CHAPTER 1- CHAPTER 3
Encomicnda and later alcaldia-mayor
•Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established first
Spanish settlemen in 1565 in Cebu
•1821- the Phil, was administered by the Mexican
Viceroy
•Filipinos lost their ancestral lands to the
“conquistadores” by the encomienda system
POLITICAL CONDITION DURING 19TH
CENUTURY: POLITICAL SYSTEM
•exercising executive, legislative and religious
power
•Governor General, appointed by the Spanish
King headed the central administration; he was the
king representative in government matters; Vice-
Royal Patron over religious matters.
-Board of Authorities, Council of Administration
and Secretarial of the Central Government
•Provincial government or alcadiasis next to the
Central government; run by civil governors
•’’cabildo or ayuntamiento” administered by a
mayor and a vice mayor who were both
chiefexecutives and chief judicial magistrate
•abovepositions are occupied by the Spaniards
•’’gobernadorcilllo’’(later called capitan)- head of
the local government unit composed of barangays.
It is the highest position in the government to which
a native Filipino could be appointed. It is elected at
the beginning of every year by the “principalia”
made up of the incumbert ex-cabeza de barangay,
the smallest unit of government.
•The barangay or barrio headed by “cabeza de
barangay”- collect taxes and tributes; received 2%
of the tax proceeds, 4% of the “sanctorum” tax
paid to the church to cover the cost of 3 fiestas; All
Saints day, Holy Thursday and Corpus Christii
SPANIARDS:
•King of Spain- De Jure executor, legislator,
Spanish Empire
•Council of Indios- De jure legislator, Spanis
Colonies
•Governor General- De facto executor, judiciary,
legislator; Philippines (Province of Empire)
•Encomendero- later alcalde-mayor; Municipality;
INDIOS
•Gobernadorcillo- pueblo or town
•Cabeza de Barangay- barangay (barrio)
VICEROY OF MEXICO
THE SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS OVER
THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
• Supremacy or Frailocracia- could influence the
Governor General, in effect become the rules of
municipalities and control the different aspects of
the society like the education, the trading, the
haciendas and the economy.
• Regular priest (Spanish Priest) were able to
dominate the control of different parishes and had
the power to get the parishes from the secular
(Filipino Priest)
ABUSES OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS
•The provincial government where the alcalde
mayor was the administrator, judge. Military
commander was the most corrupt branch of the
government.
INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL
ADMINISTRATION
•1849-1898- Philippines was ruled by 45 governor-
generals, each serving an average term of only one
year and 3 months.
•Dec. 1853-Nov. 1854- a period of less than a year,
there were 4 governor generals
CORRUPT SPANISH OFFICIALS
THE RIZAL LAW: (RA 1425)
Bill vs law
How the Bill becomes a law?
Step 1: bill is filed in the senate office of the
secretary (given a number & calendared for 1st
reading
Step 2: first reading (title, number and author/s &
referred to the appropriate committee)
Step 3: committee hearings (bill is discussed w/in
the committee & period of consultation is held &
can approve {w/o revisions or recommend
substitution or consolidation w/ similar bills} or can June 12, 1956 – approved versions were transmitted
reject. After the committee submits the report, the to Malacanan & signed
bill is calendared for second reading.
Step 4: second reading (bill is read and discussed on
the floor {the author delivers a sponsorship speech The bill into the law which become RA 1425. (page
& other members engage in discussions & debates, 3,4,5)
& amendments may be suggested to the bill.
FOR: Senator Jose P. Laurel
Step 5: Voting on the second reading (senators vote
Claro M. Recto
on whether to approve or reject the bill & if
approved, the bill is calendared for third reading) AGAINST: Senator Francisco Rodrigo
Step 6: Voting on 3rd reading (copies of the final Catholic Church
versions of the bill are distributed to the members of
the senate who will vote for its approval or rejection 09, 11-1b (30 minutes)

Step 7: consolidation of version from the house (if

there are differences between the senate and the
house of reps. versions , a bicameral conference Claro M. Recto- main proponent of Rizal Bill
committee is called to reconcile the two. After this, Jose P. Laurel- head of senate committee of
both chambers approve the consolidated version. education (sponsor)
Step 8: transmittal of the final version to Fr. Jesus Ca- past & misinterpret present
malacanan( the Pres. Can either sign or veto and
return it to the Congress. Radio Veritas-right to refuse ( endager salvation)
ISSUES: Jesus Paredes- “”””
April 3, 1956 senate bill number 438 was filed by
the senate committee on education
Strong resistance:
April 17, 1956 – Jose P. Laurel, sponsored the bill
-Catholic Action of Phil
April 19, 1956 – is filed by Jacobo Z. Gonzales
-Congregation of the Mission
April 23, 1956 – Claro M. Recto, main author,
entered into fierce battle for the passage of SB 438. Knights of Columbus

House of Reps HB 5561 identical version of SB 438 Catholic teachers Guild

May 2, 1956 – house Committee on education

approved
SUPPORTERS
May 9, 1956 – debates started whether or not Noli
-Vaterans de la Revolucion
Me Tangere & Efimlibusterismo are compulsory.
-Alagad ni Rizal
May 12, 1956- approvrd
-Freemasons
May 14, 1956- removed the compulsory reading of
Noli Me Tangere & E Filibusterismo & its -The Knights of Rizal
unexpurgated version
May 17, 1956- both versions are approved
Oppose- Pastoral Letter- Archbishop of Manila,
Rufino Santos

Cuenco – denial existancr of purgatory (not found
in bible)
Recto- blot out memory of Rizal if eliminated
60 days- enforce/promulgate rules & regulation
30 days- Publication
927 administrative
 Bill- passed through legislative process
 Unexpurgated-untouuched
 Bicameral- 2 chambers: house of rep and
senate
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation.
The child/individual is good in order to avoid being
punished. If a person is punished, they must have
done wrong.
MAHADLOK MA KASABAN
• Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this
stage, children recognize that there is not just one
right view that is handed down by the authorities.
Different individuals have different viewpoints.
UNSA IYA MAKUHA FROM OTHERS
Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The
child/individual is good in order to be seen as being
a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate
to the approval of others.
UNSA HUNA HUNAON SA UBAN TAO NIYA
• Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. The
child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules
of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules
in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt.
PINAMAY SUNOD JOD SIYA SA RULES
Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The
child/individual becomes aware that while
rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest
number, there are times when they will work
against the interest of particular individuals.  by the Filipino people for executing Dr. Jose Rizal
The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in
Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is more
important than breaking the law against stealing.
SKEPTICAL SIYA SA RULES
• Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage
have developed their own set of moral guidelines
which may or may not fit the law. The principles
apply to everyone.
E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person
will be prepared to act to defend these principles
even if it means going against the rest of society in
the process and having to pay the consequences of
disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg doubted
few people reached this stage.
KAIBAW JOD SIYA UNSA SAKTO JUSTICE
CORRUPT SPANISH OFFICIALS
•General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), a
boastful and ruthless governor general, aroused the
anger of the Filipinos by executing the innocent
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora, the "Martyrs of 1872.
•His Successor, Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-
77) a good Moro fighter, but was
an inept and weak administrator.
•General Fernando Primo de Rivera, governor
general for two terms (1880-83) and (1897-98),
enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling
casinos in Manila which he scandalously permitted
to
perate.
•General ValerianoWeyler (1888-91), a cruel and
corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German
ancestry; “tryant" because of his brutal persecution
of the Calamba tenants, particularly the family of
Dr. Rizal; cursed him as “The Butcher" because of
his ruthless reconcentration policy during his brief
governorship in Cuba
•General Camilo de Polavieja- an able militarist
but heartless governor general was widely datested

PHILUPPONE REPRESENTATION IN THE
SPANISH CORTES
1st-fruitful with the beneficent (1810-1813)
2nd and 3rd- less fruitful in parliamentary work
(1820-23; 1834-37)
Abolished in 1837- Phil conditioned worsened
HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO FILIPINOS
-Christianity introduced in 16th century
•Jose Rizal's family were victims of Spanish
injustice. (1871 and 1891)
Doña Teodora was unjustly arrested and jailed on
flimsy grounds.
-Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora, Rizal was executed
•Peninsulares- spanish born in spain
•Insulares- spanish born in span
•Creoles- mix blood or combination; Principalia-
land owners
•Indios- last class
•Intramuros- site of power, center of education and
spirituallity
•Literature become theocentric. From epic,it turns
to awit, corrido, moromoro, komedya and pasyon
(importance and triumoh of catholicism
•alibata was replaced by Abecedario of the
Spaniards
•first book: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua
china because of Synod of Calasiao
•bahay kubo becomes stone house
•sala for visitors, azotea banguerahan for wash
room, komedor for dining
•Father Jode Burgos (1837-1872) -shining stars of
the Filipino clergu; he complained of the lack of
opportunities for educated young Filipinos
•Frailocracy- a unique form of government in
Hispanic Philippines
•friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans)
controlled the religious and educational life of the
Philippines
•”alcaldes mayores" under control of friars
• Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano
Lopez denounced friars as the enemies of liberal
reforns and modern progress in the Philippines
SCHOOL
Male: Colegio Maximi de San Ignacio (1589),
College of San Idelfonso (1599), Ateneo de
Municipal (1917); Curriculum: Spabish History,
Latin, Philosophy, Canon, Civil law and Rhetoric
Female: Colegios of Santa Potenciana (1591),Sta
Isabel (1632), Santa Catalina de Sena (1969), Sta.
Rita College (1719), Colegio de la Inmaculada
Concepcion Concordia (1868); curriculum:
courtesy, vocal music,lanugage and sweing
School:page 10
•Encomoenda- Spanish encomendar “to entrust":
grant of inhabitants living in padticular conquered
territory which Spain gave to Spanish colonizer as a
reward
•3 types of enconmienda: royal, the taxes will go to
the king; endesiastical, the taxes will go to the
church and Privado- given to the friend
The Abuses of Guardia Civil, Church Officials
and Political Leaders.
The last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny was the
Guardia Civil (Constabulary) which was created
by the Royal Decree of February 12, 1852, as
amended by another Royal Decree on March 24,
1888, for the purpose of maintaining internal peace
and order in the Philippines.
They later became infamous for their rampant
abuses, such as maltreating innocent people, looting
their carabaos, chickens and valuable belongings
and raping helpless women. RIzal directed his
stinging satire against the hated in Noli Me
Tangere, he exposed the Guardia Civil as a bunches
of ruthless ruffians good only "for disturbing
peace and persecuting honest men”
The different Socio-Economic Policies Imposed
by Spaniards
1. Reduccion
The natives are forced conversion to Catholicism.
The program of Father Juan de Placencia lead to
could hear the sound of the to live in the place near
the center and they he bell. This policy was
implemented so that the Parish priest could easily
monitor them and for the easy government and the
creation of the mall, plaza, market and school for
each town. center which is composed of the church,
the municipal
2. Bandala
lowest The price natives are obliged to sell their
products to the Spaniards even in the
Lowest price and sometimes the Spaniards will just
issue some promissory
notes.
3. Forced Labor or Polo y Servicios addition to
the tribute, the Polo or forced labor is another
Spanish at had created discontent among the indios
during the Spanish times. Tne word "polo" is
actually a corrruption of the Tagalog pulong,
originally meaning "meeting of persons and
things" or "community labor". Drafted laborers
were either Filipino or Chinese male meztizos
who were obligated to give personal service to
community projects, for forty (40) days. All able-
body males, from 16-60 years of old, except
chieftains and their elder sons. This was instituted
in 1580 and reduced to 15 days per year in 1884
(Constantino,1975).
For instance, the polista (the person who renders
forced labor) will be paid a daily wage of 1/4 real
plus
rice. The promised wage was not given exactly as
promised that led to starvation or even death to
some polistas and their families. (Agoncillo,1990).
The Effects of Polo y Servicios
A. The decrease in the production in agriculture
B. The decrease in population
c.The rebellion of the natives.
Birth of rose rizal
Mother: Teodora Alonzo
Father: Francisco Rizal; he was an inquilino, rented
a huge land from the Dominicans
Born on 19th day of June 1861, 11:00-12:00
midnight
-considered him as special and called him as muy
bonito
-born in Calamba, Laguna- a first class
municipality and a place where rich families
enjoyed the material progress brought by the
opening of the philippines in the world trade;
majority of the land were owned by Dominican
Fairs
-the Rizal family was considered as one of the
richest families in Calama; was evident because
they were able to send 10 children to prestigious
schools
-time for his birth: enlightenment of well-educated
Filipinos and the international events in regard to
politics and government (the French revolution,
Conservative and Liberal government and
Revolution in Latin America
Mixed Ancestry
Jose Rizal mixture: Chinese, Spanish, Japanese
and Filipino
Great grandfather: Domingo Lamco, a Chinese
immigrant who married Ines de la Rosa, a
Christian girl from manila.
 The Story of the Moth
moth in the light of the lamp = similarity to the
fate of Rizal
Like the moth, he also chose to be involved in the
reform movement and using his
literary skills he enlightened the people about their
true conditions and the need
. for action and to seek reform. And like the young
Rizal's family belonged to the middle class or a moth, he died as a martyr.
principalia class or a creoles
class. Their house was made of adobe and
hardwood, they owned a carriage and horses Journey to His Early Education
which were •Maestro Celestino as his first tutor
the symbols of wealth during those times.
•Maestro Lucas Padua and Leon Monroy
The Childhood Memories who lived with their family and taught Rizal
-employed an aya (nurse maid), told him a lot of Spanish and Latin
stories about the fairies, asuang, the nuno and the
•sent him to the fishing village in Biñan for his
tikbalang and remembered all the trees from the
primary education.
orchards of his father (Guerero, 2010).
•three years old, his father built a little nipa cottage
In June 1869, at the age of eight, Jose P. Rizal
in their garden; learned to read and write
needed to leave his family to
•four years old, he experienced his first sorrow study in Biñan and his brother Paciano
because of the accompanied him to Biñan. Jose lodged in the
death of his little sister Concha. It was the first time house of his aunt Isabel.
that he shed tears caused by
The First Day in Biñan
love and grief.
teacher: Maestro Justiniano Cruz is tall, thin, long
necked, with a sharp nose and body slightly bent
forward, and he used to wear sinamay shirt and he
knew by heart the grammar by Nebrija and Gainza. he gained from this method
He experienced being because he was asked if he contributed a lot as he pursued higher education.
knew Latin and Spanish and he answered "um
poco" or a little
Return to Calamba
• the sadistic method of learning was beneficial In December 1870, he received a letter from his
since he was encouraged sister Saturnina advising
the number of beatings that he experienced but the him to ride the steamer Talim that would bring him
lessons from those beatings back to Calamba. Knowing
•the bully Pedro was challenged to a fight; he could that this would be the end of his stay in Biñan so he
beat Jose went to the Chapel of the
for he was smaller than him but Jose learned the art Virgin of Peace of Antipolo, went to the river to
of arm wrestling, fencing from his Tiyo gather stones as souvenir, made
Manuel so he was able to defeat a taller boy than paper fishes and bade goodbye to his classmates and
him teachers. On December 17,
1870 at one o'clock in the afternoon of Saturday, he
Daily Life in Biñan reached his home at Calamba
"Here was my life. I heard the four o'clock mass, if and this ended his homesickness and longing for his
there was any family.
or I studied my lesson at that hour and I went to
mass afterwards. I
returned home and I went to the orchard to look for Glorious Student's Life Starts at Ateneo de
a mabolo to eat. Then Municipal
I took breakfast, which consisted generally of a dish • Bachiller en Artes = school of the Jesuits
of rice and two dried
small fish, and I went to class from which I came •Ateneo, he excelled in academics, in
out at ten o'clock. I extracurricular and vocateducation
went home at once. If there was one special dish, •Father Minister Magin Ferrando did not want to
Leandro and I took some accept him because of his weak constitution and
of it to the house of his children and I returned short stature, help of Manuel Jerez, the nephew of
without saying a word. I late Father
ate with them and afterwards I studied. I went to Burgos, the eleven year old Jose Rizal was accepted
school at two and came in Ateneo Municipal.
out at five. I prayed a short while with some nice
cousin and I returned
home. I studied my lessons. I drew a little, and •In his stay in Ateneo, he needed to change his
afterwards I took my name to Rizal instead of Mercado to avoid being
supper consisting of one or two dishes of rice with associated with Father Burgos.
an ayungin. We prayed
and if there was a moon, my nieces invited me to •Father Jose Bech - tall man, thin, with body bent
play in the street together forward, with hasty
with others. Thank God that I never got sick away pace, an ascetic, severe and inspired physiognomy,
from my parents." sunken, small eyes and fine
lips.

Success in Biñan
-became the top student in his class
Success in Ateneo de Municipal
-he had a painting lesson with old Juancho. The teachers in Ateneo encouraged their students to
study harder with the
Although he disapproved of the sadistic method of use of competition. The class was divided into two
teaching as groups, the Carthaginian (the
he stated in Noli Me Tangere but the discipline that
non-boarder of Ateneo) and the Roman (the entitled "St. Eustache, the Martyr."
boarder inside Ateneo)
The best student in each group was called as the The Release of his Mother from Prison
Emperor, the second best was the Tribune, the -wrong accusation of her sister-in-law Teodora
third best was the Decurion, the fourth best was the Herbosa that Teodora Alonzo attempted to poison
Centurion and the fifth best was the her.
Standard Bearer (Zaide, 1994). The reason why his mother was released from
prison was the request of his sister Soledad to the
In the first quarter of his stay in Ateneo, he already Governor General after the latter appreciated her
achieved the title as Emperor. talent in dancing.

The Loves of Rizal during His Teenage Years

At the age of thirteen, Jose met a girl named Julia.
Extra-Curricular Activities at Ateneo
Jose first noticed a sweet voice of a girl who was
•He was part of the literary group under the
taking a bath in the river. He described Julia as a
guidance of Fr. Sanchez,
girl with an oval face, had olive skin and long
a member of a Marian Congregation who were
beautiful hair.
devoted to Virgin Mary,
And in order to capture the attention of Julia, he
a member of the club of Natural Sciences.
picked flowers and told Julia that in all those
•He also continued his painting lessons under beautiful flowers that he had seen, she was the only
Agustin Saez, and he also studied sculpture under one who caught his attention. He brought Julia and
the guidance of Romualdo de Jesus her grandmother to their home but after that he did
not make a way to meet Julia.

•he was able to read and understand complicated

novels like The Count of Monte Cristo written by
Alexander Dumas. He also read books in different
areas, he asked his father to buy the expensive
historical book of Cesar Cantu entitled, Universal
History and he also became fascinated by the
work of Dr. Feodor Jagor entitled, Travels in the
Philippines.
College Life in Universidad de Santo Tomas
He entered the university as a student of Philosophy
and Letter. He was not sure of the course
that he would pursue in college so he sought the
advice of his former teacher in Ateneo, Fr. Ramon
•he gained perito Agrimensor

The Literary Triumph of Rizal in UST

In April 1880, Jose joined the competition which
Literary Works of Jose Rizal in Ateneo
commemorated the
The first poem that he wrote in Ateneo was for his
400th death anniversary of Miguel de Cervantes. He
mother entitled "My First Inspiration."
wrote a play entitled,j
•In 1876, he wrote poems about the importance of El Consejo de los Dioses, a play which recognized
education for the development of a country Cervantes as equal to Homer
entitled "Through Education the Country and Virgil and even if the jury was composed of
Receives Light” and connection Spaniards,
between Education and Religion entitled "Intimate
Like in Ateneo 1879, Rizal joined the Liceo
Alliance Between Religion
Artistico-Literario of Manila and won the
and Good Education." Aside from poems and
competition. He
essays, he also ventured in writing
wrote the "La Juventud Filipina" (To the
manuscripts for play. In June 1876, he handed to Fr.
Filipino Youth), this poem encouraged
Sanchez the manuscript
and inspired the Filipino youth to stand up and work
harder attain the highest
objectives. May 17, 1882. . They reached Ceylon- was one of
the most beautiful islands that
he had seen, however, it was full of loneliness.
The First Journey to Europe
After his four years of Medicine course in UST, Ceylon - North Africa (hot climate) - Suez Canal
Jose decided to for five days-Port Said in Egypt, multicultural-
follow the advice of his brother Paciano to leave the different people speaking in different languages like
country and travel to Spain, Arabic, Greek, Italian, Spanish
and Egyptian
•first reason-pursue his medical course
•second was to observe the political situation in On June 11, 1882, Djemnah reached Naples in
Madrid. Italy. Rizal admired the
panoramic beauty by the bay and then their cruise
It was only Paciano, Antonio Rivera, his friend reached Marseilles. He wanted to visit the place of
Chenggoy and the family of Orang who knew his favorite writer Alexander Dumas.
about his departure. His former teacher in Ateneo
also gave him a letter of After three days, he travelled to Barcelona using
recommendation to the Jesuit House in Barcelona train.
in case he needed assistance.
On June 16, 1882, he reached Barcelona and he
• left Calamba on May 1, 1882, Before he left, his learned that he ran out of
brother handed him $56 that he would use for his cash and the money that left to him was only seven
travel, pesos which was not enough
to rent a dormitory. So he used the letter of
On May 2, 1882, he visited the family of Orang. recommendation that his teachers
Orang's mother gave him a can of cookies called from Ateneo handed to him and the Jesuit in
sopas and a box of chocolate Barcelona helped him and lent him
On May 3, 1882 at 5:00, he heard Mass at Santo money. Because of insufficient money, he first
Domingo church and rented a room in Barcelona which
then Chenggoy, Antonio Rivera and his cousin cost only 11 pesos
Gella accompanied him to the
Jock near Magallanes monument. He rode the cruise
Salvadora and
Life in Barcelona and Madrid
on May 8, 1882, their cruis reached Singapore. He he wrote an essay which reflected how he loved and
immediately traveled to different parts of the missed his country. He wrote his first nationalistic
country essay in Barcelona entitled El Amor Patrio. This
and visited the gardens, the Buddhist temple, the essay was published in Diariong Tagalog on August
monument of Stamford Raffles 20, 1882 and was translated in Tagalog by Marcelo
and the market where he bought his personal things. H. del Pilar.
He admired the Chinese
architecture and the freedom of religion in
Singapore which was evident in On November 3, 1882, Rizal was enrolled in
different churches in the country. Universidad Central de Madrid
under the course of Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters.
On May 11, 1882, he rode the cruise of Djemah
going to Ceylon (old name he also enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts of San
of Sri Lanka). His ticket was for first class so he Fernando for painting and he also travelled to
would enjoy a first class cabin, different historical places and museums.
with carpeted floor, bed with springs, curtain and
wash basin.
he had the opportunity to meet Consuelo Ortiga y abroad.
Perez, the daughter of Don Pablo, the former mayor 2. The genius could come from any nations so the
of Manila during the time of administration of people in a particular race
Governor General Carlos Maria should not treat themselves as superior.
de la Torre. He fell in love with Consuelo but 3. The talents and intelligence of the Filipinos are
because Eduardo de Lete was innate and Spain gave
courting Consuelo, he did not pursue his feelings them education which polished their capabilities.
for Consuelo and instead he 4. The Filipinos are ready for the reforms that the
wrote a poem which showed his admiration to this Spanish government will
lady. give.
5. The Union of Spain and the Philippines is not
impossible and he
recognized the contributions of Spain for our
Rizal Joined the Masonry country.
In Madrid, Rizal was able to meet different 6. The credit should be given to Juan Luna, Felix
personalities with liberal Hidalgo, to the students
ideas like Miguel Morayta, Francisco Pi y Margal who choose to be apart from their families to
and other people who were continue their education and
brave to openly criticize the government and friars to the parents who worked hard and bore the
during their time. And longing for their children for
these people were part of the Masonic Lodge so the sake of their education.
Rizal also joined the Masonry
hoping that he could utilize the Free Masonry as his •attained a title in medicine/ medical studies of
shield against the friars who Laciente in Medicine
according to him were the hindrance for the
development and reform of the
society in the Philippines.
The Filipno illustrado in Madrid between the year
On February 15, 1884, he received his diploma as 1880 to 1885 had a secret
the Master Mason. mission to inform the Spanish government in
Madrid about the true condition
Rizal, Assimilation and Propaganda Movement
The Toast for Luna and Hidalgo
On June 25, 1884, the Filipinos in Madrid had a
gathering to celebrate the Filipino illustrado contributed articles to their
Juan Luna's success because his painting newspaper, La Solidaridad to enlighten the minds
Spolarium gained gold medal and of the Spaniards and other Filipinos about the real
Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo's Christian Virgins condition of the country. The triumvirates of the
Exposed to Populance received a organization were Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano
silver medal on a prestigious painting competition Lopez Jaena and Dr. Jose Rizal
in Madrid. And Jose Rizal,
who was not able to take his meal for the whole day
was requested to deliver The Conflict between Jose Rizal and Antonio
an impromptu speech that would be a salute for the Luna
two Filipino painters. Antonio Luna and Jose Rizal were close friends but
when Antonio knew
that Nelly Boustead, the lady whom he was
The Concepts of Brindis courting had special feelings for Jose
1. The independence of the Philippines in the future Rizal their friendship was shaken. In one incident,
because the Filipinos when Antonio was drunk, he
already had education from Spain and their stated negative things about Nelly and Rizal did
achievements were recognized not like the words that Antonio
said so he challenged Luna to a duel. Being an for seven months. His reasons
expert in guns and swords, for venturing to Hong Kong were the following:
Rizal was confident that he would win the duel but 1. to leave behind his rivalry with Marcelo H. del
the other Filipinos present Pilar;
prevented the duel to happen. After the incident, 2. to facilitate a Propaganda Movement in Hong
Antonio realized his mistakes Kong, and
and talked to Rizal. Upon realizing that Nelly was 3. to be proximate to his family in the Philippines.
in love with Rizal, Antonio just
helped Rizal win the heart of Nelly Boustead. •November 20, 189- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong
and was cordially
Basa. He resided at No.5 D Aguilar Street, No. 2
The Conflict Between Rizal and Wenceslao Rednaxela Terrace and opened
Retana a medical clinic there.
Wenceslao wrote an article which stated that the
Domican friars evicted •Manuel T. Hidalgo, he had been informed of
Rizal's family from their land in Calamba which deportation of 25 persons in Calamba
they rented from the Dominican •Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, they built a large
because Rizal's family did not pay enough amount clientèle and opened a medical clinic
to the corporation. And because
of the negative comments of Retana about his Plan for Filipino Colony in Borneo
family, Rizal challenged Retana to a
duel but again having in mind that Rizal was an •plan to move the landless Filipinos to Borneo and
expert in gun and sword, Retana transform the said wilderness into a
did not agree to the challenge. "New Calamba" through the so-called Borneo
The Conflict between Marcelo H. del Pilar and Colonization Project.
Rizal
• April 1892, he visited Borneo and negotiated with
Marcelo H. del Pilar and Rizal had a conflict
the British authorities who were willing to
because of leadership. The members in the
provide 100,000 acres of land for the Filipinos.
association were divided as Pilarist (for del Pilar)
There were a number
and Rizalist (for Rizal) and to end the conflict they
who objected it, one of which was Rizal’s brother-
held an election. On the first election, Rizal won the
in-law, Hidalgo
presidency but did not get the minimum vote
•Rizal wrote a letter addressed to Governor
needed, in the second election, Rizal again won the
GeneralEulogio Despujol informing
presidency but again did not get the minimum vote
his Borneo colonization project, with whom he
needed and in the third election finally Rizal got the
received no response. Instead,
minimum vote needed. However, Rizal did not
Despujol commanded the Spanish consul-general in
accept the leadership because of the lack of unity.
Hong Kong to notify Rizal
The conflict between Rizal and Marcelo was
that such project was very unpatriotic
published in La Solidaridad which was opposed by
Rizal. The conflict of Rizal with other reformists Despite the much opposition from friends and
made him think that his real battle was in the relatives, he decided to return
Philippines so inspite of the advice of his other to Manila on the following reasons:
friends and family for him not to go back to the 1. to discuss with Governor General Despujol his
country, he decided to return to the Philippines. Borneo colonization project;
2. to form the La Liga Filipina in the Philippines,
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete's allegations on
CHAPTER 7
him and his family in Calamba
Trip Back Home
were wrong.
Back in Hongkong
After the El Filibusterismo was published, Rizal left
Europe. Aboard the S.S. Instead of having the protection he desired,
Melbourne, he sailed to Hong Kong where he lived Despujol ordered his secretary, Luis de la Torre, to
verify whether the patriot had naturalized himself as •He stayed and lived in the house of Captain
a German citizen or not. Carnicero. The relation between
Carnicero (warden) and Rizal (prisoner) was warm
and friendly, They ate together
and they had many friendly conversations, Captain
La Liga Filipina
Carnicero admired Rizal's fine
• July, 1892- return to the Philippines.
qualities and personalities.
• organized the la Liga Filipina, this constituted a
Rizal was grateful to the kindness and generosity of
forward step in the reformist ideas of the times in
the Spanish Captain. even wrote a poem on his
movement. Andres Bonifacio who became one of
birthday. "A Don Ricardo Carnicero" on Aug. 26,
the founders of the organization.
1892
As listed in the constitution Rizal prepared, the
• September 21, the lottery ticket 9736 jointly
Liga's aims were
owned by Captain Carnicero, Jose Rizal and
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
Francisco Equiror (le Dipolog) won the second
vigorous, and homogenous body
prize of P20,000.00 in the government-owned
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity
lottery. Each shared 16,200.00, Rizal spent well his
3. Defense against all violence and injustice;
money. He sent P205
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and
his father and P200 to his friend Basa in Hong
commerce
Kong. And the rest of the las
5 Study and application of reforms.
he invested well by buying agricultural lands along
the coast of Talisaya
turns to visit him in Dapitan.
The Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they
arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892, merely four days
Visited him In Dapitan: Rizal's mother, sisters,
after the Liga was organized for allegedly found in
Trinidad, Maria, Narcisa and his nephews, Father
his baggage bundle of leaflets entitled "Poor
Francisco Sanchez, his favorite teacher at the
Friars” which were against the Dominicans priests
Ateneo de Manila
who acquired riches contrary
to their vow of poverty. •Rizal had a long and scholastic debate with Father
Pastells, he revealed his anti-catholic ideas which
• Rizal was held in Fort Santiago for about a week
he had acquired in Europe and embitterment for his
and then was deported to Dapitan.
persecutions of the bad friars.
•the Liga became inactive until, through the efforts
• November 3, 1893, he was visited by the spy of
of Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was
the friars, Pablo Mercado. The next day Rizal
reorganized.
learned that the impostor was still in Dapitan, he
• Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of the
reported to the "commandacia" about the spy's
Supreme Council.
mission to Captain Juan Sitges (who succeeded
Captain Carnicero) as commandant of Dapitan. The
stranger's real name was known as “Florencio
Rizal's Meaningful Life in Dapitan
Namanan", who was hired by the Recollect friars
for the secret mission. The spy was released and the
• July 1892, traveled to Dapitan under Captain
result of investigation was sent to Gov. General
Delgas passing Mindoro and Panay.
Blanco.
•Captain Carnicero, the Spanish commandant of
Dapitan,
Rizal as a Physican
• Rizal had lived in the place for four years.
•charged wealthy patients : P3,000.00, P5,000.00
Dapitan is a remote town in Mindanao which is patients from Talisay and Dapitan.
under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits
•rendered free medical services to the poor •he invented machine for making bricks which
especially those from Dapitan and Talisay can manufacture about 6,000 bricks
daily. When he wrote to Blumentritt in Nov. 30,
Patients: 1895, he requested him to find out
•from Cebu, Panay, Negros, and from other parts of other method that the Bohemian used so as not to
Mindanao waste much heat to bake bricks.
•Mr. George Taufer of hongkong came for •introduced a hemp-stripping machine to improve
treatment of his eye. the abaca industry,
•Don Florencio Ascarraga, a rich haciendero of increasing the output of the abaca planters.
Aklan who was cured
of eye ailment paid Rizal a cargo of sugar. Rizal as a Businessman
•he operated the right eye of his beloved mother, While in Dapitan, in partnership with Ramon
Doña Teodora in July 1894. Carreon, Rizal made profitable
business ventures in fishing, copra, hemp industries
and lime manufacturing. A
Rizal as Engineer one deal, they made a profit of P200.00.

• Constructed a system of waterworks, 1895. Mr. H. •he organized the Cooperative Association of
F. Cameron praised Rizal for his ingenuity Dapitan Farmers in Januar 1, 1895. Among its
purposes were "to improve the farm products,
obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their
Jose Rizal as a Teacher in Dapitan purchase... help the producers and workers by
In 1893, he established a school that existed until establishing a store wherein they can buy prime
the end of his exile in July 1896. It all started with 3 commodities at moderate prices."
pupils then enrollment increased to 16 pupils. They •Rizal even invited Saturnina to come to Mindanao
worked in the garden, field, and for she could profitably
construction projects in the community. He gave the in the textile, jewelry and hemp business.
boys vocational and academic
trainings. Rizal taught the boys Reading, Writing,
Languages (Spanish and English)
Geography, History, Mathematics (Arithmetic and Jose Rizal, as One of the World's Great
Geometry) Industrial work, Linguists
Nature and Study, Morals and GGymnastics. •He had known 22 languages. In Dapitan, he
Brightest pupil was “emporer" learned the Bisayan, Subanun
and Malay languages. He was a born polyglot
(multilingual). He learned different
languages when he traveled abroad. Among them
Dr. Jose Rizal as a Farmer in Dapitan were Latin, Greek, English,
He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay where he French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit,
built his home, his school and hospital. Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese,
He planted the land with copra, coffee, sugarcane, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, Russian and
coconuts and fruits. He Filipino dialects such as Tagalog and
acquired more lands until his total holdings reached lokano.
70 hectares with 6,000 herp
plants, 1,000 coconuts and other fruit trees Other Projects of Rizal in Dapitan
•He knew that "Malaria" is spread by mosquitoes
Jose Rizal as an Inventor which thrive in swampy places, thus he spent many
In 1887, Rizal's first invention was known while in months draining the marshes to get rid of Malaria.
Calamba. He invented a cigarette •made lighting system consisting of coconut oil
lighter,"sulpukan" made of wood which he sent to lamps placed
Blumentritt. “It's in the dark streets.
mechanism is based on the principle of compressed •Rizal and Jesuit teacher Father Sanchez
air ", Rizal said. remodeled the town plaza to enhance its beauty. In
front of the church, he made a huge relief map of (1) the people are not ready for a revolution
Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass.
(2) arms and funds must be raised before the
revolution.
Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken in Dapitan
While in Dapitan, after the day's hard work, Rizal
was often sad. He missed •December 17, 1895 of his application as volunteer
his family and the death of Leonora Rivera caused doctor in Cuba. He almost gave
him much pain.
up his hope that his humanitarian offer would be
•Mr. Taufer who came all the way from Hong approved.
Kong with his adopted daughter Josephine to seek
•On July 30, 1896 a letter from Gov. General
the services of the ophthalmic surgeon. Rizal and
Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying
Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight.
After a month's love affair, they agreed to marry him of the acceptance of his offer.
Father Obach, the priest of Dapitan, refused to
marry them without permission of the Bishop of •Rizal's four-year exile in Dapitan ended in July 31,
Cebu. Josephine stayed with Rizal's family and later 1896 with great joy, he again could travel and be
she returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would free to go to Europe and Cuba. He wrote his heart-
marry them, Rizal and Josephine held hands warming poem. "The Song of the Traveller" (El
together and married themselves in the eyes of God Canto del Viajero)
and lived as husband and wife. They lived happily
in Dapitan and was blessed with a son who survived
only for three hours after birth and was buried in
Dapitan. The boy was named Francisco in honor of When he left Dapitan, on July 31, 1896 on board
Jose Rizal's father. the steamer España
accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa and her
Who was Josephine that made Rizal's life daughter Angelica, his three nephews
happy? and six pupils, almost all Dapitan folks were at the
She was an Irish girl of sweet eighteen, slender, shore to bid goodbye. Many
blue eyed, hair chestnut wept especially the other pupils who were too poor
blond, dressed with elegant simplicity. She was to accompany him to Manila.
born in Hong Kong on Oct. 3, 1876 They had stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo,
of Irish parents. Her mother was Elizabeth Jane Capiz and Romblon. Upon arrival
MacBride who died in childbirth in Manila Bay, he learned that the steamer Isla de
and her father James Bracken, a corporal in the Luzon had left for Spain the
British garrison. She was adopted "Castilla" and held "incommunicado" except to his
by Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind. family for about a month
from August 6 to September 2, 1896. While he was
Rizal and Katipunan waiting patiently for the next
•a revolution was being planned by the Katipunero steamer that will bring him to Barcelona, the plans
led by Andres Bonifacio. of the Katipunan to overthrow
Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered
•Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to by Fray Mariano Gil, the Augustinian parish priest
Dapitan in order to inform Dr. Jose Rizal of their of Tondo in August 19, 1896.
plans of the
revolution for freedom's sake July 21, 1896. In August 26, 1896 the Cry
of Balintawak" was raised by Bonifacio and the
Katipunero. At sunrise of August
Rizal objected to the revolutionary plans for two 30, the revolutionaries led by Bonifacio and
reasons Jacinto attacked San Juan (Battle of San
Juan) and suffered heavy losses. On this day, guard while there was wild
Governor General Blanco declared rejoicing for the Spaniards and friars because of the
a state of war in the first eight provinces for rising military supplies and more
against Spain Manila (as a Meanwhile, the Spanish authorities had brutally
province) Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, tortured many Filipino
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac. patriots to get evidences against Rizal. Including his
Rizal learned about this war and battles around brother Paciano who was military reinforcements.
Manila through the rendered almost dead, paralyzed and speechless for
newspapers, he read in Castilla; and he was very several days.
much worried. The day when
the state of war was proclaimed in the eight
provinces, Rizal received two letters Since exile is an early motif in ancient Greek
from Governor General Blanco. These two letters tragedy, they
of introduction for the Minister Even the history and the bible prescribed the exile
of War General Marcelo de Ascaraga and Minister of Israelites Kingdom to
of Colonies with covering letter conserved the integrity of their belief. In the ancient
absolved Rizal from all blame for the raging Greek world, this was seen as
revolution which is at the moment a fate worse than death. Before a death sentence
happening in the Philippines. was pronounced, a Roman citizen
including temporary or permanent exile, exile with
or without loss of citizenship,
In September 30, at 4:00 pm he was officially could escape by voluntary exile. Later, the
notified by Captain Alemany parameters of exile were
that he should stay in his cabin until further orders introduced,
in Manila. He was kept heavily and exile with or without confiscation of property.
guarded for three days. What a coincidence, the In tracing the beginning of our civilization, exile
military commander of Barcelona means to be away from one's
was General Eulogio Despujol who ordered his country, being explicitly refused permission to
exile in Dapitan for four years return or being threatened with
(1892-1896). He had heard rumors on board the imprisonment or death upon return. Exile is a form
ship that he was being blamed for of prolonged absence from
the outbreak of the revolution in the Philippines. one's country imposed by vested authority as a
The ship docked at Barcelona on punitive measure. It can be a form
of punishment and solitude. It is common to
distinguish between “internal exile",
October 6 at 3:00am and he was brought to an in which the persons if forced resettlement within
infamous prison-fortress named Monjuich. the country of residence, and
"external exile", wherein the person is forcibly
At about 2:00pm, he was brought to the
deported outside of the country of
headquarters of Gen. Despujol.
his residence.
People all over the world have a story of exiles and
The interview lasted for a quarter of an hour. He most of them have been
was told by the brusque general that he will be famous in their era. Some of them became active in
slipped to Manila on board the steamer Colon which their respective preferred field
was leaving of expertise, such as the following:
that evening. The ship left at 8:00pm full of soldiers 1. Napoleon I exiled from France to Elba & later to
and officers and their families St. Elena
2. Idi Amin
exiled to Libya and Saudi Arabia until his death
,As the steamer Colon reached Manila in November 3. Joseph Brodsky exiled from Soviet Union to
3, 1896. Dr. Jose Rizal United States.
was brought directly to Fort Santiago under heavy 4. John Calvin
exiled from Switzerland to France but later let back
into
Switzerland, due to change in government.
5. Frederick Chopin exiled from Poland to France
6. El Cid
banned from Castle, served other Iberian Kings
ending
with the conquest of Valencia.
7. Dante Alighieri
medieval Italian poet and author of the Divine
comedy.
8. Albert Einstein-self-exiled from Germany to the
United States
9. Sigmund Freud- self-exiled from Austria to
United Kingdom
10. Karl Marx-self- exiled from Germany to the
United Kingdom
Rizal's: Trial and Martyrdom at Bagumbayan
A week after the outbreak of the Philippine
Revolution, on September 2, 1896,
Jose Rizal left Manila for Spain. Going back to
Governor GeneralRamon Blanco's
as military doctor. As such, Rizal was to go to Spain
first before going to Cuba.
last letter to Rizal, the former approved the latter's
request that he be sent to Cuba
But even before he reached his first destination, he
was arrested by the Spanish
authorities on board, jailed in Barcelona and
shipped back to Manila and was
filed at Fort Santiago for the last 3 months of his
life.
While Rizal was still in exile in Dapitan, the
Katipunan emissary, Dr. Pio and to sneak him on a
ship destined to Japan. However, Rizal was not in
favor of this plan as he had no plan of breaking his
promises to the Spanish authorities.
For the second time, in August 1896, during Rizal's
stopover in Manila Bay,
Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other selected
Katipuneros disguised as
sailors of the motor Caridad so that they can easily
penetrate the cruiser Castilla, then
harbored at Manila Bay. Rizal was on deck at that
time when he was approached
by Jacinto who whispered that they were
Katipuneros and were there to rescue
him. However, despite the opportunity given to him,
Rizal refused to be rescued.
On board Castilla, Rizal heard of the outbreak of the
revolution and was not
surprised. However, his worry was that Spanish
authorities might think that he
incited the said struggle. Two recommendation
letters from Governor Blanco
diverted Rizal's anguish one for the Minister of
War, General Marcelo de
Azcarraga; and the second, for the Minister of
Colonies.
Aboard the steamer, Isla de Panay, Rizal left Manila
for Spain on September 2, 1896, not knowing that
this will be his last travel abroad. The night before
his
departure, he wrote a letter to Doña Teodora Alonzo
telling her that his task
required strength and dedication, and if he died, at
least he had done something
good for mankind.
By the eve of September 7, the steamer reached
Singapore and on the 30th,
While Isla de Panay was on its voyage along the
Mediterranean Sea, a telegraphic
was received by Captain A. Alemany, the ship
skipper, ordering him to
arrest and confine Jose Rizal in his cabin until they
arrive in Barcelona on the 3rd
of October. Early morning of October 6, Rizal was
transferred to Montjuich Castle
where he was visited by Eulogio Despujol who was
then the military Commander
of Cataluña. By 8 o'clock in the evening, aboard the
steamer Colon, Rizal left
Barcelona for Manila.
Such occurrences had already been known among
Rizal's friends in Europe
and Singapore. His friends from London, Dr.
Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto
Lopezexerted all their efforts to find a lawyer in
Singapore who could aid their
requested to do the task of rescuing Rizal – by
issuing writ of habeas corpus on the
friend in need. They sent a telegraph to a certain
Atty. Hugh Fort whom
steamer Colon. Unfortunately, the judge in
Singapore denied Fort's
contention that Rizal was illegally detained in the
said steamer because the voyage
cannot be delayed since it was, according to the
judge, a warship carrying Spanish
ña. By 8 o'clock in the
troops to Manila.
Thus, on November 3, Colon arrived in Manila -
Jose Rizal, under heavy
security, was brought immediately to Fort Santiago.
During his stay, Spanish
authorities were searching for evidence against him.
In fact, Filipinos who had been
recognized at his side were brutally tortured to
implicate him. Some of them were
as follows: Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela,
Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon,
Domingo Franco and Timoteo Paez. Even his only
brother, Paciano was arrested
and inflicted with pains which the latter endured for
his younger brother's sake.
Exile in Dapitan
Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
is not only admired for
possessing intellectual brilliance but also for taking
a stand and resisting the Spanish
colonial government. He had been very vocal
against the Spanish government, but
in a peaceful and progressive manner. For him, "the
pen was mightier than the
sword." And through his writings, he exposed the
corruption and wrong doings
of government officials as well as the Spanish
friars.
While in Barcelona, Rizal contributed essays,
poems, allegories, and editorials
to the Spanish newspaper, La Solidaridad. Most of
his writings, both in his essays
and editorials, centered on individual rights and
freedom, specifically for the
Filipino people. As part of his reforms, he even
called for the inclusion of the
Philippines to become a province of Spain. But,
among his best work, two novels
stood out from the rest – Noli Me Tangere (Touch
Me Not) and El Filibusterismo
(The Reign of the Greed).
In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish
colonial rule in the country
and exposed the ills of Philippine society at the
time. And because he wrote about
the injustices and brutalities of the Spaniards in the
country, the authorities
banned Filipinos from reading the controversial
books, if, they were not able to
ban it completely. As more Filipinos read the books,
their eyes opened to the truth that they were
suffering the unspeakable abuses in the hands of the
friars. These
8. A letter signed Dimas Alang to unidentified
committee dated June 1,1892,
9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of
the Hong Kong Telegraph.
10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Sept.
3, 1892.
11. A Letter of Rizal Segundo dated Sept. 17, 1893.
12. A letter to M.H. del Pilar to Juan Zulueta.
13. A transcript of the speech of Pinkian (Emilio
Jacinto in a meeting of the

Dr. Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda 14. Transcript of a speech Tik-Tol (Jose Turiano
Santiago) during the
After the preliminary investigation, the Judge
Advocate General, Don Nico
las de la Peña, submitted the following
recommendations:
(1) the accused be immediately brought to trial;
Katipunan on July 23, 1893.
same
Colonel Olive, presented voluminous evidences that
hint them to Katipunan meeting
Pursue the trial, as follows: 15. A poem by Laon Laan (Rizal) entitled "Talisay.
1. A letter from Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce (2) he should be kept in prison;
dated Oct. 16, 1888, Madrid.
indemnity; and
2. A Letter of Rizal to his family dated Aug.
20,1890, Madrid. (3) an order of attachment be issued against his
property as an
3. A Letter from M. H. del Pilar to Deodato
Arellano dated Jan. 7, 1889, Madrid. (4) he should be defended in court by an army
officer.
4. A poem entitled “KUNDIMAN"allegedly written
by Rizal. The verses are
written in Tagalog,
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified Martyrdom at Bagumbayan
person, Sept. 18, 1891.
Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already
6. A Masonic document dated Feb. 9, 1892. knew that there is no way

7. A letter signed Dimas Alang to Ten Luz (Juan that his destiny would be changed - Rizal knew it
Zulueta) dated May 24, 1 was his end and had accepted
his fate. Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by
writing correspondences to
friends and family, bidding everyone farewell; and
conversing with his Jesuit
priests friends. He had a lot of visitors, arriving one
or two after the other:
1. Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata - the Rector of the
Ateneo Municipal; arrived in the
prison early in the morning.
2. Fr. Luis Viza - came with Fr. Mata; the priest to
whom Rizal asked for the
image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he made
during his stay in Ateneo.
3. Fr. Antonio Rosell - another friend of Rizal who
gladly ate a fine breakfast
with him; returned in the afternoon to resume his
talk with Rizal.
4. Lt. Taviel de Andrade - Rizal extended his
appreciation for Andrade's
services as his defense counsel,
5. Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier
rather comically that Rizal would lose his head for
writing the Noli Me Tangere, and the latter
"congratulated"
the priest for being right.
Fr. Jose Villaclara - Rizal's former teacher in
Ateneo; ate lunch with him.
7. Fr. Vicente Balaguer - accompanied Fr.
Villaclara, ate lunch with Rizal a
& Santiago Mataix -- contributor in the El Heraldo
de Madrid
Teodora Alonzo - Rizal knelt before his beloved
mother, begging for
forgiveness and understanding; the mother and son
were separated by the
strong grip of the prison guard.
10. Trinidad - arrived when Doña Teodora left the
chapel; to her, Rizal handed
down an alcohol cooking stove and whispered that
something was inside it
(turned out to be his last piece, the Mi Ultimo
Adios, written in a small piece of
11. Gaspar Castaño - fiscal of the Royal
Audiencia; had a good conversation with Rizal.
On November 26, the records of the case were
handed over to Governor General Ramon Blanco
who then appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as
special Judge Advocate.
The information of charges was later on formally
read to Rizal in his prison
cell. He was accused of being “the principal
organizer and the living soul of the
Filipino insurrection, the founder of societies,
periodicals and books dedicated to
formenting and propagating ideas of rebellion.”
Rizal raised no objections to these
charges; however, he pleaded not guilty to the crime
of rebellion.On 8 December, Dr. Rizal was given
the chance to choose only among army officer from
a list that can be his defender or his counsel on the
court or proceedings, he chose the brother of his
friend, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade to become his
trial lawyer.
Rizal spent his last 24 hours in his death cell where
he received members of friend that he considered as
his second brother, Ferdinand Blumentritt.
charges against him, as follows: "principal
organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals
and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating
the ideas of rebellion."
Dr. Rizal, was given a few minutes to rebut on the
accusation or
1. He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
2. He has nothing to amend except that during his
exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in
political matters.
3. He has nothing to admit on the charges against On said hearing, Pio Valenzuela pleaded was
him. granted to present his
4. He had nothing to admit on the declaration of the testimonies and manifested the following
witnesses. He had not met nor knew, against him statements:
1. He had not written a letter addressed to the
Katipunan comprising
On the 13 of December, the Governor General
Ramon Blanco was replaced by revolutionary element;
Governor General Camilo G. de Polavieja, a more 2. Without his knowledge, his name was used by
ruthless character, as Governor the Katipunan; if he really was
General of the Philippines. Capt. Rafael Dominguez guilty, he could have escaped while he was in
as special judge advocate Singapore;
nor knew, against him 3. If he was guilty, he should have left the country
while in exile. Moreso, he
submitted the papers of the Rizal case to
Malacañang Palace. shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel of land
or established a hospital
On the 15 of December, Rizal wrote a manifesto in
his prison cell at Fort in Dapitan;
Santiago appealing to his people to stop the 4. If he was really the leader of the revolution
necessary shedding of blood and to
consulted him, the revolutionist should have
achieve their liberties by means of education and
industry. General de la Peña, society;

however, recommended to the newly installed

Governor General Camilo de
Polavieja, that the manifesto be suppressed. Thus, it
5. He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the
was never issued to the people.
La Liga Filipina, but to make
Dr. Rizal considered this 25th of December a
things clear, the organization was a civic association
saddest Christmas ever, away
not a revolutionary society
from family and friends.
On December 26, 1896 at the Cuartel de España,
6. After the first meeting of La Liga, the association
the trial of Dr. Jose Rizal
banished because of his
held in a Spanish military court composed of alien
exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last long;
military officers, Prosecutor
Lt. Enrique de Alcocer: The Proscutor Alcocer,
recognized the presence of the 7. reorganized nine months later, he had no idea
about it;
witness of Dr. Jose Rizal, he had given an ample
time to prepare and presented the 8. If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then
the Katipunan should have
testimony
9. If the Spanish authorities found his letters having
bitter atmosphere, it
was because in 1890, his family was being
persecuted resulting to their
29 December, 6:00
dispossession of properties and deportation of all
his brothers-in law; Rizaal was read his verdict by Captain Rafael
Dominguez:
10. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan, the
politico-military commanders and "To be shot the next day at 7:00 AM at the Luneta
de Bagumbayan (Rizal Park).
If the La Liga was
not been organized;
29 December, 7:00 AM
missionary priests in the province could attest to
that; Rizal was transferred to the chapel cell. His first
visitors were Jesuit priests Fathers Miguel Saderra
11. If according to witnesses the speech he Mata and
delivered at Doroteo Ongjunco's house
Luis Viza, handed-over a religious images to
had inspired the revolution, then he want to convince him to go back to the Catholic fold.
confront these person's. If he
really was the revolutionist, then why did the
Katipunan send an unfamiliar 29 December, 7:15 AM

emissary to him in Dapitan. If is so, because all his After Fr. Saderra left, Rizal put out a piece from his
friends were aware that he
pocket a Sacred Heart statute and asked Fr. Viza to
never advocated violence.
blessed the statute which he had carved when he
The Prosecutor, made a long summarized speech was an Ateneo student.
after the presentation of
the testimony of Valenzuela. In his speech, he
29 December, 8:00 AM
mentioned the charges against Dr.
Fr. Viza was relieved by Fr. Antonio Rosell who
Rizal and urged the court to give the verdict of life
joined
imprisonment-death penalty
Rizal for breakfast. Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade joins
for sedition and rebellion, and correctional
them.
imprisonment and a fine of 325 -3250
pesetas for illegal association or conspiracy
findings. 29 December, 9:00 AM
On the 28 of December, despite all valid Fr. Federico Faura, came and reminisce his
reminder to
pleadings, the military court, vindictive as it was,
Dr. Rizal that would lose his head for writing the
unanimously voted for the sentence of death.
Noli
Governor General Camilo G. de Polavieja
Me Tangere. Rizal told him, “Father you are indeed
affirmed the decision of the court martial and a

ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the morning of prophet."

December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field.

29 December, 10:00 AM
Fathers José Vilaclara and Estanislao March visited
Rizal, followed by a Spanish journalist, Santiago
Mataix
of El Heraldo de Madrid, for an interview.
29 December, 12:00-3:30
Rizal's time alone in his cell. He had lunch, wrote
letters and last poem for about 14 stanzas. He used
his
flowing handwriting in a very small piece of paper.
He
hid his writings inside his alcohol stove. The
untitled
poem was later known as Mi Ultimo Adios (My
Last
Farewell). In its second stanza, he already praised
the
revolutionaries in the battlefield for giving their
lives
"without doubt, without gloom.”
14 stanzas. The sister reproduced the poem and sent
it to Rizal's friend abroad.
Later Maraino Dacanay, a Filipino Priest,entitled
the poem Mi Ultimo Adios and published it in La
Independencia of Antonio Luna on Sept 25, 1898
The Mi Ultimo Adios could be the most translated
poem in the world,
Presently, it has been translated into
langauages/dialects. The languages
Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, Czech,
Danish, Dutch, English,
Fijian, Filipino, French, German, Greek, Hawaiian,
Hebrew, Hidi, Hungarian,
{gbo, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Javanese,
Korean, Latin, Maori, Norwegian,
portuguses, Romanian, Russian, Sanskrit, Sinhalese,
Somali, Tahitian, Thai,Tongan,
Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese, Wolof, and Yoruba.
Death march from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan
begins. The same place where the three priests had
been killed in 1872, There were 4 soldiers with
bayo neted rifles lead the procession followed by
Rizal,
Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara and March
and other soldiers. They passed by the Intramuros
plaza, then turned right to the Postigo gate then
at Malecon, the bayside road now known as
Bonifacio Drive.
30 December, 7:00 AM
Rizal, after arriving on the execution site at the
Luneta or Bagumbayan, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillowas
checked his pulse. It was perfectly normal. Rizal
With the captain shouting "Fuego!" Shouts rang out
from the guns of eight indio soldiers. Rizal, being a
convicted criminal was not facing the firing squad.
As he was hit, he resists and turns himself to face
40
the Spanish authority set up the ceremony like a
fair. And even at the moment of his fall, Rizal turns
his body so that he ends up lying on his back, with
his face to the sun. Hundreds of men and women of
the Spanish colony appeared in their best clothes in
order to celebrate the death of their enemy. Troop
units were paraded; a musical band celebrated the
death of Rizal by playing the national anthem con-
tinuously. The firing squad was composed of Fili- 30 December 1896, afternoon Narcisa, after a long
search, discovered where
pino soldiers of the colonial army, but behind them
her brother's body was secretly buried, at the old
unused Paco Cemetery. She asked the guards
to place a marble plaque designed by Doroteo
stood a detachment of Spanish soldiers with
muskets leveled at their "brown comrades" in case Ongjungco containing Rizal's initials in reverse
they
"RPJ."
should refuse to shoot their countryman. The
elegant Spanish ladies wave their handkerchiefs, the
Gentlemen applaud. And while the Filipinoss The Philippine Government declared December 30
as the national Hero's day in commemorating the
execution in enraged silence, calls of "Viva España. heroism of Dr. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y
AlonsoRealonda.
Muerte a lostraidores!" resound tremendously. And
Long live Filipinas!!!!!
see the
he falls down, and dies facing the sky.

The execution of Rizal stirred emotions all over the

world. The newspapers, which otherwise hardly
took notice of this distant country reported about the
execution. The international prestige of the Spanish
colonialism, already discredited, suffered a heavy
blow. Indeed in the Philippines itself, the death of
the man, who for millions of people had been the
embodiment of uprightness, of tolerance, of
kindness and helpfulness, but above all of
liberalism, of freedom and

The Precious Moment of His Life

independence, had the effect of a beacon.
Thousands of those who hesitated, who
were undecided, who were afraid perceived the
death of Rizal as a mute call to
join up with the revolutionaries whose ranks
swelled in the weeks and months
that followed.