‫‪Group No 6‬‬

‫جعفر ذياب عداي‬

‫وسام رشيد مطر‬

‫‪1‬‬
1-Objective

The objective of this experiment is:

1. To understand the stage that is involved in the creep test.

2. To experimentally obtain the creep curve.
3. To identify the properties of material while subjected to a
tensile load.
4. To measure the rate of deformation of the material to stress at
a constant temperature.

2-Introduction

Various mechanical tests such as the tensile and impact tests

offer useful information as per the strength characteristics,
responses, and behaviors of engineering materials when
subjected to loads over short periods of time .
Creep is the progressive deformation of a material at constant
stress and temperature. It is used to describe the slow plastic
deformation that occurs under prolonged loading, usually at
high temperatures. Creep in its simplest form is the progressive
accumulation of plastic strain in a specimen or machine part
under stress at elevated temperatures over a period of time
(Myer ,2002) Creep failure occurs when the accumulated creep
strain results in a deformation of the machine part that exceeds
the design limit. Creep rupture is an extension of the creep
process to the limiting condition where the stressed member
actually separates into two parts. Stress rupture is a term used
inter-changeably by many with creep rupture; however, others
reserve the term

2
3-Theory

Creep is defined as time-dependent plastic deformation (elongation)

of the metal at aconstant tensile load. It is also defined as high
temperature progressive deformation at constantstress. "High
temperature" is a relative term dependent upon the materials
involved. Creep ratesare used in evaluating materials for boilers,
gas turbines, jet engines, ovens, or any applicationthat involves
high temperatures under load. Understanding high temperature
behavior of metalsis useful in designing failure resistant systems. A
creep test can be studied by measuring the permanent extension,
after various time intervals, of test-pieces maintained at a
constanttemperature. Measurements of strain are then recorded over
a period of time as in Figure 1. Afterthe initial instantaneous
extension, it shows that creep occurs in three stages :

Stage 1 (Primary creep) : This stage occurs at the beginning of the

tests, and creep ismostly transiently, not at a steady rate. Resistance
to creep increases until
Stage 2 (secondarycreep) is reached.Stage 2 (Secondary creep) :
The rate of creep becomes roughly steady. This stage is
oftenreferred to as steady state creep.
Stage 3 (Tertiary creep) : The creep rate begins to accelerate as the
cross sectional area ofthe specimen decreases due to necking or
internal voiding decreases the effective area of thespecimen. If
stage 3 is allowed to proceed, fracture will occur.In many cases, the
three parts of the curve are not clearly distinguishable. To obtain
acomplete picture of the creep properties of a material, it is
necessary to construct creep curves fora range of stresses over a
range of temperature. Such curves as shown in Figure 2 usually
showthat, as the applied stress decreased the primary creep is also
decreases, secondary creep is prolonged, and the possible extension
3
during tertiary creep tends to increase. Very low appliedstress may
mean that tertiary creep dies not occur even after lengthy service
.life

4-Calculations

5-Discussion

6-References