UNIT -1

STRAIN ENERGY
STRAIN
ENERGY
CONTENT:
1. Elastic strain energy
2. Strain energy due to gradual loading
3. Strain energy due to sudden loading
4. Strain energy due to impact loading
5. Strain energy due to shock loading
6. Strain energy due to shear loading
7. Strain energy due to bending (flexure)
8. Strain energy due to torsion
9. Examples
When a body is subjected to gradual, sudden or impact
load, the body deforms and work is done upon it. If the
elastic limit is not exceed, this work is stored in the body.
This work done or energy stored in the body is called
strain energy.

Energy is stored in the body during deformation process

and this energy is called “Strain Energy”.

Strain energy = Work

done
 Resilience :

Total strain energy stored in a body is called

resilience.
𝐮𝐮
∴ 𝐮= ×𝐮
𝐮𝐮 Where, σ = stress
V = volume of the body

Proof Resilience :

Maximum strain energy which can be stored in a body

is called proof resilience.
𝐮
(𝐮 )
= 𝐮 × 𝐮
∴ 𝐮p 𝐮𝐮

Where, σE = stress at elastic limit

 Modulus of Resilience :

Maximum strain energy which can be stored in a body

per unit volume, at elastic limit is called modulus of
resilience.
𝐮
(𝐮
= 𝐮 )
∴ 𝐮m 𝐮𝐮
 Consider a bar of length L placed vertically
and one end of it is attached at the ceiling.

Let P =Gradually applied load L

L =length of bar
A =Cross-sectional area of the bar
δl =Deflection produced in the bar δl
σ =Axial stress induced in the bar. It
may be tensile or P
compressive, depending upon if the bar
under consideration is under tensile or
compressive load
E =Modulus of elasticity of bar material
 Work done on the bar = Area of the load –
deformation diagram1
= × × 𝐮𝐮2

… (1)
Work Stored in the bar
= Area of the resistance – Deformation
diagram

= 1
× R × δl
2

= 1
× σ×A × δl… (2)
Now, 2

Work done = Work stored

1
∴ P × δl = 1 σ × A × δl
2 2

∴ P= σ× A
P
∴ σ=
A
….. stress due to gradual load.
Strain Energy = 1
×R× δl
2

= 1 σ × A × δl R=σ×A
2

δl
= 1 σ × A × ε × lε =
2 l

σ
= σ ×A × ×l E = σ
1
2 E ε

2
σ
=2E ×A× l

𝐮
𝐮
u= 𝐮𝐮
×v
… strain energy due to gradual l
 When the load is applied suddenly the value of the load
is P throughout the deformation.
 But, Resistance R increase from O to R

Work done on the bar =P× δl ... (1)

Work stored in the bar = 1 ×R×δl
2

=1 × σ×A× δl...(2)
2
Now,
Work done = Work stored
∴ P × δl = 1 × σ×A× 𝛿𝛿
2

1
P = ∴× σ×A
2

∴ 2P
σ =
A

 Hence , the Maximum Stress intensity due to a suddenly applied

load is Twice the stress intensity produced by the load of the same
magnitude applied gradually.
 P L
Collar
h
Load P is dropped through a height
h, before it commences to load the δl
bar.
Work done on the bar = Force × Deformation
=P( h + δl )
𝐮∙𝐮
𝐮𝐮 =
=P( h + σ∙l ) … (1) 𝐮
E

Work stored in the bar=1× δl× R

2

=Strain Energy

2
σ
= ×V … (2)
2E

Now,
Work done = Work
stored

2
σ
∴ P( h + δl )= ×V
2E
 2
σl σ
∴ P( h + )= ×A×l
E 2E

p×σl σ2
∴ P×h+ = 2E
×A×l
E

∴ P × h × 2E + p × σl 2E
× =σ2
Al E Al

2EPh 2P × σ
∴ + =σ2
Al A

2P × σ 2EPh
∴ σ − 2
=
A Al

2P × σ p2 2EPh p2
∴ σ 2
− + = A2 + A2
A Al
∴ (σ − P)2 = 2EPh p2
+ 2
A Al A

P 2EPh p2
∴ (σ − ) = +
A Al A2

P 2EPh p2
∴ σ= + Al
+
A2
A
… Stresses due to impact load

If load is applied suddenly, h = 0

P p2
∴ σ= + +0
A A2

∴ σ = 2P
A
 When 𝐮𝐮 is very small as compered to h , then

Work done = P × h

2
σ
× A × l = P ×h
2E

2𝐮𝐮ℎ
𝐮2 =
𝐮𝐮

2𝐮𝐮ℎ
𝐮=
𝐮𝐮
Let, Work done on the bar by shock = u
1
Work stored in the bar = × R × δl
12 σl
=
2 × σ×A × E
σ2
= ×A×l
2E
σ2
∴ U= ×A×l
2E
2UE
∴ σ =
2
Al
2UE
∴ σ=
Al
... max instantaneous
stress
 If t is the uniform shear
stress produce in the
material by external
forces applied within
elastic limit, the energy
Stored due to shear
Loading is given by,

𝐮𝐮
𝐮= ×𝐮
𝐮𝐮

Where, t = shear stress

G = Modulus of rigidity
 Consider a square block ABCD of length l , Faces BC
and AD are subjected to shear stress τ , Let
face AD is fixed.
 The section ABCD will deform to AB1C1D through the ang

∅ = Shear strain

BB1
tan ∅ =
l

∅ is very small
∴ tan ∅ = ∅

∴ ∅ = BBl1 ….. Shear Strain

Force P on face BC
P = τ × BC × l
When P in applied gradually In
case of gradual load.
u = P × BB1 average
2
force
1 0+P P
= × (τ × BC × l ) × BB1 = =
2 2 2
1
= × (τ × BC × l ) × ∅ ∙ lBB1 = ∅ ∙l
12 τ τ
= × (τ × A) ∙ ∙l
2 G
G=∅
1
= 2G
×uτ2 =
× Aτ ×2 l × V BC × l= A
2G

 The elastic energy stored due to shear loading is

known as shear resilience
 Consider two transverse section 1-1 and 2-2 of a beam
distant dx apart as shown in fig.

 Consider a small strip of area da at distant y from the

neutral
 Ba.xM
is.. in small portion dx will be constant.
M σ
=
I y
M
∴ σ= ×y … (1)
∴ Strain energy stored in small strip of area da.
σ2
u= × v
2E

2
σ
= × (da ∙ dx)
2E

1 M
= ×( ∙ y)2 × (da ∙ dx)
2E I

1 M2∙y2
= ∙ × da ∙ dx …(2)
2E I2

∴ Starin energy stored in entire section of a beam.

y=yc
1 M2 ∙ y2
utotal = ∙ ∙ da ∙ dx
2E I2
y=yt
 M2∙dx yc 2
= 1
∙ y ∙ da y2 ∙ da = I
2E I2 yt
= second moment of
1 M2∙dx
= ∙ I area.
2E I2

M2
utotal = 2EI
dx …(3)

 Now, for strain energy in entire beam, integrate between

limits 0 to l.
l
M2
∴ u= ∙ dx
2EI
0 ... Strain energy due to bending.
 We have seen that, when a member is subjected to a
uniform shear stress 𝐮, the strain energy stored in the
2
τ
member is × V.
2G

 Consider a small elemental ring of thickness dr, at

radius r.
 τr2
ur = ×V
2G
r 2
∙τ)
(R
ur = ×V
2G
r2 ∙ τ 2
= ×V
R ∙ 2G
2

r2 ∙ τ 2
= 2 × (2πr × dr) × l
R ∙ 2G
τ2 ∙ r3
ur = ∙ π ∙ l ∙ dr
R2 ∙ G
 …
strain
energy
for one
 Total strain energy for whole section, is obtained by
integrating over a range from r = 0 to r = D/2 for a
solid shaft.

D/2
τ2 ∙ r3
u = ∙ π ∙ l ∙ dr
R2 ∙ G
0

D/2
τ ∙π∙l
2
= r3 ∙ dr
R2 ∙ G
0

τ2 ∙ π ∙ l r4 D/2
= [ ]0
R2 ∙ G 4

τ ∙π∙l2 ( D )4
= 2
R2 ∙ G 4
 τ2 ∙ π ∙ l D4 τ2 ∙ π ∙ l D4
= ∙ = ∙
R2 ∙ G 64 D 2 64 D
R=
4 ∙G 2

τ2 ∙ π ∙ l ∙ D2
=
16G
τ2 ∙ π ∙ l ∙ D2
= π
4×4×G A= × D2
4

τ2 ∙ l ∙ A
=
4G

τ2
u = ×V
4G … Strain energy due to tor
 Ex-1 :
An axial pull of 50 kN is suddenly applied to a steel
bar 2m long and 1000 mm2 in cross section. If
modulus of elasticity of steel is 200 kN/ mm2.
Find, (i) maximum instantaneous stress
(ii) maximum instantaneous extension
(iii) Strain energy
(iv) modulus of resilience.
Solution :
here, P = 50 kN (Sudden load)
A = 1000 mm2
l = 2m = 2000 mm
E = 200 kN/mm2 = 200× 103 N/mm2
(i) Maximum instantaneous stress :
2P 2 × 50 × 103 2
σ= = = 100 N/mm
A 1000

(ii) Maximum instantaneous extension :

σ
E=
ε
σ 100
ε= = = 5 × 10−4
E 200 × 103
δl
ε=
l
δl = ε ∙ l
= 1 mm = 5 × 10−4 × 2000
(iii) Strain energy (u) :
σ2
u= ×V
2E
(100)2
= 3 × 1000 × 2000
2 × 200 × 10
= 50,000 N ∙ mm

(iv) Modulus of resilience (um) :

σ2
um =
2E
(100)2
= 3
2 × 20 0 × 10
= 0.025 N ∙ mm/mm 3
 EX –2 :
A 1500 mm long wire of 25 mm2 cross sectional
area is hanged vertically. It receives a sliding
collar of 100 N weight and stopper at bottom
end. The collar is allowed to full on stopper
through 200 mm height. Determine the
instantaneous stress induced in the wire and
corresponding elongation. Also determine the
strain energy stored in the wire. Take modulus of
elasticity of wire as 200 GPa.
Solution :
here, P = 100 N
A = 25 mm2
l = 1500 mm
 P P2 A2 2EPh
σ= + +
A A∙l

100
25
2
1 00 2 × 200 × 1 03 × 100 × 200
= +
2 465.89 N/mm 2
25 25 × 1500

4 + 461.89
 σ ∙l 465.89 × 1500
δl = =
E
= 3.49 200 × 103
mm

Strain energy,

σ2
u= ×V
2E

(465.89)2
u = = 20,348.76 3
× (25 × 1500)
2 × 200 ×
N.mm 10
THANK YOU