04 - Structural Modelling in SAP 2000 PDF

W. D. S. H.
Dissanayaka(AM-9183) CHAPTER 4 – STRUCTURAL MODELLING IN SAP 2000
4.0 STRUCTURAL MODELLING IN SAP 2000
4.1 Introduction
The proposed apartment building was modelled in SAP 2000 Version 14.1, a non-linear finite
element software package widely used by structural engineers. The material properties were
assigned to the model and the structural elements were initially selected based on preliminary
calculations.
For Structural analysis of this structure, self weight, dead loads, live loads and wind loads were
considered. The self weight of the beams, columns was calculated using the self weight option
available with SAP 2000. For this, actual member sizes were used. This is defined as “DEAD”
in SAP 2000 model. The dead loads and live loads will be transferred to all the beams that
supporting a slab panel. This condition cannot be accurately modelled by using slab (shell)
elements supported at four corners. Therefore, the weight of slabs was considered as a dead
weight on the beams.
In order to ensure the proper load transfer, the following method was used. BS 8110: Part 01
gives shear force coefficients to determine the distribution of loads on beams supporting solid
slabs spanning in two directions at right angles supporting uniformly distributed loads. These
values were used to determine the loads transferred on to the beams. In the case of different
scope from the code, conservative approaches were used.
Then the calculated loads were assigned to the model. Load cases were defined for dead load,
live load and wind loads. This load case was later scale multiplied to obtain the required load
intensity at various load combinations. Once the analysis was performed the initial section sizes
were changes according to the design requirements and structure was reanalyzed until the
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Professional Review Examination August / September 2017
W. D. S. H. Dissanayaka(AM-9183) CHAPTER 4 – STRUCTURAL MODELLING IN SAP 2000
required design requirements are met. The wind loads were assigned to columns as an
equivalent uniformly distributed load.
Earthquake loads and base shear were not considered due to lower effect than the wind loads,
but the detailing was done as per the guidelines given in the manual of “Reinforcement detailing
to mitigate seismic effects” published by Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka.
Fig.4.1: 3D SAP Model of the Building (Front View)
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Fig.4.2: 3D SAP Model of the Building (Rear View)
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4.2 Load Evaluation
4.2.1 Gravity Loads
As per the Table 3.16 of BS 8110:Part I:1985 the shear force coefficients considering the end
condition and ly / lx ratio were determined. Load carried by each beam can be evaluated as per
equation 19 and 20 of BS 8110-1985.
Vsx   vx nl x
Vsy   vy nl x
For an example consider the slab panel(parking level) indicated in Figure 3.1.
ly = 7975 mm
Continuous Edge
0.48
Continuous Edge
Continuous Edge
lx = 4590 mm
0.33 0.33
0.48
Continuous Edge
ly 7975
  1.70
l x 4590
Self weight of the slab = 0.15 x 24 = 3.6 kN/m2
Finishes = 2.0 kN/m2
Total dead load (gk) = 3.6+2 = 5.6 kN/m2
Live load (qk) = 5.0 kN/m2
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Hence dead and live loads along long continuous edge are,
Dead = 0.48 x 5.6 x 4.59 = 12.34 kN/m
Live = 0.48 x 5.0 x 4.59 = 11.02 kN/m
Loads on beam in a particular slab panel due to different load cases can be found similar to
above described procedure. These load cases were assigned to SAP 2000 model under different
load cases and examples are given below for Lobby floor load assignments.
Fig.4.3: Dead Load (Gk) Assignment in Car Park Floor Level
Fig.4.4: Live Load (Qk) Assignment in Car Park Floor Level
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4.2.2 Wind Loads
The magnitude of the wind loads on a building will depend on the basic wind speed used for the
calculations. It is the three second gust velocity recommended for records collected over a
sufficiently long period to determine the probable maximum wind speed that can occur at a
height of 10 m in open country.
After the cyclone of 24th November, 1978 which devastated the eastern province, Sri Lanka was
divided into three zones. Zone 01 covers the eastern and northern coasts. Zone 02 is an inland
belt 50 km away from the eastern coast. The wind speeds recommended were 49, 42 and 33 m/s
for zones 01, 02 and 03 respectively.
Fig.4.5: Wind Zones in Sri Lanka
The proposed building locates in zone 03 according to the manual published by the “Ministry of
Local Government, Housing and Construction- Sri Lanka”. The basic wind speed recommended
for zone 03 is 33.5 m/sec for normal structures.
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The most recommended method is to analyze the building for wind load as the wind applying
on each floor along the outer most beams at each level. The critical loading condition can be
taken as when the wind blowing perpendicular to the structure from each side of the building.
Height 49.035 m
Fig.4.6: Wind Zone of the Building.
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4.2.2.1 Wind Analysis of the building
∝ L=28.80 m
A
C D
W=15.475 m
Topography factor, S1 =1.0 (The terrain can be taken as level)
To calculate the factor S2, it can be considered as the site is situated in “Open country with
scattered windbreaks” and it belongs to Class B (All buildings and structures where neither the
greatest horizontal dimension nor the greatest vertical dimension exceeds 50 m).
ZONE HEIGHT (m) S2 Vs (m/s) q (kN/m2)
1st Floor(Parking) 5.275 0.74 24.79 0.38
1st Floor(Apartment) 10.55 0.88 29.48 0.53
2nd Floor 13.685 0.92 30.82 0.58
3rd Floor 16.82 0.95 31.825 0.62
4th Floor 19.955 0.98 32.83 0.66
5th Floor 23.09 0.99 33.165 0.67
6th Floor 26.225 1.01 33.835 0.70
7th Floor 29.36 1.03 34.505 0.73
8th Floor 32.495 1.04 34.84 0.74
9th Floor 35.63 1.05 35.175 0.76
10th Floor 38.765 1.06 35.51 0.77
Roof Floor 42.765 1.07 35.845 0.79
Machine Floor 45.9 1.07 35.845 0.79
Roof Slab 49.035 1.08 36.18 0.80
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Pressure coefficient Cpe was extracted from table 07 of the CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2 for the
walls of rectangular clad buildings.
Cpe = +0.7
F= (Cpe-Cpi) qA and let, Cpi = -0.3
According to the calculated pressure coefficients and area bounded by the grids, wind forces
have been calculated for each grid. The wind loads were assigned along the beams as a UDL in
X and Y directions.
F = (0.7 + 0.3) x 0.38 x 5.275 = 2.00 kN/m
4.2.3 Notional loads
Notional loads calculated maximum of 1.5% of the dead load of an each slab, along the beam in
X and Y directions as UDL and shown below table with wind loads and was not critical
compared to the wind loads.
ZONE 1st(P) 1st(A) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

WIND
2.00 2.23 1.82 1.94 2.07 2.10 2.19
FORCE(kN/m)
NOTIONAL
0.95 1.27 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
LOAD(kN/m)
Roof
ZONE 7th 8th 9th 10th Roof Machine
Slab
WIND
2.29 2.32 2.38 3.95 4.06 2.48 1.3
FORCE(kN/m)
NOTIONAL
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.5 1.2
LOAD(kN/m)
Slabs were also modeled in SAP 2000 to simulate the diaphragm action which enhancing the
stiffness of the structure, so that deformations of the structure due to wind can be accurately
predicted. Slabs were modeled as zero weight elements in order to avoid double counting of the
weight of the slabs. Wind load assignments are shown below.
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Fig.4.7: Wind Loads – X & Y Direction
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4.3 Load Combinations
According to the BS: 6399: Part 01-1984-Table 02, the total distributed imposed load on all
floors can be reduced by 40% and the load combinations are selected as below.
ULS Combinations
Note : Dead - Gk, Live - Qk, Wind(x & y) - Wkx & Wky
1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
1.4 Gk + 1.6x0.6 Qk
1.4 Gk + 1.4 Wkx
1.4 Gk - 1.4 Wkx
1.4 Gk + 1.4 Wky
1.4 Gk - 1.4 Wky
1.0 Gk + 1.4 Wkx
1.0 Gk - 1.4 Wkx
1.0 Gk + 1.4 Wky
1.0 Gk - 1.4 Wky
1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk + 1.2 Wkx
1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk - 1.2 Wkx
1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk + 1.2 Wky
1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk - 1.2 Wky
SLS Combinations
1.0 Gk + 1.0 Qk 1.0 Gk + 1.0 Wky
1.0 Gk + 1.0x0.6 Qk 1.0 Gk - 1.0 Wky
1.0 Gk +1.0 Wkx
1.0 Gk -1.0 Wkx
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W. D. S. H.

Dissanayaka(AM-9183) CHAPTER 4 – STRUCTURAL MODELLING IN SAP 2000

4.0 STRUCTURAL MODELLING IN SAP 2000

weight on the beams.

scope from the code, conservative approaches were used.

equivalent uniformly distributed load.

to mitigate seismic effects” published by Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka.

Fig.4.1: 3D SAP Model of the Building (Front View)

Fig.4.2: 3D SAP Model of the Building (Rear View)

4.2 Load Evaluation

4.2.1 Gravity Loads

equation 19 and 20 of BS 8110-1985.

Self weight of the slab = 0.15 x 24 = 3.6 kN/m2

Finishes = 2.0 kN/m2

Total dead load (gk) = 3.6+2 = 5.6 kN/m2

Live load (qk) = 5.0 kN/m2

Dead = 0.48 x 5.6 x 4.59 = 12.34 kN/m

Live = 0.48 x 5.0 x 4.59 = 11.02 kN/m

Fig.4.3: Dead Load (Gk) Assignment in Car Park Floor Level

Fig.4.4: Live Load (Qk) Assignment in Car Park Floor Level

4.2.2 Wind Loads

height of 10 m in open country.

for zones 01, 02 and 03 respectively.

Fig.4.5: Wind Zones in Sri Lanka

for zone 03 is 33.5 m/sec for normal structures.

Fig.4.6: Wind Zone of the Building.

4.2.2.1 Wind Analysis of the building

Topography factor, S1 =1.0 (The terrain can be taken as level)

ZONE HEIGHT (m) S2 Vs (m/s) q (kN/m2)

1st Floor(Parking) 5.275 0.74 24.79 0.38

1st Floor(Apartment) 10.55 0.88 29.48 0.53

2nd Floor 13.685 0.92 30.82 0.58

3rd Floor 16.82 0.95 31.825 0.62

4th Floor 19.955 0.98 32.83 0.66

5th Floor 23.09 0.99 33.165 0.67

6th Floor 26.225 1.01 33.835 0.70

7th Floor 29.36 1.03 34.505 0.73

8th Floor 32.495 1.04 34.84 0.74

9th Floor 35.63 1.05 35.175 0.76

10th Floor 38.765 1.06 35.51 0.77

Roof Floor 42.765 1.07 35.845 0.79

Machine Floor 45.9 1.07 35.845 0.79

Roof Slab 49.035 1.08 36.18 0.80

F= (Cpe-Cpi) qA and let, Cpi = -0.3

F = (0.7 + 0.3) x 0.38 x 5.275 = 2.00 kN/m

4.2.3 Notional loads

compared to the wind loads.

ZONE 1st(P) 1st(A) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

weight of the slabs. Wind load assignments are shown below.

Fig.4.7: Wind Loads – X & Y Direction

4.3 Load Combinations

1.4 Gk + 1.4 Wkx

1.4 Gk - 1.4 Wkx

1.4 Gk + 1.4 Wky

1.4 Gk - 1.4 Wky

1.0 Gk + 1.4 Wkx

1.0 Gk - 1.4 Wkx

1.0 Gk + 1.4 Wky

1.0 Gk - 1.4 Wky

1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk + 1.2 Wkx

1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk - 1.2 Wkx

1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk + 1.2 Wky

1.2 Gk +1.2 Qk - 1.2 Wky