Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

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Applied Acoustics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust

Sound transmission through truncated conical shells

Masoud Golzari ⇑, Ali Asghar Jafari
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, PO Box 19919-43344, Tehran, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A theoretical model is presented to investigate the sound transmission through a thin-walled truncated
Received 8 March 2019 circular conical shell excited by an oblique incident plane sound wave, which impinges on the outer sur-
Received in revised form 15 June 2019 face of the shell. Love’s theory is used to implement the governing equations of the shell motion, and a
Accepted 2 July 2019
convergent power series solution is applied to obtain the exact dynamic response of the shell. In order to
calculate the acoustic pressure loadings acting on the shell surfaces, the shell is divided into several nar-
row segments which can be considered to be locally cylindrical. At first, the model predictions are com-
Keywords:
pared with their experimental and analytical counterparts reported in the literature. Then, the effects of
Sound transmission loss
Truncated circular conical shell
crucial design parameters including different boundary conditions at the ends of the shell, cone angle,
Oblique plane sound wave incident sound wave angle, length, radius, thickness and material properties of the shell, and the material
Boundary conditions properties of the fluid media are studied on the characteristics of the sound transmission loss. The pro-
posed model can provide an effective tool in the acoustic design stage of the truncated circular conical
shells.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Plates and shells are extensively used in various engineering
applications in many types of industries, such as automotive, aero-
space, marine, military and petroleum. The interaction of struc-
tures and surrounding fluids mostly induces transmission of
undesirable vibroacoustic energy, which can cause structural
fatigue and noise pollution in the systems. For example, the trans-
mission of sound power into an aircraft fuselage can be an incon-
venience to the crew and passengers. Consequently, a large
amount of analytical, numerical and experimental studies on the
sound transmission behavior of different types of panels and cylin-
drical shells have been carried out in the literature for decades.
The early studies to evaluate the sound transmission into panel
structures can be referred to the works performed by Beranek and
Work [1], and London [2]. The sound transmission loss of a double-
walled panel was calculated by Mulholland et al. [3]. Koval [4]
investigated the transmission loss of aircraft fuselage panels with
incorporating the effects of panel curvature, fuselage pressuriza-
tion and external air flow into the governing equations. Bolton
et al. [5,6] theoretically and experimentally studied the sound
transmission through double-panel structures lined with elastic
porous materials. Wu and Dandapani [7] used a multi-domain
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mgolzari@mail.kntu.ac.ir (M. Golzari), ajafari@kntu.ac.ir
(A.A. Jafari).
boundary element solution for the acoustic media to model the
sound transmission problem of a thin elastic panel. The transmis-
sion of the acoustic waves into single, double and triple glazing
panels was measured by Tadeu and Mateus [8] in an experimental
work. They showed that identifying the locations of dips related to
the natural frequencies of the panels and receiving room in the
transmission loss curve can be very important for noise insulation
purposes. Lee and Kim [9] developed a theoretical model to ana-
lyze the sound transmission characteristics of a thin plate stiffened
by equally spaced line stiffeners. The effects of some design param-
eters such as material properties, plate thickness, stiffener spacing
and size of the stiffeners were also studied on the transmission loss
behavior. Liu et al. [10] experimentally measured the airborne
noise transmitted into curved aircraft panels under the influence
of overpressure at the concave side. It was found that the experi-
mental data at middle and high frequencies agree well with the
analytical predictions of a panel with infinite dimensions, however
considerable discrepancies were observed at low frequencies. Xin
et al. [11,12] both theoretically and experimentally studied the
transmission loss in thin double-panel partitions with finite
dimensions and showed that the effect of boundary constraint is
more notable at low frequencies, in which the sound transmission
loss is generally controlled by the structure stiffness. Also, they
compared the results of the finite panel with those of an infinite
one and demonstrated that the infinite system is not able to
provide right characteristics of the transmission loss particularly
at low frequencies. Zhou et al. [13] investigated the sound

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.07.008
0003-682X/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207
Nomenclature
am ; bm ; cm Power series constants
c Speed of sound
C Membrane stiffness
D Bending stiffness
E Young’s modulus
f Frequency of the incident sound wave
fr Ring frequency of the shell
h Shell thickness
H1n ; H2n Hankel functions of the first and second kind of order n
i Number of each truncated conical segment
J Imaginary unit
Jn Bessel function of the first kind of order n
k Acoustic wavenumber
l Length of the conical segment
L1 ; L2 ; L3 Partial differential operators
L Length of the conical shell
ls Slant length of the conical segment
Ls Slant length of the conical shell
M xx ; Mhh ; Mxh Bending moments
n Circumferential mode number
N Number of the truncated conical segments
Nxx ; Nhh ; Nxh Membrane forces
pI ; pR ; pT Amplitudes of the incident, reflected and transmitted
sound waves
PI ; P R ; PT Acoustic pressures of the incident, reflected and trans-
mitted sound wave
Q xz ; Q hz Transverse shear forces
r; h; X Components of the cylindrical coordinate system
transmission properties of a thin double-panel sandwich structure
lined with poroelastic material in the core. Liu and Sebastian [14]
analytically modeled the effects of external and internal gap mean
flows on the sound transmission behavior of a double-walled sand-
wich panel with a poroelastic lining. The sound transmission loss
of a double-walled circular panel treated with magnetorheological
fluid (MRF) core layer was investigated by Hemmatian and
Sedaghati [15]. Mana and Sonti [16] proposed a model to analyti-
cally predict the acoustic transmission through a finite perforated
panel set.
In regard to study on the transmission of sound into cylindrical
shells, early work can be traced back to Smith [17] who analytically
examined the sound transmission through thin-walled cylindrical
shells. Koval in a series analytical studies for an aircraft cabin
investigated the sound transmission into a thin cylindrical shell
under flight conditions [18,19], a cylindrical shell stiffened by
stringers and ring frames [20], an orthotropic shell [21], and a lam-
inated composite cylindrical shell [22]. Blaise et al. [23–26] then
extended Koval’s works and studied the acoustic transmission
through orthotropic multi-walled cylindrical shells with infinite
length. The transmission loss of an infinite cylindrical sandwich
shell with honeycomb core was obtained by Tang et al. [27] in
the context of the transmission of airborne noise into aircraft cab-
ins. Lee and Kim [28,29] carried out both analytical and experi-
mental analyses for the sound transmission into thin single and
double-walled cylindrical shells besides considering the effects of
geometrical and mechanical properties of the shells on the trans-
mission loss characteristics. Denli and Sun [30] introduced a
numerical method to minimize the transmission of the acoustic
power into a sandwich cylindrical shell. Rocha et al. [31] calculated
the transmission of noise induced by turbulent boundary layer into
the inner of aircraft cylindrical cabins. Zhou et al. [32] analytically
187
R0 Mean radius
R1 Radius of the smaller end
R2 Radius of the larger end
Rc Radius of convergence
Sex Plane projection of the shell surface
t Time
TL Transmission loss
TLavg Average transmission loss
u; v ; w Displacement components of the middle surface of the
conical shell
U,V,W Amplitudes of the shell displacement components
VI,VR,VT Particle velocities of the incident, reflected and trans-
mitted sound waves
Vxz Kelvin-Kirchhoff shear force
WI,WT Incident and transmitted sound powers
x; h; z Components of the curvilinear coordinate system
a Semi-vertex angle of the conical shell
b Angle of the incident sound wave
blim Limiting angle of the incident sound wave
e Neumann factor
l Poisson’s ratio
qI ; qT Densities of the fluid media in the incidence and trans-
mission fields
q1 ; q2 ; q3 Convergence ratios of the power series
qs Density of the shell
s Power transmission coefficient
savg Average power transmission coefficient
x Angular frequency of the incident sound wave
studied the sound insulation properties of an infinite double-
walled cylindrical shell lined with poroelastic material and showed
the importance of dips at the noise insulation performance of the
structure. Talebitooti et al. [33] proposed a theoretical model to
calculate the sound transmission through a poroelastic cylindrical
shell with infinite length in the presence of subsonic flow. Zhang
et al. [34] developed an analytical model to study the effect of per-
forated wall on the transmission loss of a double-walled cylindrical
shell. Experimental and analytical studies on the sound transmis-
sion loss of thin-walled cylindrical shells were carried out by Oli-
azadeh et al. [35,36], besides applying different techniques to
improve the transmission loss. The authors [37] investigated on
the noise insulation ability of triple and multi-walled cylindrical
shell structures with porous layers and air gaps in a diffuse sound
field.
Although conical shells are found in many practical applications
such as aircrafts, rockets, submarines and tanks, study on the
sound transmission behavior of these highly complicated struc-
tures has received a little attention. This can mainly be due to
the increased mathematical complexity of the governing equations
for the conical shell motion and acoustic media, boundary condi-
tions, solutions and calculations. In this regard, it can be referred
to two works which experimentally [38] and numerically [39]
obtained the acoustic transmission through conical shells. How-
ever, an analytical model which is capable to investigate on the
sound transmission through truncated conical shells and also the
effects of several key engineering parameters, that can be useful
in the acoustic design of the conical shell, has not been presented.
Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical
model to study on the sound transmission characteristics of trun-
cated circular conical shells and the influences of different bound-
ary conditions, incidence angle of sound wave, shell geometrical
188 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

parameters and material properties on the characteristics of the with RðxÞ ¼ R0 þ xsina, in which R0 is the mean radius of the conical
acoustic transmission loss. shell. u, v and w are the displacement components at the neutral
The current paper is formed as follows. In Section 2, the vibroa- surface of the conical shell along x, h and z directions, respectively,
coustic problem of the sound transmission through a thin-walled and qs is the material density of the conical shell. The expression
truncated conical shell is formulated and presented for different DP ¼ ðP I þ PR Þ  PT denotes the pressure difference on the shell sur-
boundary conditions. In Section 3, results of the present model faces between the incidence and transmission fields, in which PI, PR
are firstly validated against analytical and experimental results and PT are the incident, reflected and transmitted sound pressures,
reported in prior works, and the discussion and parameter studies respectively. Q xz and Q hz are the transverse shear forces. Nxx , Nhh , N xh
are then provided. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 4. and Nhx are the membrane forces, and Mxx , Mhh , M xh and Mhx are the
bending moments which are all expressed as:
2. Theoretical formulation 

@u 1 @ v sina cosa
Nxx ¼ C þl þ uþ w ð2aÞ
@x RðxÞ @h RðxÞ RðxÞ
Fig. 1 shows the geometry and coordinate system of a truncated
circular conical shell considered for the study in this paper. a is the  
1 @ v sina cosa @u
semi-vertex angle, h is the wall thickness, L is the length, Ls is the Nhh ¼ C þ uþ wþl ð2bÞ
slant length, and R1 and R2 are the radiuses at the smaller and lar-
RðxÞ @h RðxÞ RðxÞ @x
ger ends, respectively. The shell is thin, isotropic and homoge-
 
1l 1 @u @ v sina
neous. In the curvilinear coordinate system, the x and h, Nxh ¼ Nhx ¼ C þ  v ð2cÞ
respectively, denote the meridional and circumferential directions, 2 RðxÞ @h @x RðxÞ
and z is perpendicular to the shell surface. A harmonic plane sound " !#
wave impinges on the outer surface of the shell with the incidence @2w cosa @ v sina @w 1 @2w
Mxx ¼ D  2 þ l 2   ð2dÞ
angle b with respect to N, and it is partially transmitted through @x R ðxÞ @h RðxÞ @x R2 ðxÞ @h2
the shell into the interior cavity which is assumed to be anechoic,
" #
cosa @ v sina @w
meaning that only inward traveling waves are allowed.
1 @2w @2w
Mhh ¼D 2   l 2 ð2eÞ
2.1. Governing equations of motion for thin circular conical shell R ðxÞ @h RðxÞ @x R2 ðxÞ @h2 @x

" #
The equations of the dynamic motion for the isotropic circular 1  l cosa @ v 2cosasina 2sina @w 2 @2w
M xh ¼ M hx ¼ D  v þ 
conical shell based on Love’s theory are written as follows [40]: 2 RðxÞ @x R2 ðxÞ R2 ðxÞ @h RðxÞ @h@x
@Nxx 1 @Nhx sina @2u ð2fÞ
þ þ ðNxx  Nhh Þ ¼ qs h 2 ð1aÞ
@x RðxÞ @h RðxÞ @t 3
in which C ¼ 1Ehl2 and D ¼ 12ð1
Eh
l2 Þ are, respectively, the membrane
stiffness and bending stiffness of the shell, and l and E are the Pois-
@Nxh 2sina 1 @Nhh cosa @2v
þ Nhx þ þ Q hz ¼ qs h 2 ð1bÞ son’s ratio and Young’s modulus of elasticity of the shell,
@x RðxÞ RðxÞ @h RðxÞ @t respectively.
Using Eqs. (2a)–(2f) into Eqs. (1a)–(1e), the equations governing
@Q xz sina 1 @Q hz cosa @2w
þ Q xz þ  Nhh þ DP ¼ qs h 2 ð1cÞ the dynamic motion of the thin-walled isotropic circular conical
@x RðxÞ RðxÞ @h RðxÞ @t shell are obtained as follows:

@M xx sina 1 @M hx sina @2u

þ M xx þ  Mhh  Q xz ¼ 0 ð1dÞ L1 fu; v ; wg ¼ qs h ð3Þ
@x RðxÞ RðxÞ @h RðxÞ @t 2

@M xh 2sina 1 @M hh @2v
þ M hx þ  Q hz ¼ 0 ð1eÞ L2 fu; v ; wg ¼ qs h ð4Þ
@x RðxÞ RðxÞ @h @t2

Fig. 1. A schematic sketch showing the sound transmission through the truncated circular conical shell.
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 189

@2w The equations of the sound pressure waves within Eqs. (6)–(8)
L3 fu; v ; wg þ DP ¼ qs h ð5Þ which are corresponded with each conical part can be rewritten
@t 2
as follows:
where L1, L2 and L3 are the partial differential operators, which are
given in Appendix A.
X
1
pI en ðjÞ J n ðk1r rÞcosðnhÞejðxtk1X ðX i þXÞÞ
n
PIi ðr; h; X; tÞ ¼ ð12Þ
n¼0

2.2. Acoustic-structure interaction model

X
1
PRi ðr; h; X; tÞ ¼ pRn;i H2n ðk2r rÞcosðnhÞejðxtk2X XÞ ð13Þ
The shell vibration induced by the incident harmonic acoustic n¼0
wave creates pressure waves in the acoustic media. The equations
of the sound pressures, which satisfy the homogeneous Helmholtz X
1
equation in the cylindrical coordinate system in the external and PTi ðr; h; X; tÞ ¼ pTn;i H1n ðk3r rÞcosðnhÞejðxtk3X XÞ ð14Þ
internal acoustic fields, with using the mode superposition method n¼0

can be defined as follows [32,35,37]: with X ¼ xcosa and i ¼ 1; 2; 3; :::; N.

X
1
pI en ðjÞ J n ðk1r rÞcosðnhÞejðxtk1X XÞ
n
PI ðr; h; X; tÞ ¼ ð6Þ 2.3. Boundary conditions
n¼0

The truncated conical strips in Fig. 2 are joined together by

X
1
using eight continuity equations at each intersection. These equa-
PR ðr; h; X; tÞ ¼ pRn H2n ðk2r rÞcosðnhÞejðxtk2X XÞ ð7Þ
n¼0
tions which involve continuity of the displacements and merid-
ional slope, and also equilibrium of the force resultants and
X
1 moment resultants are given in below:
PT ðr; h; X; tÞ ¼ pTn H1n ðk3r rÞcosðnhÞejðxtk3X XÞ ð8Þ
ui j l ¼ uiþ1 j l ð15Þ
n¼0 x¼ s;i
2
x¼ s;iþ1
2

where pI is the amplitude of the incident sound wave. pRn and pTn are
v i jx¼ ls;i ¼ v iþ1 j l
x¼ s;iþ1
ð16Þ
the unknown complex amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted 2 2

waves, respectively. r, h and capital letter X are the radial, circum-

ferential and longitudinal directions of the cylindrical coordinate wi j l ¼ wiþ1 j l ð17Þ
x¼ s;i
2
x¼ s;iþ1
2
system, respectively. n is the circumferential mode number,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  
j ¼ 1, en is the Neumann factor in which en ¼ 1 for n = 0 and @wi  @wiþ1 
en ¼ 2 for n ¼ 1; 2; 3; :::. x is the angular frequency of the incident ¼ ð18Þ
@x x¼ls;i @x x¼ls;iþ1
acoustic wave. Jn, H1n
and H2n
are, respectively, the Bessel function 2 2

of the first kind, Hankel function of the first kind and Hankel func-  
tion of the second kind of order n. Because the travelling waves Nxx;i  l ¼ Nxx;iþ1  l ð19Þ
x¼ s;i
2
x¼ s;iþ1
2
within the system are driven by the incident acoustic wave, the lon-
 
gitudinal wavenumbers must be matched [12,29,32]. Thus, the Nxh;i  l ¼ Nxh;iþ1  l ð20Þ
x¼ s;i x¼ s;iþ1
sound wavenumbers and corresponding longitudinal and radial 2 2

components in the incidence and transmission fields can be  

expressed as: Mxx;i  l ¼ M xx;iþ1  l ð21Þ
x¼ s;i
2
x¼ s;iþ1
2

x  
k1 ¼ ; k1X ¼ k1 sinðb þ aÞ; k1r ¼ k1 cosðb þ aÞ ð9Þ V xz;i  ¼ V xz;iþ1  ð22Þ
c1 x¼ s;i
l l
x¼ s;iþ1
2 2

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x 2 2 in which i ¼ 1; 2; 3; :::; N  1, and ls;i is the slant length of the ith
k2 ¼ ; k2X ¼ k1X ; k2r ¼ k2  k2X ð10Þ cone. The resultants force and moment for the conical shell are
c2
given in Eqs. (2a)–(2f). V xz is the Kelvin-Kirchhoff shear force
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x 2 2
defined by [41]:
k3 ¼ ; k3X ¼ k1X ; k3r ¼ k3  k3X ð11Þ
c3 1 @Mxh
V xz ¼ Q xz þ ð23Þ
RðxÞ @h
where c is the speed of sound in the fluid media.
For obtaining the acoustic pressure loadings at the interfaces At the interfaces between the truncated conical segments and
between the shell and fluid media, the shell is divided into seg- the internal and external fluid media, the particle velocities of
ments which are narrow enough to be taken into account locally the fluid media in the z direction normal to the shell surface have
cylindrical as shown in Fig. 2, in which the quantity of the pressure to be equal to the normal velocity of the shell. Hence the following
wave on the truncated conical strip is the same as that on the equations for each conical segment must be satisfied:
equivalent cylindrical counterpart with the same mean radius R0;i
@wi
and length li. ðV Ir;i þ V Rr;i Þcosa þ ðV IX;i þ V RX;i Þsina ¼ ; at r ¼ R0;i ð24Þ
It should be described that this efficient model is only applied to @t
determine the acoustic pressures at the fluid-structure interfaces
@wi
as described in above, however, in order to obtain the displace- V Tr;i cosa þ V TX;i sina ¼ ; at r ¼ R0;i ð25Þ
@t
ments of the truncated conical shell, as will be seen in Section 2.4,
the equations of dynamic motion of the conical shell given in Eqs. where V r and V X are, respectively, the acoustic particle velocities in
(3)–(5) are employed, then the N truncated conical segments are the radial and longitudinal directions of the cylindrical coordinate
joined together by applying boundary conditions at the system. Finally, by using the derivatives of Eqs. (24) and (25) with
intersections. respect to time and applying Euler’s equation [42], the boundary
190 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

Fig. 2. A schematic sketch showing the narrow conical segments for describing the sound-structure interaction model.

conditions at the interfaces between the shell and fluid media can X
1
ui ðx; h; tÞ ¼ U i ðxÞcosðnhÞejxt ð31Þ
be rewritten as follows:
n¼0

@ðPIi þ PRi Þ @ðPIi þ PRi Þ @ 2 wi

cosa þ sina ¼ qI 2 ; at r ¼ R0;i ð26Þ X
1
@r @X @t v i ðx; h; tÞ ¼ V i ðxÞsinðnhÞejxt ð32Þ
n¼0
@PTi @PTi 2
@ wi
cosa þ sina ¼ qT ; at r ¼ R0;i ð27Þ X
1
@r @X @t 2 wi ðx; h; tÞ ¼ W i ðxÞcosðnhÞejxt ð33Þ
where qI and qT are the material densities of the fluid media in the n¼0

incidence and transmission fields, respectively. in which U(x), V(x) and W(x) in the form of power series are:
The boundary conditions at each edge (x ¼ 0; Ls ) of the trun-
X
1
cated conical shell for the simply supported, clamped and free U i ðxÞ ¼ am;i xm ð34Þ
boundary conditions are defined as: m¼0
Simply supported (S) end:
X
1
v¼0 ð28aÞ V i ðxÞ ¼ bm;i xm ð35Þ
m¼0

w¼0 ð28bÞ
X
1
W i ðxÞ ¼ cm;i xm ð36Þ
Nxx ¼ 0 ð28cÞ m¼0

M xx ¼ 0 ð28dÞ where am;i , bm;i and cm;i are the constants.

From using the power series expansion of the exponential
Clamped (C) end: function with respect to X in the solutions of the acoustic pressures
u¼0 ð29aÞ given in Eqs (12)–(14), and substituting them along with Eqs. (33)
and (36) into the boundary conditions provided in Eqs. (24) and
v¼0 ð29bÞ (25), the following relations for the amplitudes of the reflected
and transmitted sound waves are obtained:
w¼0 ð29cÞ qI x2 ðm!Þ
pRnm;i ¼ cm;i
ðk2r H20n ðk2r R0;i ÞcosaH2n ðk2r R0;i Þðjk1X ÞsinaÞðjk1X cosaÞm
ð37Þ
@w pI en ðjÞn ðk1r J 0n ðk1r R0;i Þcosajk1X J n ðk1r R0;i ÞsinaÞejk1X X i
¼0 ð29dÞ 
@x ðk2r H20n ðk2r R0;i ÞcosaH2n ðk2r R0;i Þðjk1X ÞsinaÞ
Free (F) end:
qT x2 ðm!Þ
Nxx ¼ 0 ð30aÞ pTnm;i ¼  cm;i
n ðk3r R0;i Þcosa  Hn ðk3r R0;i Þðjk1X Þsina ðjk1X cosaÞ
m
k3r H10 1

Nxh ¼ 0 ð30bÞ ð38Þ

Substituting the displacement components in Eqs. (31)–(36)
M xx ¼ 0 ð30cÞ
and acoustic pressure waves in Eqs. (12)–(14) into the governing
equations of the conical shell motion given by Eqs. (3)–(5) besides
V xz ¼ 0 ð30dÞ
using Eqs. (37) and (38), the following recurrence relations are
obtained:
2.4. Solution procedure amþ2 ¼ M1;1 amþ1 þ M1;2 am þ M1;3 am1 þ M 1;4 am2 þ M 1;5 bmþ1
þM 1;6 bm þ M1;7 cmþ1 þ M1;8 cm ; m ¼ 2; 3; 4; :::
General solution for the displacement components of the trun-
cated conical segments ði ¼ 1; 2; :::; NÞ can be defined as follows: ð39Þ
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 191

bmþ2 ¼ M2;1 amþ1 þ M2;2 am þ M2;3 am1 þ M2;4 am2 þ M2;5 bmþ1 2.5. Sound transmission loss
þM2;6 bm þ M2;7 bm1 þ M2;8 bm2 þ M2;9 bm3 þ M2;10 bm4
þM2;11 cmþ2 þ M2;12 cmþ1 þ M2;13 cm þ M2;14 cm1 þ M2;15 cm2 ; m ¼ 4;5;6;::: The sound power transmission coefficient s is defined as the
ð40Þ ratio of the transmitted sound power and incident sound power.
The transmission loss is then defined by [29,32,34]:
cmþ4 ¼ M3;1 amþ1 þ M 3;2 am þ M 3;3 am1 þ M 3;4 am2 þ M 3;5 bmþ2 P1 T
n¼0 W n
þM 3;6 bmþ1 þ M3;7 bm þ M 3;8 bm1 þ M 3;9 bm2 þ M3;10 cmþ3 TL ¼ 10log I
ð45Þ
W
þM 3;11 cmþ2 þ M3;12 cmþ1 þ M 3;13 cm þ M 3;14 cm1 þ M3;15 cm2
where the incident sound power WI is expressed as [11,34]:
þM 3;16 cm3 þ M3;17 cm4 þ M 3;18 ; m ¼ 4; 5; 6; ::: Z
1 
ð41Þ WI ¼ Re PI V I dS ð46Þ
2 Sex
where the constants a2, a3, b2, b3, b4, b5, c4, c5, c6, c7 and coefficients
in which Refg and ðÞ, respectively, denote the real part and com-
M1;p ðp ¼ 1; 2; :::; 8Þ, M2;p ðp ¼ 1; 2; :::; 15Þ and M 3;p ðp ¼ 1; 2; :::; 18Þ I
plex conjugate of the argument. V I ¼ qPcI is the particle velocity of
are given in Appendix B. I

It should be noted that since Eqs. (34)–(36) are defined by infi- the incident plane acoustic wave. Sex is the plane projection of the
nite series, they must converge to reach reliable solution. In this conical shell surface. Since the incident sound intensity contributes
regard, the convergence condition is presented in Appendix C. to the transmitted acoustic power in both the X and r directions, Eq.
By applying the recurrence relations in Eqs. (39)–(41) into the (46) can be rewritten as follows:
x-dependent parts of the displacement components given in Eqs. 2
ðpI Þ
(34)–(36), it can be found that the displacement components of WI ¼ ðS1 cosða þ bÞ þ S2 sinða þ bÞÞ ð47Þ
the conical shell segments can be expressed in terms of eight
2q I c I

unknown constants a0, a1, b0, b1, c0, c1, c2 and c3 as follows:
with S1 ¼ ðR1 þ R2 ÞL and S2 ¼ p2 R22  R21 .
2 3 2 3 2 3 Similarly, the transmission of sound power into the truncated
U i ðxÞ u1;i ðxÞ ::: u8;i ðxÞ u0;i ðxÞ
6 7 6 7 6 7 conical shell is defined in below:
4 V i ðxÞ 5 ¼ 4 v 1;i ðxÞ ::: v 8;i ðxÞ 5xi þ 4 v 0;i ðxÞ 5 ð42Þ (Z
 )
W i ðxÞ w1;i ðxÞ ::: w8;i ðxÞ w0;i ðxÞ 1 @w
WT ¼ Re PT dS ð48Þ
2 Sin @t
in which up;i ðxÞ, v p;i ðxÞ and wp;i ðxÞ ðp ¼ 0; 1; 2; :::; 8;
where dS ¼ ðR0 þ xsinaÞdxdh. Substituting Eqs. (14) and (33) into Eq.
i ¼ 1; 2; 3; :::; NÞ are the base functions and

T (48), The transmitted acoustic power through each conical segment
xi ¼ a0;i a1;i b0;i b1;i c0;i c1;i c2;i c3;i . can be obtained as follows:
Using Eq. (42) into the boundary conditions at the intersections 8
between the conical strips in Eqs. (15)–(22) and boundary condi- 1 < 2pqT x2 H1n ðk3r R0;i Þ
W Tn;i ¼ Re 
tions at both ends of the truncated conical shell, here the simply 2 :en H10 ðk3r R0;i Þk3r cosa  jH1 ðk3r R0;i Þk1X sina
n n
supported boundary condition given in Eq. (28), provides the
"Z #)
following matrix form for each circumferential mode number n: ls;i =2
W i ðxÞðjxW i ðxÞÞ ðR0;i þ xsinaÞdx

 ð49Þ
Ax ¼ b ð43Þ ls;i =2

Then, the total sound power transmitted through the truncated

with P
conical shell can be calculated by W Tn ¼ Ni¼1 W Tn;i .
2 3
B1 j l 0 0 0 0 In a randomly incidence field, the average power transmission
x¼ s;1
6 2
7 coefficient savg is also defined by [29,43]:
6 C 1 j ls;1 C 2 j ls;2 0 0 0 7
6 7 Z
6 x¼ 2 x¼ 2
7 blim
6 0 C 2 j ls;2 C 3 j ls;3 0 0 7 savg ¼ 2 sðbÞsinbcosbdb ð50Þ
6 7
6
A¼6 x¼ 2 x¼ 2 7
7 0
6 0 0     0 7
6 7 where blim is the limiting angle of the incident sound wave in which
6 0 0 0 C j C j 7
6 N1 l s;N1 N
x¼ 2 7
l s;N above this angle it is assumed that no acoustic wave can transmit
4 x¼ 2
5
0 0 0 0 BN j ls;N into the conical shell. In this paper, blim is considered 80° and Eq.
x¼ 2
2 3 8N8N (50) is computed by using Simpson’s rule. The average transmission
b1 loss is then determined by TLavg ¼ 10logsavg .
2 3 6 7
x1 6 c 2 j ls;2  c 1 j ls;1 7
6x 7 6 x¼ 2 x¼ 2 7
6 27 6 7 3. Results and discussion
6 7 6 . 7
x¼6 . 7 ; b¼6 .
. 7
.
4 . 5 6 7
6 7 In this section, after implementing a convergence procedure to
6 c N j ls;N  c N1 j ls;N1 7
xN 8N1 4 x¼ 2 x¼ 2 5
ensure the accuracy of the outcomes, the model predictions are
bN 8N1 firstly compared with their experimental and theoretical counter-
ð44Þ parts provided in other works in order to validate the theoretical
model described in the previous section. Then, by providing proper
where the non-zero terms within matrices A and b are given in qualitative interpretations, the influences of several important
Appendix D. parameters on the sound transmission through the truncated con-
Finally, the unknown constants in x can be computed by solving ical shell are investigated, which can be practically used in the
the matrix Eq. (43). Then using them into Eqs. (34)–(38), the ampli- acoustic design stage of this type of structures.
tudes of the displacement components of the conical shell, and Basic property parameters of the truncated conical steel shell
reflected and transmitted acoustic waves are determined. and fluid media used in the whole analysis of this study are given
192 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

Table 1 amplitude of the incident sound wave is 1 Pa, and the fluid media
Property parameters used in the sound transmission problem of the truncated conical in the external field and internal cavity take the ambient air
steel shell.
properties.
Symbol Description Value
Truncated conical shell properties 3.1. Convergence checking
qs Material density 7850 kg m3
E Young’s modulus of elasticity 2  1011 Pa
m Poisson’s ratio 0.3
In this paper, a convergence algorithm is implemented to
R1 Small radius 0.1 m achieve precise results because of two main reasons: (1) The dis-
R2 Large radius 0.144 m placement components, acoustic pressure waves and sound trans-
a Semi-vertex angle 5° mission loss are expressed in series form, therefore insufficient
L Length 0.5 m
number of mode n results in unreliable predictions of the transmis-
h Thickness 1 mm
sion loss and it is necessary to make sure that the adequate mode
Ambient air properties
number is involved in the analysis to satisfy the convergence crite-
T Temperature 20 °C
q Material density 1.21 kg m3 ria of the solution; (2) For obtaining the sound pressures acting on
C Speed of sound 343.2 m s1 the shell surfaces, the truncated conical shell is divided into several
narrow parts as described in Section 2, hence a convergence study
is required in terms of sufficient number of truncated segments.
in Table 1. It is noted that if a parameter needs to be changed, new In this regard, an iterative procedure is taken into account for
value is given in the case studied. The simply supported boundary each frequency of the analysis, in which the iteration continues
condition is taken into account at both edge of the shell. The as long as the difference between the transmission losses in two

Fig. 3. Convergence checking for the transmission loss of the truncated conical shell in terms of sufficient number of circumferential modes at the frequencies of 200 Hz,
2000 Hz and 20,000 Hz: b ¼ 45 .

Fig. 4. Convergence checking for the transmission loss of the truncated conical shell in terms of sufficient number of truncated conical segments at the frequency of 7000 Hz:
b ¼ 45 .
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 193

successive computations is within the predefined precision of
0.01 dB. For instance, Fig. 3 shows the transmission loss versus
the circumferential mode number n at the frequencies of 200 Hz,
2000 Hz and 20,000 Hz. It is seen that the mode convergence curve
changes with n until it reaches a fixed value, hence using the inad-
equate circumferential mode number leads to incorrect predictions
of the sound transmission loss. Moreover, it is found that further
minimum mode number is needed to make the solution converge
as the frequency increases. Also, Fig. 4 depicts the sufficient num-
ber of truncated conical parts at the frequency of 7000 Hz. It is seen
that to achieve correct outcomes the adequate number of trun-
cated conical segments must be employed in the analysis.
In addition, it should be noted that this iteration procedure can
minimize the computation time. Because the running time can

(a)

(n=0) (n=1)

(n=2) (b) (n=3)


Fig. 5. Comparison of the current model predictions with the analytical results of Talebitooti et al. [33]: b ¼ 45 ; (a) Sound transmission loss, fr shows the ring frequency; (b)
Radial displacement at point (x ¼ L=2, h ¼ 0), n = 0,1,2,3.
194 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

undesirably increase when the immoderate number of circumfer-
ential orders or truncated segments is used.
3.2. Model validation
In order to validate the proposed model, three case studies are
considered to compare the present results with those of analytical
and experimental analyses performed in previous works. Since the
sound transmission problem of the conical shells has seldom been
studied as mentioned in Section 1, Figs. 5–7 compare the model
predictions with experimental and analytical ones calculated for
circular cylindrical shells. It should be noted that by substituting
a ¼ 0 into the governing equations of the sound transmission
problem through truncated conical shells, which is described in
Section 2, those of cylindrical shells can be achieved.
In Fig. 5, the predictions of the present model are compared
with those of Talebitooti et al. [33] who studied the transmission
loss of an infinite cylindrical steel shell with the radius R0 ¼ 0:1
m, shell thickness h = 1 mm, material density qs ¼ 7750 kg m3,
Young’s modulus E = 210 GPa and Poisson’s ratio l ¼ 0:3. Because
the current model is presented for the shell with finite length,
the results are obtained at different lengths L = 3, 5 and 7 m
and the simply supported boundary conditions are also considered
at the both ends. From Fig. 5(a), the comparison shows that by
increasing the length the outcomes of the current model tend to
those of the infinite model. However, small differences can be
attributed to some assumptions within the practical finite model,
especially at low frequencies, in which the implication of boundary
constraints at the ends of the shell is more significant and it can
provide superior transmission loss at these frequencies through
improving the shell stiffness.
For better understanding the physical reasons behind the differ-
ences, the radial displacements of the two models at the first four
circumferential mode numbers are also compared in Fig. 5(b),
where n = 0 is associated with the breathing mode. The intense
peaks indicate resonance frequencies of the shells. It is seen that
the ring frequencies of two models occur at 8935 Hz, wherein
the transmission losses reach to their lowest value in the vicinity


Fig. 6. Comparison of the current model predictions with the analytical results of Zhou et al. [32]: b ¼ 45 .

Fig. 7. Comparison of the current model predictions with the experimental measurements and analytical results of Lee and Kim [29].
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 195

of these frequencies. Moreover, it is observed that some of the dips
in the transmission loss curves, for example at the frequencies of
12 Hz, 23 Hz, 64 Hz, 104 Hz, 198 Hz, 330 Hz, 475 Hz, 720 Hz,
1125 Hz and etc., are corresponded with the resonant frequencies
of the shells. In this regard, it can be concluded that because the
finite shell has higher modal density at middle frequencies, dips
corresponded with the shell natural modes occur over a broad fre-
quency range in comparison with the infinite shell. This provides
higher transmission loss for the infinite shell compared with the
current model at middle frequencies. However, the results show


Fig. 8. Sound transmission loss of the truncated conical shell in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20,000 Hz; b ¼ 45 , Dashed lines show the shell resonance frequencies, d First
ring frequency, ▲ Second ring frequency.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 9. Displacements of the truncated conical shell normal to the surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0): (a) n = 0; (b) n = 1; (c) n = 2; (d) n = 3.
196 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207
a good agreement at high frequencies due to the similar modal
behaviors of two models at these frequencies.
Fig. 6 depicts a comparison between the transmission losses of
the current model and those of Zhou et al. [32] who considered a
cylindrical shell with infinite length. The property parameters of
the shell made of aluminum are: Young’s modulus E = 70 GPa,
Poisson’s ratio l ¼ 0:33, material density qs ¼ 2700 kg m3, radius
R0 ¼ 1:84 m and wall thickness h ¼ 2 mm. Additionally, in the pre-
sent model, the simply supported boundary condition is consid-
ered at both ends of the finite shell with different lengths L = 5,
10 and 15 m. It is seen that the results of the current model agree
well with those of Zhou’s model at middle and high frequencies.
However, as also discussed for Fig. 5, because the Zhou’s model
presented for the infinite shell and cannot take into account the
finite-size assumptions such as the boundary conditions at the
ends, discrepancies can be found specifically at low frequencies,
in which the sound transmission behavior is governed by the shell
stiffness. Similar to this result was also observed by Xin et al.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10. Effect of the boundary conditions on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: b ¼ 45 ; (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1, ▲ fr2; (b)
Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0), n = 0.
[11,12] for the transmission loss results of a finite panel in compar-
ison with those of its counterpart with infinite dimensions. How-
ever, it is seen that the influence of boundary conditions
disappears by increasing the length size, and the predictions of
two models approach each other at low frequencies. Also, with
the same reason observed in Fig. 5(b), several dips at the frequen-
cies below 200 Hz for the present model are attributed to its higher
modal density compared with the infinite model.
In Fig. 7, the average sound transmission loss is compared with
both the experimental and analytical results obtained by Lee and
Kim [29] for a cylindrical steel shell with radius R0 ¼ 0:1 m, shell
thickness h ¼ 1 mm, length L = 1 m, material density qs ¼ 7750
kg m3, Young’s modulus E = 190 GPa and Poisson’s ratio l ¼ 0:3.
From this figure, the transmission loss outcomes at frequencies
above 200 Hz are generally in good agreement with the experi-
mental data, with a similar tendency observed between two
curves. However, the large discrepancy at low frequencies can be
attributed to two main facts: (a) In the experimental setting, the

 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207
creation of an incident plane sound condition by a single external
sound source and also acoustic anechoic chamber in the incidence
side is obscure; (b) The inner cavity in the experimental model is
reverberant, whereas it is assumed with no reverberation in this
study.
Furthermore, from the comparison of two theoretical models,
as also discussed for Figs. 5 and 6 it can be concluded that since
the theoretical model of Lee and Kim [29] is presented for the
shell with infinite length, it is not capable to provide accurate
transmission loss compared with the current model. The practical
finite model considers the influence of boundary conditions at the
ends, which provides higher transmission loss at low frequencies.
Also, it is able to predict the right modal behavior of the shell
structure, which leads to a more reasonable agreement between
the current results and the experimental measurements in the
frequency range above 200 Hz in comparison with Lee’s analytical
model.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11. Effect of the cone angle on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: R1 = 0.1 m, L = 0.5 m, b ¼ 45 ; (a) Sound transmission loss, r fr, d fr1,
▲ fr2; (b) Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = Ls/2, h ¼ 0), n = 0.
197
Another advantage of the model introduced in this paper is the
prediction of the sound transmission behavior of finite cylindrical
shells with different boundary conditions. The literature review
reveals that no theoretical model has been presented to analyze
the acoustic transmission characteristics of this type of practical
structures subjected to an incident plane sound wave. Since the
proposed model considers the effect of boundary constraints at
the ends and also can predict the correct modal behavior of the
system, it can provide the right transmission loss at over the entire
frequency spectrum in comparison with its infinite counterpart.
3.3. Sound transmission loss characteristics
Fig. 8 shows the transmission loss of the truncated conical shell
with the parameters provided in Table 1 in the frequency range
10 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The transmission loss curve exhibits several
dips, which can play a crucial role in the vibroacoustic performance

198 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207
of the structure. It is seen that the transmission loss amplitude is
abruptly dropped in the vicinity of dips and consequently the
transmission of sound power into the system increases sharply.
To find out the physical reasons behind the acoustic transmission
behavior of the structure, Fig. 9 presents the displacements of
the conical shell at the circumferential mode numbers n = 0,1,2,3,
in which n = 0 represents the ring deformation. The greater ampli-
tudes display the shell resonances at its natural frequencies. It is
observed that some of the dips in the transmission loss curve,
which are indicated by the dashed lines in Fig. 8, are caused by
the shell resonant frequencies. Also, the conical shell exhibits
two ring frequencies which can provide more of impact on the
transmission of sound into the shell compared with cylindrical
shells with one ring frequency [32,34]. In this regard, the first ring
frequency appears at 73 Hz and causes the sharpest dip in the
transmission loss curve at low frequencies. Whereas, the second
ring frequency exists at much higher frequency, i.e. 6702 Hz, in
(a)
(b)
Fig. 12. Effect of the incident acoustic wave angle on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1, ▲ fr2; (b)
Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0), n = 0.
which the amplitude of transmission loss reaches to its lowest
value in the vicinity of this frequency.
Moreover, because the number of shell resonance frequencies
increases between the ring frequencies, in other words the modal
density increases, the fluctuation of the transmission loss curve
seems to enhance. Therefore, the shell natural modes generally
govern the sound transmission behavior in this frequency
spectrum.
Based on the above discussion, the transmission loss curve
can be divided into three important regions in this paper: (1)
Low frequency region (or stiffness-controlled region) below the
first ring frequency, in which the sound transmission perfor-
mance is governed by the shell stiffness; (2) Middle frequency
region (or resonance-controlled region) between the two ring
frequencies, in which the acoustic transmission behavior of the
shell is generally controlled by the shell resonant frequencies;
(3) High frequency region (or mass-controlled region) above
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 199

(a)

(b)
 
Fig. 13. Effect of the length size on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: R1 ¼ 0:1 m, a ¼ 5 , b ¼ 45 ; (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1, ▲ fr2;
(b) Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = Ls/2, h ¼ 0), n = 0.

the second ring frequency, in which the dominate property is the
shell mass.
3.4. Effect of the boundary conditions
Fig. 10 compares the transmission loss characteristics of the
truncated conical shell with different boundary conditions at the
ends, which are denoted by free-free (F-F), simply supported-
simply supported (S-S), free-clamped (F-C) and clamped-clamped
(C-C). From Fig. 10(a), notable discrepancies can be found in the
frequency range below 1000 Hz, in which the highest and lowest
transmission loss level are generally achieved by the fully clamped
and fully free boundary conditions, respectively. To find out the
reasons which cause the differences in this frequency range, the
displacements of the truncated conical shell at the breathing mode
are also obtained in Fig. 10(b). It is seen that because the first ring
frequency does not appear in terms of clamped-clamped and free-
clamped boundary conditions, the transmission loss considerably
increases. Also, the fully free boundary condition seems to shift
the first ring frequency to backwards and hence it shows the low-
est transmission loss. Therefore, it is concluded that the influence
of the boundary constraints is more significant at low frequencies
through varying the shell stiffness and the location of first ring
frequency.
However, although the transmission loss curves show a similar
trend at higher frequencies, there is no meaningful behavior for the
transmission losses. Also, the variation of second ring frequency is
small. This is because the effect of the boundary conditions disap-
pears at higher frequencies and the truncated conical shell with
different types of boundary conditions possesses similar modal
behaviors.
3.5. Effect of the cone angle
In Fig. 11(a), the transmission loss of the truncated conical shell
  
is computed at different semi-vertex angles a ¼ 0 ; 5 ; 10 . It

should be described that a ¼ 0 is attributed to the cylindrical shell
with the radius 0.122 m, which is equal to the mean radius of the
200 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

(a)

(b)
 
Fig. 14. Effect of the radius size on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: L ¼ 0:5 m, a ¼ 5 ,b ¼ 45 ; (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1, ▲ fr2; (b)
Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0), n = 0.

conical shell with the geometrical parameters provided in Table 1.
An enhancement in the cone angle decreases the transmission loss
at lower frequencies up to about 400 Hz, significantly for the cylin-
drical shell in comparison with the conical shell. As shown in
Fig. 11(b), the cylindrical shell exhibits only one ring frequency,
which appears at 6927 Hz, at over the entire frequency range.
Whereas, the first ring frequencies of the conical shells exist in
the adjacent of 100 Hz and cause the main dips at low frequencies.
Therefore, less sound power can cross the cylindrical shell com-
pared with the conical shell in the low frequency region. Moreover,
it is seen that the transmission loss slightly decreases at low fre-
quencies whit a rise in the cone angle, as a consequence of a reduc-
tion in the shell stiffness. Also, because the conical shell has higher
modal density in the middle frequency region, the number of dips
corresponded with the shell natural modes increases in compar-
ison with the cylindrical shell. However, in this frequency zone,
the transmission loss generally tends to rise as the semi-vertex
angle is enhanced. In addition, the mass law expresses that the
transmission loss of sound increases with the mass or frequency
but it is reduced by the acoustic impedance of the fluid media
[37]. Thus, increasing the cone angle generally provides slightly
superior transmission loss in the high frequency region, as a result
of an enhancement in the shell mass.
3.6. Effect of the incident sound wave angle
The sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical
  
shell at different incidence angles b ¼ 15 ; 30 ; 45 are presented
by Fig. 12. The amplitude of the transmission loss slightly changes
with the incidence angle in the low and high frequency regions.
However, the effect of the incidence angle changes can be signifi-
cant in the middle frequency region, in which the transmitted
sound power increases in the frequency range 250 Hz to 2800 Hz
when the angle of incidence is reduced, and it decreases at
higher frequencies. It is also observed that the locations of ring
frequencies are independent of the incidence angle. Moreover,
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207
the positions of dips corresponded with the shell natural modes do
not change with the incidence angle.
3.7. Parameter studies
In this section, a parametric study is conducted to investigate
the effects of length size, radius, wall thickness and material prop-
erties on the transmission loss characteristics of the truncated con-
ical shell with the property parameters provided in Table 1.
As can be observed from Figs. 13–15 for the length, radius and
thickness, respectively, the locations of ring frequencies signifi-
cantly affect the sound transmission performance. In this regard,
it is seen that superior transmission loss can generally be achieved
in both the stiffness-controlled region and resonance-controlled
region by shifting these frequencies to upwards. Therefore, regard-
less other design limitations, an enhancement in the thickness, or a
reduction in the radius or length can improve the sound insulation
performance of the truncated conical shell in the low and middle
frequency ranges. However, the transmission loss generally tends
(a)
(b)
Fig. 15. Effect of the shell thickness on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: b ¼ 45 ; (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1, ▲ fr2; (b)
Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0), n = 0.
201
to increase in the high frequency region with a rise in the shell
mass, because of an enhancement in the impedance of the shell.
According to the above discussion and as can be seen from
Fig. 15, the transmission of sound into the inner cavity can be
reduced over a wide frequency range by increasing the wall thick-
ness. For instance, when the thickness is double, there is an
increase of 6 to 10 dB in the amplitude of the acoustic transmission
loss. However, it should be noted that increasing the shell thick-
ness is not always a proper approach to reach better sound insula-
tion ability because of the design restriction in the weight, costs
and construction procedure. Hence, this important parameter
should be considered along with other design parameters such as
cone angle, length, radius and material properties to achieve the
optimal performance in all engineering aspects.
Fig. 16 compares the transmission loss behaviors of three types
of materials including steel, aluminum and brass with the material
properties listed in Table 2. As expected, the truncated conical alu-
minum shell shows the lowest rate of the transmission loss in most
of the frequency bandwidth due to both the least stiffness and the

202 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

(a)

(b)

Fig. 16. Effect of the shell material properties on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: b ¼ 45 (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1, ▲ fr2; (b)
Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0), n = 0.

Table 2 Fig. 17 illustrates the effect of the external fluid on the acoustic
Material properties used for the truncated conical shell. transmission characteristics of the shell. In this case, two types of
Material Density (kg m3) Young’s modulus (GPa) Poisson’s ratio fluids including air and water (with the density of 998.2 kg m3
Aluminum 2700 69 0.33 and sound speed of 1482.1 m s1) are taken into account in the
Steel 7850 200 0.3 incidence field while the transmission side is still filled by air.
Brass 8553 104 0.37 When the external fluid is water, the transmission loss amplitude
at low frequencies is considerably lower than that of air. This can
be attributed to the interaction between the fluid and shell in
which the shell stiffness decreases as a consequence of further
least mass. Also, it can be seen that steel and brass improve the fluid loading effect in terms of water. Hence the acoustic power
sound insulation performance in the low and middle frequency transmitted into the shell significantly increases in this frequency
regions and high frequency region, respectively. This can be band. Conversely, the transmission loss level seems to enhance at
because steel and brass have the most stiffness and mass, respec- higher frequencies, as a result of an increase in the impedance of
tively. Therefore, without consideration of other design restric- the shell in water. Also, the dip corresponded with the first ring fre-
tions, steel or brass can be chosen as the material of the shell in quency is not severe in water compared with air. Moreover, the
order to reduce the transmission of the acoustic waves into the second ring frequency does not appear in water, and the fluctua-
internal cavity in the frequency band of interest. Moreover, the tion of the transmission loss curve in the middle and high fre-
locations of ring frequencies depend on the shell material proper- quency regions is removed due to the fluid-structure interaction,
ties as expected. which reduces the shell resonances.
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 203

(a)

(b)

Fig. 17. Effect of the material properties of the fluid media on the sound transmission characteristics of the truncated conical shell: b ¼ 45 (a) Sound transmission loss, d fr1,
▲ fr2; (b) Displacement normal to the shell surface at point (x = 0.251 m, h ¼ 0), n = 0.

4. Conclusions
A theoretical model was proposed to study the sound transmis-
sion characteristics of a thin-walled truncated circular conical shell
which is excited by an oblique incident plane sound wave. The
equations of dynamic motion of the isotropic truncated conical
shell were governed by Love’s theory, and a convergent power ser-
ies solution was used to obtain the exact shell displacement com-
ponents. The model predictions were firstly validated against both
their experimental and analytical counterparts provided in prior
studies. In this regard, it was also found that the present model
can be used efficiently for analysis of the sound transmission
through cylindrical shells with limited length. Then, the effects of
several key parameters on the characteristics of the sound trans-
mission loss were investigated, which can be helpful and effective
in the basic stage of the acoustic design for the truncated conical
shells.
Some of the shell resonant frequencies cause dips in the trans-
mission loss curve. Also, truncated conical shells exhibit two ring
frequencies that the first one appears at low frequencies and cre-
ates the sharpest dip in the transmission loss curve, but the second
exists at high frequencies, wherein the transmission loss amplitude
comes to the lowest amount in the adjacent of this frequency.
The implication of the boundary constraints is found to be more
important in the low frequency region, in which the acoustic trans-
mission loss behavior is generally controlled by the shell stiffness.
Also, the type of the boundary condition considerably affects the
position of the first ring frequency, which can play a prominent
role in the transmission sound performance at low frequencies.
In this regard, the comparison of outcomes shows the highest
and lowest transmission loss for the fully clamped boundary con-
dition and free boundary condition, respectively. However, the
influence of the boundary conditions disappears at high frequen-
cies and a similar tendency of the transmission loss is observed.
The transmission loss decreases in the low frequency region by
increasing the cone angle. Conversely, a rise in the cone angle
results in better transmission loss in the middle and high fre-
quency bandwidths.
204 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

   
The effect of the incidence angle changes on the transmission a3 ¼ A3AþA1
5
a2 þ
A4 þA6 þA7 þA14
A1
a1 þ A
A16
1
a A8
0 þ A b2
1
loss predictions is slight in both the low and high frequency ranges,    ðB:2Þ
but notable discrepancies can be found in the middle frequency þ A9 þA
A1
10
b1 þ A11
A1
c 2 þ A12 þA13
A1
c 1 ; where m ¼1
region when the angle of incidence varies. Also, the locations of
ring frequencies are independent of the incidence angle.
M 1;1 ¼ A3AþA 5
; M1;2 ¼ A2 þA4 þAA61þA7 þA14 ; M 1;3 ¼ AA161
It is found that an enhancement in the wall thickness, or a 1

reduction in the radius or length can improve the sound insulation M1;4 ¼ AA151 ; M 1;5 ¼ AA81 ; M1;6 ¼ A9 þA
A1
10
; M 1;7 ¼ AA111 ðB:3Þ
ability in the stiffness-controlled and resonance-controlled regions M1;8 ¼ A12 þA13
A1
through increasing the shell stiffness and also shifting the positions
of ring frequencies to upwards. However, the transmitted sound where
power tends to decrease in the high frequency region when the
A1 ¼ CR20;i ðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ; A2 ¼ Csin aðmÞðm  1Þ;
2
shell mass is enhanced.
The acoustic transmission losses were obtained for different A3 ¼ 2CR0;i sinaðm þ 1ÞðmÞ
material properties of the shell and acoustic media. In this respect,
A4 ¼ Cð12 lÞn ; A5 ¼ CsinaR0;i ðm þ 1Þ; A6 ¼ Cmsin a
2 2
the truncated conical steel shell generally shows superior trans-
A7 ¼ Csin a; A8 ¼ C2 ð1 þ lÞR0;i nðm þ 1Þ; A9 ¼ C2 ð1 þ lÞnmsina
2
mission loss in the low and middle frequency regions, but the con-
Cðl3Þnsina
ical shell made of brass has better performance in the high A10 ¼ 2
; A11 ¼ C lcosaR0;i ðm þ 1Þ; A12 ¼ C lmcosasina
frequency region. The transmission loss significantly decreases at
A13 ¼ C lcosasina; A14 ¼ qs hx2 R20;i ; A15 ¼ qs hx2 sin a
2
low and middle frequencies as the external fluid medium is water.
Whereas an improvement in the transmission loss is found at high A16 ¼ 2qs hx2 R0;i sina
frequencies, besides the elimination of the acoustic resonances in ðB:4Þ
the transmission loss curve.
The constants b2, b3, b4, b5, and coefficients M 2;p ðp ¼ 1; 2; :::; 15Þ
are given as:
Appendix A. Partial differential operators    
B13
b2 ¼ B1
a1 þ BB171 a0 þ BB91 b1 þ BB61 b0
The partial differential operators within Eqs. (3)–(5) are given    ðB:5Þ
as: þ BB251 c2 þ BB231 c1 þ BB201 c0 ; where m ¼ 0

@ 2 u Cð1  lÞ @ 2 u Csina @u Csin a    

2
L1 fu; v ; wg ¼ C þ þ  2 u b3 ¼ B13
a2 þ B14 þB17
a1 þ B18
a0 þ B2 þB9
b2
@x2 2R2 ðxÞ @h2 RðxÞ @x R ðxÞ B1 B1 B1 B1

Cð1 þ lÞ @ 2 v Csinaðl  3Þ @ v C lcosa    

þ þ þ þ B6 þB 10
b1 þ BB71 b0 þ BB251 c3 þ B23BþB 26
c2 ðB:6Þ
2RðxÞ @x@h 2R2 ðxÞ @h RðxÞ B1 1

 
@w Csinacosa þ B20 þB24
c1 þ B21
c0 ; where m ¼ 1
  w B1 B1
@x R2 ðxÞ
ðA:1Þ    
B13 B14 þB17 B15 þB18 B19
b4 ¼ B1
a3 þ B1
a2 þ B1
a1 þ B1
a0
h
L2 fu; v ; wg ¼ Cð1þ lÞ @ u
þ Csin2Ra2ð3
2 lÞ @u
þ Cð1 lÞ   
B2 þB9 B3 þB6 þB10
2RðxÞ @x@h
i h
ðxÞ @h
i
2
þ B1
b3 þ B1
b2 þ B7 þB
B1
11
b1
2 ð1lÞ
þ Dcos2Ra2 ðxÞ @2 v 2 a @2 v
@x2
þ R2CðxÞ þDcos R4 ðxÞ @h2     ðB:7Þ
h i þ BB81 b0 þ BB251 c4 þ B23BþB B20 þB24 þB27
c 3 þ c2
26
Csinað1lÞ
þ 2RðxÞ  Dcos2 asinað1lÞ @ v
2R3 ðxÞ @x
 2R2 ðxÞ v
Csin2 að1lÞ ðA:2Þ 1 B 1

 
 Dcos a @3 w
 Dcos a @3 w
 Dcos asina @2 w B21
R4 ðxÞ @h3 R2 ðxÞ @x2 @h R3 ðxÞ @x@h þ B1
c1 þ BB221 c0 ; where m ¼ 2
þ Ccos a @w
R2 ðxÞ @h    
B13 B14 þB17 B15 þB18 B16 þB19
b5 ¼ B1
a4 þ B1
a3 þ B1
a2 þ B1
a1
L3 fu; v ; wg ¼  lCcos a asina u  D @ w  2Dsina 4
@u @3 w
RðxÞ @x
 Ccos
R2 ðxÞ @x4 RðxÞ @x3   
þ B2BþB 9
b 4 þ
B3 þB6 þB10
B
b 3 þ
B4 þB7 þB11
B
b2
þ Dsin a @ w  Dsin a @w  D @ w  4Dsin a @ w
2 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 1

R2 ðxÞ @x2 R3 ðxÞ @x R4 ðxÞ @h4 R4 ðxÞ @h2     ðB:8Þ

h i þ B8 þB 12
b1 þ BB281 b0 þ BB251 c5 þ B23BþB 26
c4
þ 4Dsin
2
acosa  Ccosa @ v  2D @ 4 w  Ccos2 a w ðA:3Þ B1 1
R4 ðxÞ R2 ðxÞ @h R2 ðxÞ @x2 @h2 R2 ðxÞ
  
þ 2Dsin a @3 w
þ Dcos a @3 v
 3Dsin acosa @2 v þ B20 þBB241 þB27 c3 þ BB211 c2 þ BB221 c1 ; where m ¼ 3
R3 ðxÞ @x@h2 R4 ðxÞ @h3 R3 ðxÞ @x@h

a @3 v
þ Dcos
R2 ðxÞ @x2 @h M2;1 ¼ BB131 ; M 2;2 ¼ B14BþB 17
; M 2;3 ¼ B15BþB 18
; M2;4 ¼ B16BþB 19
1 1 1

M2;5 ¼ B2BþB 9
; M 2;6 ¼ B3 þBB61þB10 ; M 2;7 ¼ B4 þBB71þB11
Appendix B. Constants in the power series solution 1

M2;8 ¼ B5 þBB81þB12 ; M 2;9 ¼ BB281 ; M2;10 ¼ BB291 ; M2;11 ¼ BB251 ðB:9Þ

The constants a2, a3, and coefficients M 1;p ðp ¼ 1; 2; :::; 8Þ in Eqs.
(39)–(41) are obtained as follows:
    M2;12 ¼ B23BþB
1
26
; M2;13 ¼ B20 þBB241 þB27 ; M 2;14 ¼ BB211
A5 A4 þA7 þA14 A8 A10
a2 ¼ A1
a1 þ a0 þ
A1
b1 þ A1 A1
b0
  ðB:1Þ M2;15 ¼ BB221
þ AA111 c1 þ AA131 c0 ; where m ¼ 0
in which
 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207 205


B1 ¼  12 Cð1  lÞR40;i þ Dð1  lÞcos2 aR20;i ðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ M3;1 ¼ CC381 ; M3;2 ¼ C 32CþC
1
39
; M 3;3 ¼ C 33CþC
1
40
; M 3;4 ¼ C 34CþC
1
41


B2 ¼ 2Cð1  lÞR30;i sina þ Dð1  lÞR0;i cos2 asina ðm þ 1ÞðmÞ M3;5 ¼ CC291 ; M3;6 ¼ C 27CþC
1
30
; M3;7 ¼ C 17 þC 18 þCC261 þC 28 þC31
 M3;8 ¼ CC201 ; M 3;9 ¼ CC191 ; M3;10 ¼ C 2CþC 6

¼ 3Cð1  lÞR20;i sin a þ Dð1lÞcos

2 2 asin2 a
B3 2
ðmÞðm  1Þ 1

 M3;11 ¼ C 3 þC 7 þC
C1
10 þC 21
; M 3;12 ¼ C 4 þC 8 þC12 þC
C1
13 þC 23 þC 24
ðB:15Þ
¼ 2Cð1  lÞR0;i sin a ðm  1Þðm  2Þ
3
B4
M3;13 ¼ C 5 þC 9 þC 11 þC 14 þC 15 þC
C1
16 þC 22 þC 25 þC 35 þC 47
; M 3;14 ¼ C36CþC
1
48

B5 ¼ Cð1l2Þsin a ðm  2Þðm  3Þ
4

M3;15 ¼ C 37CþC
1
49
; M 3;16 ¼ CC501 ; M 3;17 ¼ CC511
Cð1lÞR20;i sin2 a
B6 ¼ CR20;i n2  Dcos2 an2  2
þ R40;i qs hx2 M3;18 ¼ C 42 þC 43 þCC441 þC45 þC46
B7 ¼ 2R0;i Cn2 sina  Cð1  lÞR0;i sin a þ 4qs hx a
3 2 3
R0;i sin
where:
Cð1lÞsin4 a
B8 ¼ Cn2 sin a  þ 6qs hx a
2 2 2 2
R0;i sin
 2
C 1 ¼ DR40;i ðm þ 4Þðm þ 3Þðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ;
B9 ¼ 12 Cð1  lÞsinaR0;i  Dð1  lÞcos2 asinaR0;i ðm þ 1Þ
3

 C 2 ¼ 4DR30;i sinaðm þ 3Þðm þ 2Þðm þ 1ÞðmÞ

B10 ¼ 12 3Cð1  lÞsin aR20;i  Dð1  lÞcos2 asin a ðmÞ
2 2
C 3 ¼ 6DR20;i sin aðm þ 2Þðm þ 1ÞðmÞðm  1Þ;
2

3Cð1lÞR0;i sin3 a Cð1lÞsin4 a

B11 ¼ 2
ðm  1Þ; B12 ¼ 2
ðm  2Þ C 4 ¼ 4DR0;i sin aðm þ 1ÞðmÞðm  1Þðm  2Þ
3

Cð1þlÞR30;i 3Cð1þlÞR20;i sina

C 5 ¼ Dsin aðmÞðm  1Þðm  2Þðm  3Þ;
4
B13 ¼  2
nðm þ 1Þ; B14 ¼  2
nm
B15 ¼ 
3Cð1þlÞR0;i sin2 a
nðm  1Þ; B16 ¼  Cð1þl2Þsin a nðm 
3
2Þ C 6 ¼ 2DR30;i sinaðm þ 3Þðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ
2
C 7 ¼ 6DR20;i sin aðm þ 2Þðm þ 1ÞðmÞ;
2
Cð3lÞR20;i sina
n; B18 ¼ Cð3  lÞR0;i nsin a
2
B17 ¼  2
C 8 ¼ 6DR0;i sin aðm þ 1ÞðmÞðm  1Þ
3
B19 ¼  Cð3l2Þsin a n; B20 ¼ ðDn3 þ CnR20;i Þcosa
3

C 9 ¼ 2Dsin aðmÞðm  1Þðm  2Þ;

4
B21 ¼ 2CR0;i ncosasina; B22 ¼ Cncosasin a
2

C 10 ¼ DR20;i sin
2
aðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ
B23 ¼ DnR0;i cosasinaðm þ 1Þ; B24 ¼ Dnmcosasin a
2

C 11 ¼ Dsin aðmÞðm  1Þ; C 12 ¼ 2DR0;i sin aðm þ 1ÞðmÞ

4 3
B25 ¼ DR20;i ncosaðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ; B26 ¼ 2DnR0;i sinacosaðm þ 1ÞðmÞ
C 13 ¼ DR0;i sin aðm þ 1Þ; C 14 ¼ Dmsin a; C 15 ¼ Dn4
3 4
B27 ¼ Dnsin acosaðmÞðm  1Þ; B28 ¼ 4qs hx2 R0;i sin a
2 3

C 16 ¼ 4Dn2 sin a; C 17 ¼ 4Dncosasin a; C 18 ¼ CnR20;i cosa

2 2
B29 ¼ qs hx2 sin a
4

C 19 ¼ Cncosasin a; C 20 ¼ 2CnR0;i cosasina;

2
ðB:10Þ
The constants c4, c5, c6, c7, and coefficients M 3;p ðp ¼ 1; 2; :::; 18Þ C 21 ¼ 2DR20;i n2 ðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ
C 22 ¼ 2Dn2 sin aðmÞðm  1Þ; C 23 ¼ 4Dn2 R0;i sinaðm þ 1ÞðmÞ;
2
are defined in below:
      C 24 ¼ 2Dn2 R0;i sina
c4 ¼ C 38
a1 þ a0 þ CC291 b2 þ CC271 b1 þ C 17 þCC181 þC 26 b0 þ CC 61 c3
C 32

C 25 ¼ 2Dn2 sin a; C 26 ¼ Dn3 cosa;

C1 C1 2
   
þ C 10CþC c2 þ C 13CþC c1 þ C 15 þC 16CþC 35 þC 47
c0 þ CC421 ; ðB:11Þ
C 27 ¼ 3DnR0;i cosasinaðm þ 1Þ
21 24
1 1 1

where m ¼ 0
C 28 ¼ 3Dnmcosasin a; C 29 ¼ DR20;i ncosaðm þ 2Þðm þ 1Þ
2

    
C 30 ¼ 2DR0;i ncosasinaðm þ 1ÞðmÞ; C 31 ¼ Dncosasin aðmÞðm  1Þ
2
C 32 þC 39
c5 ¼ C 38
C1
a2 þ a1 þ CC331 a0 þ CC291 b3 þ C 27CþC
C1 1
30
b2
    C 32 ¼ CR20;i cosasina; C 33 ¼ 2CR0;i cosasin a
2
C 17 þC 18 þC 26 þC 28 C 20 C 2 þC 6 C 7 þC 10 þC 21
þ C1
b1 þ C 1 b0 þ C 1 c 4 þ C1
c3
  ðB:12Þ C 34 ¼ Ccosasin a; C 35 ¼ CR20;i cos2 a; C 36 ¼ 2CR0;i cos2 asina
3
þ C 12 þC 13CþC 23 þC 24
c2 þ C 14 þC 15 þC 16CþC 25 þC 35 þC 47
c1
C 37 ¼ Ccos2 asin a; C 38 ¼ C lR30;i cosaðm þ 1Þ;
1 1 2
 
þ C 36CþC 48
c0 þ C 42CþC 43
; where m ¼ 1
1 1
C 39 ¼ 3C l asina
mR20;i cos
    
C 40 ¼ 3C lR0;i cosasin aðm  1Þ; C 41 ¼ C lcosasin aðm  2Þ
2 3
C 38 C 32 þC 39 C 33 þC 40
c6 ¼ C1
a3 þ C1
a2 þ a1 þ CC341 a0 þ CC291 b4
C1
   
C 42 ¼ ðP1  P2 ÞR40;i ðjk1Xm!cosaÞ ;
m

þ C 27CþC 1
30
b3 þ C 17 þC 18 þCC261 þC 28 þC 31 b2 þ CC201 b1 þ CC191 b0
   cosaÞ m1
C 43 ¼ 4ðP1  P2 ÞR30;i sina ðjk1X
þ C 2CþC 1
6
c5 þ C 3 þC 7 þCC1
10 þC 21
c4 þ C 8 þC 12 þCC131 þC 23 þC 24 c3 ðB:13Þ ðm1Þ!
  cosaÞ m2
C 44 ¼ 6ðP1  P2 ÞR20;i sin a ðjk1X
2
þ C 11 þC 14 þC 15 þC 16CþC 22 þC 25 þC 35 þC 47
c2 þ C 36CþC 48
c1 ðm2Þ!
;
1 1
  cosaÞ m3
C 45 ¼ 4ðP1  P2 ÞR0;i sin a ðjk1X
3
C 37 þC 49 C 42 þC 43 þC 44
þ C1
c0 þ C1
; where m ¼ 2 ðm3Þ!
cosaÞ m4
C 46 ¼ ðP1  P2 Þsin a ðjk1X
4
     ðm4Þ!
;
c7 ¼ CC381 a4 þ C32CþC 39
a 3 þ
C 33 þC 40
a2 þ
C 34 þC 41
a 1 þ C
C 29
b5
1 C 1 C 1 1 C 47 ¼ ðP3  P4 þ qs hx 2
ÞR40;i
   
C 27 þC 30 C 17 þC 18 þC 26 þC 28 þC 31
C 48 ¼ 4ðP3  P4 þ qs hx2 ÞR30;i sina;
C 20 C 19
þ C1 b4 þ C1
b3 þ C 1 b2 þ C1 b1
  
C 49 ¼ 6ðP3  P4 þ qs hx2 ÞR20;i sin a
2
þ C 2CþC
1
6
c6 þ C3 þC7 þC C1
10 þC 21
c5 þ C4 þC 8 þC 12 þC C1
13 þC 23 þC 24
c4
  C 50 ¼ 4ðP3  P4 þ qs hx2 ÞR0;i sin3 a;
þ C 9 þC 11 þC14 þC15 þCC161 þC 22 þC 25 þC 35 þC47 c3 þ C 36CþC 48
c2
C 51 ¼ ðP3  P4 þ qs hx2 Þsin a
1 4
  
þ C 37CþC1
49
c1 þ CC501 c0 þ C 42 þC43CþC 1
44 þC 45
; where m ¼ 3 ðB:16Þ
ðB:14Þ with
206 M. Golzari, A.A. Jafari / Applied Acoustics 156 (2019) 186–207

P1 ¼ pI en ðjÞ J n ðk1r R0;i Þejðk1X Xi Þ

n
It is concluded that if the radius at the smaller end is not zero,
ðk1r J0n ðk1r R0;i Þcosajk1X Jn ðk1r R0;i ÞsinaÞpI en ðjÞn H2n ðk2r R0;i Þejk1X X i series U(x), V(x) and W(x) in Eqs. (34)–(36) will be converged.
P2 ¼
ðk2r H20n ðk2r R0;i ÞcosaH2n ðk2r R0;i Þðjk1X ÞsinaÞ
qI x2 H2n ðk2r R0;i Þ ðB:17Þ Appendix D. Non-zero terms in the matrix equation
P3 ¼
ðk2r H20n ðk2r R0;i ÞcosaH2n ðk2r R0;i Þðjk1X ÞsinaÞ
qT x2 H1n ðk3r R0;i Þ The elements within matrices A and b in Eq. (44) are defined in
P4 ¼
ðk3r H10n ðk3r R0;i ÞcosaH1n ðk3r R0;i Þðjk1X ÞsinaÞ below:
2 3
u1;i ðxÞ  u8;i ðxÞ
Appendix C. Convergence condition of the power series 6 v ðxÞ  v 8;i ðxÞ 7
6 1;i 7
Bi ¼ 6 7 ; i ¼ 1; N ðD:1Þ
4 Nxx;1;i ðxÞ  Nxx;8;i ðxÞ 5
It can be seen from the recurrence relations given in Eqs. (39)–
(41), when m becomes large enough, theses relations can be M xx;1;i ðxÞ    Mxx;8;i ðxÞ 48

reduced as follows: 2 3
u1;i ðxÞ  u8;i ðxÞ
2sina sin a 6 7
2
amþ2 ¼ amþ1  2 am ðC:1Þ 6 v 1;i ðxÞ  v 8;i ðxÞ 7
R0 6 7
R0 6 w1;i ðxÞ  w8;i ðxÞ 7
6 7
6 @w1;i @w8;i 7
6 ðxÞ  ðxÞ 7
4sina 6sin a 4sin a sin a Ci ¼ 6 7 ;
2 3 4
6N
@x @x i ¼ 1; 2; :::; N ðD:2Þ
bmþ2 ¼  bmþ1  bm  bm1  4 bm2 ðC:2Þ 6 xx;1;i ðxÞ  Nxx;8;i ðxÞ 7
7
R0 R20 R30 R0 6 7
6 N xh;1;i ðxÞ  Nxh;8;i ðxÞ 7
6 7
6 7
4sina 6sin a 4sin a
2
sin a
3 4 4 M xx;1;i ðxÞ  Mxx;8;i ðxÞ 5
cmþ4 ¼  cmþ3  cmþ2  cmþ1  4 cm ðC:3Þ V xz;1;i ðxÞ  V xz;8;i ðxÞ 88
R0 R20 R30 R0
By introducing the following relations: 2 3
u0;i ðxÞ
6 7
q1 ¼ m!1
lim
amþ1
ðC:4Þ 6 v 0;i ðxÞ 7
am 2 3 6 7
u0;i ðxÞ 6 w0;i ðxÞ 7
6 7
6 v ðxÞ 7 6 @w0;i 7
bmþ1 6 0;i 7 6 ðxÞ 7
q2 ¼ m!1
lim ðC:5Þ bi ¼ 6 7 ; i ¼ 1; N ci ¼ 6
6N
@x 7 ;
7 i ¼ 1; 2; :::; N
bm 4 Nxx;0;i ðxÞ 5 6 xx;0;i ðxÞ 7
6 7
M xx;0;i ðxÞ 6 Nxh;0;i ðxÞ 7
cmþ1
41 6 7
q3 ¼ lim ðC:6Þ 6 7
4 M xx;0;i ðxÞ 5
m!1 cm
V xz;0;i ðxÞ 81
in which q1 , q2 and q3 are the convergence ratios of series U(x), V(x)
ðD:3Þ
and W(x), respectively, and using Eqs. (C.1)–(C.3), the following
equations can be obtained:
References
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