16.6.

Overturning—Wind
The general wind force requirements from ASCE 7 were introduced inSecs. 2.10 to 2.12. The specific requirements for
checking overturning under wind forces are summarized in this portion of Chap. 16.

It was previously noted that only 60 percent of the dead load D of the structure is used to resist overturning. This is reflected in
the ASCE 7 basic ASD load combinations with:

0.6 D + 0.6 W and 0.6 D + 0.7 E

When the dead load of a structure is estimated, designers often take an approach that is conservative for vertical load
analysis. This may be done by rounding the summation of gravity loads upward and by slightly overestimating the weight of
the members so that it will not be necessary to revise design calculations once member sizes have been determined. The
practice of overestimating loads is generally considered to be on the side of greater safety.

However, in the moment stability analysis of a structure, an overestimation of dead loads is unconservative because the larger
loads will produce a calculated resisting moment that is larger than is actually available. For this and other reasons, a factor of
safety is provided by ASCE 7 use of 0.6D when checking overturning at the base of a structure.

The critical combination of gravity loads and wind forces for the compression chord will be another of the basic load
combinations given in Sec. 2.17. Therefore, the design force for the compression chord is the gross chord force caused by
the wind overturning moment plus the tributary gravity loads.

It was noted in Chap. 2 that wind design provisions require wind uplift, if any, to be considered simultaneously with horizontal
wind forces. Whether or not wind uplift acts on a given shearwall depends on the roof framing system and whether the
shearwall is a bearing or nonbearing wall for vertical loads. If the wall supports gravity loads in addition to its own weight, it is
classified as a bearing wall. The same framing members that cause additional gravity loads to be supported by the wall may
also cause wind uplift to be transferred to the shearwall.

Example

EXAMPLE 16.5 Overturning Requirement for Wind—General

The ASCE 7 ASD load combinations (Figures 16.8A and 16.8B) that include wind load are:

D + 0.6W
D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
0.6D + 0.6W

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 Figure 16.8A Loads and forces for wind overturning at foundation–soil interface.

Figure 16.8B Loads and forces for wind overturning at shearwall connection to foundation for
tension chord.

The critical shearwall compression chord force C will be governed by a combination of loads and forces that uses the full
dead load D (not 0.6D).

The gross overturning moment is

Gross OM = Rh + U ( )
b
2

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 Tension Chord

Load combination: 0.6D + horizontal wind + uplift wind

Resisting Moment (RM) = 0.6D (b/2)

Design OM = Gross OM – RM

Design tension chord force:

design OM
Design T =
b
gross OM − RM
=
b

Load duration factor CD = 1.6

Compression Chord

Load combinations: D + 0.6W

D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)

Gross OM is determined using horizontal and vertical components of 0.6W for the first combination and 0.45W for the
second combination.

RM is determined using D for the first equation and adding applicable dead and live load for the second combination.

Design OM is calculated as Gross OM−RM.

Compression chord force is calculated as Design OM/b.

Load duration factor CD = 1.6

Note that the FBD in Figure 16.8B shows the load and force combination for the tension chord analysis. The D in the
sketch represents all of the dead load to the shearwall above the foundation.

For designing the compression chord, the FBD would have to be revised to reflect the two required load cases. The
calculation of the shearwall chord forces may be carried out using the expressions given above. A similar approach with a
slightly different format was described in Chap. 10.

Example 16.5 deals with the general wind overturning requirements, which involve the addition of overturning due to
horizontal wind and overturning due to uplift wind. If the uplift force U is large, the requirement to consider overturning due to
the two wind effects simultaneously can be a significant force increase over previous codes.

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