent mod
dal paramete
ers of the cro
owded footbrridge

The analysis of Table 4 shows that thet presence e of a walking

g crowd on the footbridgee under analysis leads
to an increa
ase of the moodal mass off the order off 5%, and to a slight incre
ease of the nnatural frequeency by a
factor of 2%
% to 4%. Thiss would be no o relevant fro
om the point of view of th
he structural response if damping
d
was not mo odified. Howe
ever, it is obs
served that thhe modal dam mping increaases by a facctor of 2 for the mode
number 3, aand by a facttor of 1.6 for the mode nu umber 4. Thiss actually contributes to a reduced re esponse with
regard to the considerattion of an emmpty structuree. So in prac
ctice, the mosst relevant asspect in the modelling of
the crowd ddynamic beha aviour is actuually the dam
mping.

4. Conc
clusions
The treatme ent of pedesttrians as mec chanical sysstems interaccting with ano
other system m, the footbrid
dge, gives
origin to a jo
oint behaviou
ur of the crow wd-structure system and to a new coupled mechaanical system m.
Considering g the dynamic properties of the crowd d are generally characterized by: (i) a modal mass s of the
order of 2%% to 10% the modal mass s of the footb ridge for the fundamenta al vibration m
modes; (ii) naatural
frequenciess defined in th H to 7.5 Hz, which conta
he range 2 Hz ains the natural frequenciies of the firs
st vibration
modes in livvely footbridg
ges, and; (iii)) damping ra atios of the order
o of 10%, typical of thhose used in the design
of tuned ma ass dampers, an idealizattion of the crrowd as a tun ned mass da amper can bee made, whic ch helps
understandiing the corre esponding role and effectt in the structtural respons se.
In the prese
ent paper, thee dynamic looads inducedd by walking pedestrians are estimateed on differen nt surfaces,
together witth the recording of the bo
ody accelerattion. The commbined use ofo estimated force and bo ody
acceleration
n provides esstimates of thhe pedestria n dynamic parameters when
w idealizeed as an SDOOF. It is
observed thhat these parrameters fit well
w the param meters prese ented in the literature reggarding naturral
frequency aand mass. Ho owever, a lowwer dampingg ratio is obta
ained, which reduces withh the increas se of
walking freq
quency.
Extending d data obtained d with a single pedestriann to the simuulation of a crrowd by meaans of a statisstical
distribution of the person’s paramete ers, allows th
he characteriization of thee equivalent mmodal parammeters of a
footbridge mmodified by the presence e of a walking
g crowd. The e most releva ant aspect off this modellin
ng is the
increased d damping, which can expla ain the typica
al lower than calculated measured
m ressponse due to crowd
loading. How wever, it is fu
urther noticeed that huma n-structure innteraction alsso modifies tthe amplitude of the
applied loadds in the vicinnity of a reso
onance. Thiss has been ev videnced for one single ppedestrian, but
b
quantificatio
on of the load d reduction at
a resonance e requires furrther investigation.
 5. Ackn
nowledgeme
ents
The second d author is en
ngaged in the
e Civil Engin eering Postg
graduate Pro
ogramme fromm State Univ
versity of
Rio de Janeeiro. The fina
ancial supporrt provided b
by CAPES, CNPq
C and FAAPERJ is ackknowledged, as well as
that provide
ed by Projectt POCI-01-01145-FEDER--007457–CO ONSTRUCT, by FEDER thhrough COM MPETE2020
- POCI and FCT.

6. Referrences
[1] BACHMAANN, H. and
d AMMANN, W. Vibration
ns in Structurres Induced by
b Man and Machines, SED
S 3,
IABSE, 1987.
H STANDARDS INSTITU
[2] BRITISH UTION. Steel,l, Concrete and Specification for Loads.
a Composiite Bridges: S
BSI, B
BS 5400, Pa
art 2, Append
dix C, 1978.
[3] CAPRANNI, C., KEOG
GH, J., ARCH
HBOLD, P., F FANNING, P.,P Characterristic Vertical Response of
o a
Footb
bridge Due to
o Crowd Loa national Conference on S
ading, Eurodyyn: 8th Intern Structural Dy
ynamics,
Leuve
en, Belgium,, 2011.
[4] VAN NIM
MMEN, K. Nu umerical and
d Experimenttal Study of Human-induc
H ced Vibrationns of Footbridges. Ph. D
Disse
ertation, K. U.
U Leuven, May 2015.
[5] ZHANG,, M., GEORGGAKIS, C., QU,
Q W., CHE N, J., SMD ModelM Parammeters of Peddestrians for Vertical
Humaan-Structure Interaction. In J. Caiced o, S. Pakzad
d (eds), Dyna
amics of Civi
vil Structures,, Vol. 2,
Confe
erence Proc.. SEM Series s, Chapt. 33,, pp. 311-317, 2015.
[6] SHAHABBPOOR, E., PAVIC, A., RACIC,
R ZIVANOVIC, S., Effect of group walkinng traffic on dynamic
V., Z
prope
erties of pede
estrian structtures. Journaal of Sound and n. Vol. 387, ppp. 205-225, 2017.
a Vibration
[7] SILVA, F H PIMENTEL, R., Model ing of crowd load in vertical direction using biodynamic
F., BRITO, H.,
modeel for pedestrrians crossing footbridgess, Can. J. Ciiv. Eng. 40, pp.
p 1196-12004, 2013.
[8] TOSO, M
M., GOMES; H., SILVA, F., F PIMENTE EL, R., Experimentally fittted biodynammic models foor
pedestrian-structu
ure interactio
on in walking
g situations, Mechanical
M Systems
S andd Signal Proc
cessing, 72-
72, pp. 590-606, 2016.
2
[9] SÉTRA/ AFGC, Foottbridges: Ass
sessment of vibrational behaviour
b of footbridges
f uunder pedestrian loads,
2006, 131 pp.
[10] BUTZ, C.; HEINEM MEYER, C.; KEIL,
K A.; SCHHLAICH, M.; GOLDACK, A.; TROME ETER, S.; LU
UKIC, M.;
CHAB BROLIN, B.; LEMAIRE, A.;A MARTIN,, P. –O.; CUNNHA, A. & CAETANO, E . HIVOSS “D Design of
Footbbridges: Guiddeline and Background DDocument”. European
E Co HIVOSS Project,
ommission, H
http:///www.stb.rwthaachen.dee/projekte/200
07/HIVOSS//download.ph
hp, 2008.
[11] www.to
omorrow-options.com
[12] CAETAANO, E., CUN NHA, A., Exp perimental an
nd Numerica al Assessment of the Dynnamic Behav
viour of a
Stresss-Ribbon Brridge, Structu e, Journal of FIB, 5, No 1, pp.29-38, 22004.
ural Concrete
[13] CAETAANO, E., CUN NHA, A., MO OUTINHO, C ., HU, W.-H., Continuouss Dynamic M Monitoring of Lively
Footbbridges, Interrnational Jou
urnal of Onlin ng, Volume 12, Isse No. 4 [online-
ne Engineerin
journals.org/indexx.php/i-joe], 2016.
2

View publication stats