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Chapter Four Elastic Foundations
Chapter Four Elastic Foundations
ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS
* Bending of beams on elastic foundations and solutions
** Solution by superposition and Contact stress problems
4.1 Introduction and Foundation Models ---- Winkler
Foundation
4.2 Governing Equations For Uniform Straight Beams on
Elastic Foundations
= +
1
l Two Analytical Models on Elastic Foundation
relationship is presumed
2
4.2 Governing Equations For Uniform Straight
Beams on Elastic Foundations
l Governing Equations
(a)
dV dM d 2M
= − q, =V → = −q (b)
dx dx dx 2
d 2w d 4w
M = − EI → EI =q
dx 2 dx 4
(2) Beam Theory on Winkler Foundation
dV dM d 2M
= − q + kw , =V → = kw − q
dx dx dx 2
d 2w d 4w
M = − EI 2
→ EI 4
+ kw = q
dx dx
3
l Solution of the Equation
foundation:
d 4w
EI 4
+ kw = q
dx
By introducing a parameter b (unit L-1)
1
k 4
β =
4 EI
The solution of the governing equation can be written as
w = e β x (C 1 sin β x + C 2 cos β x ) + e − βx (C 3 sin β x + C 4 cos β x ) + w ( q )
4
TABLE 5.2.1 Selected Values of Terms Defined by Eqs. 5.2.7.
5
4.3 Semi-infinite and Infinite Beams with
Concentrated Loads
l Semi-infinite beams with concentrated load
(a) (b)
So finally we have:
2 β Po 2 βM o
w(x) = D βx − C βx ,
k k
dw 2 β 2 Po 4β 3M o
θ = =− A βx + D βx , M ( x ), V ( x )
dx k k
6
All M(x), V(x), w(x), θ(x) are damped sine and cosine wave
l Example
7
(3) Bending moment is M = -PoBβx / β, from the table we
find that Bβx has largest value at βx = π/4, the
x = π/4β = 477mm.
8
By using the solution for semi-infinite beam under
concentrated load, we have:
2 β 2 o
P
4β 2 M
2 + P
at x = 0, θ=− o
= 0 → Mo = o due to
k k 4β
9
(2) Concentrated moment ---- by using previous solution -----
equivalent to:
10
Moβ M
(2) Then substituting Po = , M = o into basic
2 2
solution, we have β 2M o dw β 3 M o
w ( x) = Bβ x ,θ = = C βx
k dx k
M βM o
M ( x) = o Dβx , V = − Aβ x
2 2
antisymmetry conditions:
11
l Example: P = 18kN
1.1m
A infinite beam rest on equally spaced linear coil springs,
located every 1.1m along the beam. A concentrated load
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(2) According to the previous solution for infinite beam
with concentrated load P, we have
β Po
w max = w x = 0 = Aβ x = 22.1mm, the maximum
2k
spring force is Fmax = Kwmax = 6075N
Po
M max = M = C β x = 7 .33 kN ⋅ m
x= 0
4β
beam.
13
l Example:
w = w1 + w2 ; M = M 1 + M 2
14
We find that wmax is at point B, M max is at A and C. The
resultant w is larger than a single load, but resultant M is a
(a) (b)
2 β Po 2β 2M o qo (due to qo)
w= Dβx − C βx +
k k k
2 β 2 Po 4 β 3M o
θ =− Aβx + Dβx , M = ..., V = ...
k k
16
(2) Basic solution: infinite beam under concentrated force P
β Po
w = A βx
2k
(3) The deflection at Q due to load qodx at O is
βqo dx
dwQ = Aβx
2k
(4) The total deflection at Q is
wQ =
β qo a
2 k ∫0
A βx dx + A dx [
= − qo D a + D b
∫0 βx 2 k βx 0 βx 0
b
]
w Q = o (2 − D βa − D βb )
q
2k
Mq =
qo
(Bβa + Bβb )
4β 2
β qo
and θ Q = ( Aβa − Aβ b ),V Q = q o (C βa − C βb )
2k 4β
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It is helpful to identify three cases:
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l Short beams on a Winkler foundation
(a) (b)
P
(1) Four boundary conditions: At x = 0, θ = 0 and V = −
2
L L
at x = ,− ,M=V=0
2 2
(2) Get four constants C1, C2, C3, C4, the results are known
19
4.5 Contact Stress ---- Problem and Solutions
l Basic assumption:
20
l Solution for two contacting spheres
sphere of infinite
(a) (b) radius
FIGURE 5.8.1. Radius a of the contact area and peak contact pressure po for
the cases of (a) two spheres of equal radius, and (b) a sphere on a half-space
(which amounts to a sphere of infinite radius). Poisson’s ratio is taken as υ =
0.3.
1
Contact area: circle of radius a = 1.109 P R1R2
3
E R1 + R2
The maximum contact pressure p o
3 P R + R2
2
3
po = = 0 . 388 PE 2 1
2 πa 2
1 2
R R
10a)
21
P R1R2 PE R1 + R2
(2) a = 1.52 , po = 0 .418
LE R1 + R2 L R1R2
(a) (c)
(b)
FIGURE 5.8.2. (a) Circular contact area between two spheres. Contact
pressure varies quadratically from a maximum of po at x = y = 0. (b) Principal
stresses and maximum shear stress along the axis of loads P in contacting
spheres, for υ = 0.3. (c) Rectangular contact area between parallel cylinders.
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