BUILDING SERVICES-I

(WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION)

ARC-15-216

AMRITA SINGH
ASST. PROFESSOR
SRI SRI UNIVERSITY
 BUILDING SERVICES–I (Water Supply and Sanitation)
ARC-15-216 Credits L T P Sessional Marks - 100 Studio Time
SEM- 4th
Hours 2 1 0 Internal-40 End Sem-60
FACULTY Core Faculty: Prof. Indrani Basu, Ar. Amrita Singh

Weeks Date Studio Teaching Content Assignments/Deliverables Marks

Week 1 Monday Introduction to Building Services, Types of systems in Reading assignment from 20
Wednesday the building. course book and submission
of class notes.
Week 2 Monday Introduction to general physical principles of fluid Reading assignment from 20
Wednesday mechanics such as Pressure difference and flow of fluids, course book and submission
Siphon effect, Hydrostatic Pressure, Venturi effect, etc. of class notes.
and their relationship with water supply and sanitation.
Week 3 Monday Quantity of water: Rate of Demand (ROD) – Factors Reading assignment from 20
Wednesday affecting ROD - Requirements of various uses – Daily course book and submission
requirement for domestic level per capita and city level of class notes.
per capita.
Sources of Water Supply: Surface run-off – catchment
area - run-off coefficient – precipitation - Rainfall -
Types of sources – Surface sources – Lakes & streams-
ponds-rivers-storage reservoirs - Underground sources:
Infiltration - Percolation – Aquifers - Infiltration galleries
– Infiltration
Week 4 Monday Qualitative & quantitative aspects of water, impurities, Reading assignment from 20
Wednesday hard and soft water, standards for quality of water. course book and submission
Quality of water: Impurities in water – Suspended, of class notes.
Colloidal & Dissolved impurities
Physical impurities: colour, taste & odour, temperature,
turbidity
Chemical impurities: Hardness, chlorides, total solids,
dissolved gases, pH value, metals & other chemical
substances, nitrogen & its compounds
Bacteriological impurities: pathogenic bacteria & non-
pathogenic bacteria
 pathogenic bacteria
Week 5 Monday Study of standards regarding water demand and Reading assignment from 20
Wednesday consumption in different types of buildings, computing course book and submission
demands for domestic use. of class notes.
Designing domestic water supply systems and
connections to municipal supply, types, capacity-design-
construction of suction & storage tanks
Week 6 Monday 1st Internal Exam 50
Wednesday
Week 7 Monday Characteristics of sewage, Quantity of sewage and storm Plan & section through 50
Wednesday water, infiltration, runoff calculation, Manning’s Bathroom and Kitchen
formulae, partial flow diagram.
Design of Sewers, shapes of sewers, factors affecting the
design of sewers, Materials and joints used in sewer
systems; Sewage treatment-(self-purification), Disposal
of sewage from isolated building, sewage breakdown
Week 8 Monday Details of a Septic tank and capacity calculation & design Continued
Wednesday of plumbing system: design considerations on drainage
scheme, preparation of plan, planning of bathroom,
lavatory blocks and kitchen in domestic and multi-storied
buildings. Indian standards for sanitary conveyance.
Week 9 Monday Basic principles of sanitation and disposal of various Continued
Wednesday kinds of waste matter from building.

Brief description of various systems of sewage disposal

and their principles
Week 10 Monday Plumbing definitions and related terms, plumbing Layout Drawing: 50
Wednesday systems (one pipe, two pipe etc.) Introduction to design of basic
House drainage system; Low flow and water efficient layout plan of drains, traps &
fixtures; Drainage of rainwater, surface water and sub- fixtures for sanitation &
soil water; Manholes, Sub drains, culverts, ditches and drainage of a simple
gutters, drop inlets and catch basins, roads and residential situation.
pavements, storm overflow/regulators.
Week 11 Monday 2nd Internal Exam 50
Wednesday
Week 12 Monday Case Study Visit to complete water services in SSU Report Preparation (Group 20
Wednesday Work)
Week 13 Monday Rainwater harvesting, and ground water recharge,
Wednesday calculation of storm water runoff.
Week 14 Monday Revision/Doubt clearing session
Wednesday
UNIT -01
FLUID MECHANICS:

Fluid mechanics is the study of the behavior of fluids under the action of applied forces.

The Nature of Fluids

Almost all the materials we see around us can be described as

solids, liquids or gases.

Many substances, depending on the pressure and temperature,

can exist in all three states.

e.g, H2O can exist as ice, water, or vapor. Two of these states,
liquids and gases are both called fluid states, or simply fluids.
SIPHON EFFECT:

Atmospheric pressure pushes the liquid up and gravity pulls the liquid down.

Water always flows from an area under higher

pressure to an area of lower pressure.

It also always flows from a high point to a low

point, if allowed to do so, converting potential
energy (height) into kinetic energy (flow).

The water on the roof (under higher pressure) flows

up into the pipe or hose (lower pressure area).

Gravity will then allow the water to flow out the end
of the pipe or hose.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE:

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium

at a given point within the fluid, due to the
force of gravity.

Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion

to depth measured from the surface because
of the increasing weight of fluid exerting
downward force from above.

In the figure above, the water from the right container is going further than the water
from the left container. The only difference between the two container is the height of
the water column. The amount of pressure inside a body of fluids increases with its
depth (or height of fluid column).
VENTURI EFFECT:

When a fluid moving through a pipe faces a

constriction, or narrowing of the pipe, the
velocity of flow increases at the constriction,
with a corresponding drop in the static
pressure.

This principle is called the Venturi Effect.

The Venturi effect is a version of the

Bernoulli’s principle
UNIT -02
INTRODUCTION
■ Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make the inhabitants
comfortable, functional, efficient and safe.
■ They can include fire safety, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning),
lighting, plumbing, ICT (information and communications technology), and so
on.
■ “Building services” makes the building comes to life.
What makes the building work, What makes the building function-able !!!
■ Imagine your in your hostel room and now take away the lighting, ventilation,
the lifts, plumbing, power supply and energy management systems, the security
and safety systems….
BUILDING SERVICES INCLUDE:
Mechanical systems include:
• Plumbing: water distribution, water treatment, sanitary facilities.
• HVAC Systems: heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
• Site drainage: water, drainage, sanitary disposal, gas supply.
• Fire protection: water supply, stand pipe, fire and smoke detection

Electrical systems include:

• Electrical power: normal, standby, emergency power supply Mechanical
System
and distribution.
• Lighting: interior, exterior, emergency light.
• Auxiliary: telephone, data, audio and video sound

Building operation systems include: Building

Electrical
• Transportation: elevators, escalators, moving walkways. Operation
System
System
• Processing: product, food, services.
• Automation: environmental control and management.
 HUMAN RIGHTS
TO WATER AND
IMPORTANCE SANITATION
OF WATER:

Next to air, water is also an very

important requirement for human
existence.
It is free gift from the nature to
human race.

Water, Water Everywhere Nor A Drop To Drink

 WATER SUPPLY
FACTS & FIGURES
■ It is available in various forms such as rivers, lakes,
streams etc.
■ The importance of water is so much that many
cities have developed near water bodies.
■ Examples?
City -01, City -02
■ Water is available in 3 different forms .
1. SOLID 2. LIQUID 3. GAS.
■ The main source of water is monsoon.
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY

Need to protect water supplies:

The water when exposed to atmosphere is affected by many impurities which are harmful.
It causes serious health issues if consumed without treatment. Hence to make it portable many
purification methods have been developed. .

QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY

It is difficult to find the exact quantity of water required in a town or a city hence many assumptions
are made during the calculations of various variables factors.
1. Rate of demand:
The requirements of water for various uses are properly analyzed and ultimately , the rate of
consumption per head is worked out.

2. Population:
The persons to be served by the scheme are calculated and estimate of future population is worked out
with the help of suitable method.
WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
BUILDINGS

Water resources are sources of water that are potentially useful.

Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational
and environmental activities.
The majority of human uses require fresh water.

WATER CONSUMPTION RATE

• There are various types of water demands in a city.

a. Domestic water demand
b. Industrial demand
c. Institution and commercial demand
d. Demand for public use
e. Fire demand
f. Loses and wastes
DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

1. Drinking: 5 lit/day/person

2. Cooking: 5 lit/day/person

3. Bathing: 30-40 lit/day/person

4. Washing Hands/Face etc.: 5- 10 lit/day/person

5. House hold sanitary purpose: 50-60 lit/day/person

Approx. 120-150 lit/day/person.
INDUSTRIAL DEMAND

• The water required in the industries mainly

depends on the type of industries, which are
existing in the city.

• The water required by factories, paper mills,

Cloth mills, Cotton mills, Breweries, Sugar
refineries etc. comes under industrial use.

• The quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is around 20 to 25% of the
total demand of the city.
INSTITUTION AND COMMERCIAL DEMAND

• Universities, Institution, commercial buildings

and commercial centres including office
buildings, warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping
centres, health centres, schools, temple, cinema
houses, railway and bus stations etc. comes
under this category.
DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE

• Quantity of water required for public utility

purposes such as for washing and
sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers,
watering of public parks, gardens, public
fountains etc. comes under public demand.

• To meet the water demand for public use,

provision of 5% of the total consumption is
made designing the water works for a city.
FIRE DEMAND:

During the fire breakdown large quantity of water is required for throwing it
over the fire to extinguish it, therefore provision is made in the water work
to supply sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the water mains
for this purpose.

• The quantity of water required for fire fighting is generally calculated by

using different empirical formulae.

KUICHING‟S FORMULA
• Q=3182 √P
• Where “Q” is quantity of water required in litres/min
• “P” is population of town or city in thousands
LOSES AND WASTES

• Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken pipes, faulty valves and
fittings.
• Losses due to, continuous wastage of water.
• Losses due to unauthorized and illegal connections.
• While estimating the total quantity of water of a town; allowance of 15% of total
quantity of water is made to compensate for losses, thefts and wastage of water.

PER CAPITA DEMAND

If „Q‟ is the total quantity of water required by various purposes by a town per year
and „P‟ is population of town, then per capita demand will be
Q
Per capita demand = ------------------ litres/day
P x 365
Per capita demand of the town depends on various factors like
• Standard of living,
• No. and type of commercial places in a town etc.

For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various uses is as follows:

Domestic purpose 135 litres/c/d

Industrial use 40 litres/c/d
Public use 25 litres/c/d
Fire Demand 15 litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts 55 litres/c/d
TOTAL 270 litres/capita/day
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND:

1. Size of the city:

Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that for smaller
towns as big cities have sewered houses.

2. Standard of living:
The higher the standard of living is, the higher the demand and greater the
variation in demand.

3. Climatic conditions:
Extremes of heat and cold cause variations in demand.

4. Habits of people and their economic status.

5. Quality of water:
If water is aesthetically & medically safe, the consumption will increase as
people will not resort to private wells, etc.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND:

6. Pressure in the supply:

High pressure results in increased use while low pressure results in decreased use.

7. Presence of Industries.
8. Efficiency of water works administration:
Leaks in water mains and services; and unauthorized use of water can be kept to a
minimum by surveys.

9. Cost of water.
10. Policy of metering and charging method:
Water tax is charged in two different ways: on the basis of meter reading and on the
basis of certain fixed monthly rate.

11. Lawn Sprinkling:

Enforcement of lawn sprinkling regulations can reduce peak demands significantly.
FLUCTUATIONS IN RATE OF DEMAND

• Seasonal variation:
The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are
generally more in summer, increasing demand. So, there is
seasonal variation .

• Daily variation:
This depends on the activity of people. People draw out
more water on Sundays and Festival days, thus increasing
demand on these days.

• Hourly variations:
During active household working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to
eight in the evening, the bulk of the daily requirement is taken. Moreover, if a fire breaks
out, a huge quantity of water is required to be supplied during short duration,
necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly supply.
SOURCES OF WATER

1. Rain Water
2. Surface Water
• Ponds and lakes;
• Streams and rivers;
• Storage reservoirs; and
• Oceans

3. Ground Water
• Springs;
• Infiltration wells ; and
• Wells and Tube-wells

4. Water obtained from reclamation

 RAIN WATER

From Roof of houses and dwellings:

Water is stored in underground tank, for

individual supplies.

From Catchments:

The surface of catchment is made

impervious by suitable lining material
and suitable slope.
SURFACE WATER

Surface water is available as run-off from

catchment area, during rainfall or precipitation.

The run-off water can be stored in a reservoir by

constructing a dam.

Surface water can be collected by following

sources:
• From rivers by continuous draft
• From river diversion
• From reservoir storage
• From direct intake from natural water bodies.
GROUND WATER

Ground water refers to water stored by nature,

under-ground in the water bearing formation of
earth crust.

The main source of ground water is

precipitation.

• Natural Springs
• Infiltration gallery
• Wells and bore holes
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Water is collected from different sources and taken to the treatment plants.
• The treated water is then transmitted to the service reservoirs, serving towns or cities.
Municipality is responsible for the distribution of water.

The distribution network can be divided into two levels:

• MUNICIPAL LEVEL
• INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
AT MUNICIPAL LEVEL:
This includes the network of trunk mains and street mains.
Municipality is responsible for the distribution of water from service reservoir till it
reaches the street mains.
REQUIREMENT OF GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.

• It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient
pressure.
• It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire fighting.
• The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during
the repair of any section of the system.
• All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away or above the
sewer line.
• It should be fairly water tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.
LAYOUTS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
• The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their
layouts generally follow the layouts of roads.
• There are general, four different types of pipe networks; any one of which either
single or in combinations, can be used for a particular place.

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS
1. Dead End System
2. Radial System
3. Grid Iron System
4. Ring System
DEAD END SYSTEM
It is suitable for old towns and cities having no different pattern of roads.

Advantage :
• Relatively cheap
• Determination of discharge and
pressure easier due to less number
of valves.

Disadvantage :
• Due to many dead ends, stagnation
of water occurs in pipes.
RADIAL SYSTEM
• The area is divided into different zones.
• The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle of each zone.
• The supply pipes are laid rapidly ending towards the periphery.

Advantages :-
• It gives quick service.
• Calculation of pipe size is easy.
GRID IRON SYSTEM
It is suitable for cities with rectangular layouts, where the water mains and branches are
laid in rectangles.
Advantage :-
• Water is kept in good circulation due to
absence of dead ends
• In the case of break down in some section,
it’s available from other direction.
Disadvantage :-
• Exact calculation of sizes of pipes are not
possible due to provisions of valves on all
branches.
RING SYSTEM
• The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub mains branch out from
the mains.

• This system also follows the grid iron

system with the flow pattern similar in
character to that of dead end system.
• So determination of the size of pipes is
easy.
Advantages :-
• Water can be supplied to any point from at
least two directions.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at various points.
Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and other local conditions,
the water may be forced into distribution system by following ways –

• Gravity System
• Pumping System
• Combined gravity and Pumping system
GRAVITY SYSTEM

• Suitable when source of supply is

at sufficient height.
• Most reliable and economical
distribution system.
• The water head available at the
consumer is just minimum
required.
• This method has no pumping
installed.
GRAVITY SYSTEM
PUMPING SYSTEM
• Treated water is directly into the distribution main out storing.
• Also called pumping without storage system.
• High lifts pumps are required.
• If power supply fails,
complete stoppage of water supply.
• The method is not general used.
COMBINED GRAVITY AND PUMPING SYSTEM

• Most common system

• Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir.
• Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
• The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied
during high demand period.
• Economical, efficient and reliable system.
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS

Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which
store the treated water for supplying water during emergencies (such as during fires,
repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water
demand.

FUNCTION OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS-

• To absorb the hourly variations in demand.
• To maintain constant pressure in the distribution main.
• Water stored can be supplied during emergencies.
LOCATION & HEIGHT OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS:

• Should be located as close as possible to the center of demand.

• Water level in the reservoir must be at sufficient elevation to permit gravity flow at an
adequate pressure.

TYPES OF RESERVOIRS:
Depending upon the elevation with respect to ground, It may be classified into...
• Surface reservoirs
• Elevated reservoirs
SURFACE RESERVOIRS:

• These also called ground reservoir.

• Mostly circular or rectangular tanks.
• Underground reservoir are preferred especially when the size is large.
• These reservoirs are constructed high natural grounds and are usually made of
stones, brick, plain or reinforced concrete cement.
• The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the reservoir
is full and the earth pressure, when it is empty.
ELEVATED RESERVOIR:

• It is also referred to as overhead tanks are required

at distribution areas which are not governed and
controlled by the gravity system of distribution.
• These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.
• If the topography of the town not suitable for under
gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir are used.
• They are constructed where combine gravity and
pumping system of water distribution is adopted.
• These tanks may be steel or RCC.
TYPES OF TANKS
• R.C.C. Tanks
• G.I. Tanks
• H.D.P.E Tanks

R.C.C. TANKS:-
• It is of reinforced concrete cement.
• They have long life.
• Very little maintenance.
• Decent appearance.
G.I. TANKS:

• It is made out of galvanized iron.

• Generally square or rectangular in shape
• Life of tank is short
• Corrosion of metal occurs
• Maintenance cost is high
H.D.P.E TANK (HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE):

• It is very popular for storing less quantity of

water and hence useful for residential
purpose.
• Handling is easy because of light weight.
• Cheap in cost
• Maintenance cost is low.
• Cleaning of tanks are easy.