March 2005

Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Scope of this Product Comparison
This Product Comparison covers fluoroscopic
television chains used in fixed radiographic/
fluoroscopic systems. The text and chart focus
primarily on the television camera, its controlling
electronics, and the television monitor. For more
information, see the following Product Comparisons:
• Digital Imaging Systems, Angiographic/
Cardiovascular
• Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, General-
Purpose; Cameras, Radiographic Photospot
• Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, Urological
• Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Units, Angiographic/
Interventional; Cardiovascular
• Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Units, Mobile
These devices are also called: fluoroscopic
video systems, video camera systems.
examination room and at remote locations, such as the
control room.
Some television chains are designed to be interfaced
with digital angiography systems, which convert the
analog output of a television camera into a digital
signal that is then processed, displayed, and stored by
a computer system.
Principles of operation
The major components of a fluoroscopic television
chain system are the television camera and the televi-
sion monitor. The camera is optically coupled to the
output phosphor of the image intensifier through
either a fiberoptic or tandem lens coupling system

UMDNS information
This Product Comparison covers the following de-
vice term and product code as listed in ECRI’s
Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System™
(UMDNS™):
• Video Systems, Fluoroscopic [16-965]

Purpose

Fluoroscopic television chains display the output of

an image intensifier on one or more television monitors
during fluoroscopic procedures. This closed-circuit
transmission system allows fluoroscopic images to be
viewed on multiple television monitors inside the

180294 5200 Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462-1298, USA

424-010 Telephone +1 (610) 825-6000 ● Fax +1 (610) 834-1275 ● E-mail hpcs@ecri.org
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Healthcare Product Comparison System

(see Fig. 1). Fiberoptic coupling uses bundles of thou- Focusing

sands of thin glass rods to transmit light between the Signal Anode Coil
Plate Electron
image intensifier tube and the camera tube. Fiberoptic of Target Gun
coupling permits more even distribution of image reso-
lution over the entire picture than tandem lens cou-
pling, minimizes light loss, and improves image
contrast; however, it does not allow the image to be
split for simultaneous transmission to a photospot or
Photoconductive Control Grid
cine camera, as tandem lens coupling does.

C221UN2P
Layer of Target Deflecting Electron
Coil Beam
In the tandem lens coupling system, the first lens —
the objective or collector lens — converts the divergent Figure 2. Television camera tube used in fluoroscopic
light beam from the output phosphor of the image inten- television chains
sifier into a parallel beam, and the second lens — the
camera lens — refocuses the parallel beam of light
onto the input phosphor of the television camera tube. is transmitted through a glass faceplate to a target
A partially silvered mirror inserted between the lenses consisting of a transparent metallic signal plate coated
splits the parallel beam, allowing simultaneous image with a thin, photoconductive layer of antimony trisul-
recording by a photospot camera, a cine camera, or a fide. The anode is adjacent to the target, and the
second television camera (up to three ports are gener- cathode is located at the opposite end of the television
ally available). camera tube.
Television camera tubes As the pattern of light from the output phosphor of
Television camera tubes used in fluoroscopic televi- the image intensifier falls upon the photoconductive
sion chains operate on the principle of photoconductiv- material, electrons are released, resulting in a pattern
ity. The basic design of the widely used Vidicon of positive electrical charge across the target that rep-
television camera tube is shown in Figure 2. The contents licates the light pattern of the fluoroscopic image.
of the camera tube are sealed in an evacuated glass
envelope. The light image from the image intensifier An electron beam produced at the cathode by ther-
mionic emission is focused to a fine stream and accel-
erated toward the positively charged anode by an
Fiberoptic electromagnetic focusing coil wrapped around the Vidi-
Rods Television
Camera Tube con tube. Deflecting coils produce a variable electro-
static field that directs the motion of the beam in an
Fiberoptic
orderly scanning pattern, from left to right and top to
Coupling System bottom, so that the entire target is scanned along 525
horizontal lines at 30 Hz or 625 lines at 25 Hz. As the
Output
Phosphor electron beam passes through each region of the target,
electrons are absorbed to neutralize areas of positive
charge, and a current proportional to the number of
Objective Television
Output Lens Camera Camera Tube electrons flows to the signal plate to generate the video
Phosphor Lens signal. As the electron beam scans each line of the
target, the concomitant variations in current flow rep-
Tandem resent the spatial distribution of light output from the
Lens
Coupling image intensifier.
System
The sequential presentation of 25 or 30 complete
Mirror
Image images per second results in a perceptible flicker in the
Intensifier
display. To compensate for this flicker, interlaced
C221UN2N

Tube
Output Lens
to scanning is used. The even lines are scanned in the
Photospot or Cine Camera first half-picture, or field, and the odd lines are scanned
Figure 1. Optical systems used to couple the output in the second field. These two fields are combined to
phosphor of the image intensifier with the television produce the complete video frame. The presentation
camera tube of 50 or 60 half-pictures per second eliminates the
perception of discontinuity of motion.

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Three characteristics of the antimony trisulfide ma-
terial used in the Vidicon tube reduce its effectiveness.
First, the Vidicon tube generates a signal, or “dark
current,” when the target is not illuminated, resulting
in irregular shading in darker parts of the image.
Second, the Vidicon tube preserves only 70% to 80%
of the contrast present at the output of the image
intensifier. Third, a single scan of the electron beam
neutralizes only 60% to 70% of the charge on the
photoconductive layer, resulting in lag (retention of the
image) through several subsequent scans. In fluoros-
copy of dynamic events, such as cardiac activity, lag
obscures details of rapid motion. However, it also reduces
the visibility of x-ray quantum noise in the image.
The Plumbicon tube is a special type of Vidicon tube
in which lead monoxide, in the form of a semiconductor
P-N junction, is used as the photoconductor. The
result is negligible dark current, no reduction of con-
trast, and reduced lag. Newer types of television cam-
era tubes (e.g., Newvicon, Saticon, Chalnicon) use targets
of different photoconductive materials, such as cadmium,
zinc, selenium, or tellurium, for reduced lag, improved
contrast, and operation at higher bandwidths.
In solid-state cameras, arrays of charge-coupled de-
vices (CCDs) — silicon circuits that act as light-sensitive
capacitors — are used instead of a Vidicon or Plumbicon
tube. Like a tube camera, a CCD camera stores an
image as a pattern of captured electrons; however, the
CCD camera stores negative charge, and the Vidicon
tube camera stores positive charge. Whereas a tube
camera uses an electronic beam in the readout process,
a solid-state camera uses the moving pattern of
charges on the CCD array to produce an electrical
signal that can accommodate digital imaging. Bloom-
ing (discussed below under Other System Features) can
be eliminated in solid-state cameras because the signal
developed in each CCD pixel is totally independent of
adjacent pixels. CCD cameras need no controlling coils
©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
Fluoroscopic Television Chains
and are smaller and lighter than tube cameras. How-
ever, the resolution of CCD cameras does not depend
on the same factors as those of tube cameras; maxi-
mum resolution on CCD cameras is fixed.
CCD cameras are used for digital radiography due
to some of the following advantages:
• Wide dynamic range
• High degree of linearity with incident signal
• Less calibration
• No blooming
• No lag time
CCDs are available from 256 × 256 pixels or less to
2048 × 2048 or more. However, real-time readout (30
frames per second [fps]) is currently restricted to de-
vices of 1000 × 1000 pixels or less. In the CCD, charges
are transferred over a series of elements called a
“bucket bridge.” Therefore, the efficiency of each trans-
fer must be high to prevent loss of spatial resolution.
CCDs should be designed with appropriate antibloom-
ing protection to prevent degradation of the image if
some charge wells are saturated; well storage capacity
is also important, depending on pixel size (Yaffe 1997).
Television monitors
The video signal output from the television camera
tube is electronically amplified and transmitted to the
television monitor, which displays the fluoroscopic im-
age. The television monitor (see Fig. 3) consists of an
electron gun, an anode, and a fluorescent screen, all
contained in an evacuated, funnel-shaped glass enve-
lope. The electron gun produces a stream of electrons
that is focused into a pinpoint beam, accelerated, and
directed toward the fluorescent screen, which emits
light when struck by electrons. The deflecting coils
guide the electron beam, which scans the fluorescent
Figure 3. Television monitor tube used in
fluoroscopic television chains
3
Healthcare Product Comparison System

screen in synchrony with the scanning motion of the

television camera tube. The control grid in the electron
gun varies the number of electrons reaching the fluo-
rescent screen to correspond with fluctuations in the
amplitude of the video signal, thereby regulating the
brightness of the displayed image.

Image characteristics
Important characteristics of images produced by
fluoroscopic television chains include signal-to-noise ra-
tio (SNR), spatial resolution, contrast, and brightness.
The SNR of a television camera system is the ratio
of the magnitude of the maximum video signal ampli-
tude to the noise inherent in the electronics of the
camera. The higher the SNR, the clearer the image.
In standard fluoroscopic television chains, the SNR
may be as low as 250:1, while low-noise Vidicon tubes
used in digital angiography provide SNRs of 1,000:1.
The SNR is usually specified in decibels.
Spatial resolution describes the system’s ability to
scan lines for 60 Hz and 1,249 scan lines for 50 Hz.
resolve small structures. Because of the method of
These systems can be used in special-procedures
image generation, vertical and horizontal spatial reso-
fluoroscopic examinations to provide increased verti-
lution will usually differ. Vertical spatial resolution is
cal spatial resolution, thus improving the system’s
determined by the number of horizontal scan lines
ability to distinguish small image details.
displayed on the television screen. The maximum
vertical resolution available for a 525-line television
Horizontal spatial resolution is determined by the
system is about 370 separate lines, meaning that 185
system’s bandwidth, the range of frequencies that the
line pairs (lp) can be resolved. If the black and white
television system can process. Standard 525-line
bars in a bar pattern are positioned so that each bar
fluoroscopic television systems use a bandwidth of at
lines up precisely with a television scan line, 525
least 5 MHz, yielding horizontal resolution that is
separate lines, or 262.5 lp, can be resolved. If each scan
roughly equal to, or better than, vertical resolution.
line intercepts half a black bar and half a white bar,
High-resolution systems, which provide a greater
the resulting image will be entirely gray; this is called
number of scan lines, require wider bandwidths so that
aliasing. Regardless of their alignment with the tele-
horizontal resolution is not degraded. If the electron
vision scan lines, 185 lp can be consistently resolved.
beam in the television monitor scans 1,049 lines in-
Vertical spatial resolution in line pairs can be con- stead of 525 lines at the same rate of 30 fps, it is
verted to line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), the stand- traversing nearly double the distance in the same
ard method for quantifying spatial resolution, by the elapsed time. To maintain constant horizontal resolu-
following calculation: tion, the bandwidth must be increased proportionally
(in this case, by a factor of 2). Increasing the resolution
resolvable lp lp
= resolution, mm both horizontally and vertically requires the band-
image intensifier diameter, mm
width to be increased proportionally by a factor of 4.
Therefore, the spatial resolution for a standard
9-inch (229 mm) image intensifier would be 185 lp ÷ The requirement for increased bandwidth man-
229 mm = 0.81 lp/mm dates an increase in patient radiation dose for two
185 lp reasons: first, as bandwidth is widened, television sys-
lp
= 0.81 tem noise increases; second, the increased scan rate of
229 mm mm
the electron beam results in less signal intensity at
Because the spatial resolution of a state-of-the-art each point in the image. Both factors degrade the
image intensifier can be as high as 5 lp/mm, the use of overall SNR, thus reducing image quality. The
a standard 525-line video system produces an image number of x-ray photons exiting the patient must be
with degraded vertical spatial resolution; however, increased to create a signal large enough to overcome
high-resolution systems are available with up to 1,049 both degrading factors and maintain a constant SNR.

4 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.

The required dose increase is greater than a linear
function of bandwidth; that is, as bandwidth doubles,
patient dose must be more than doubled to maintain
the SNR. For this reason, use of high-resolution tele-
vision systems is restricted to special procedures, such
as angiography and cardiac catheterization, for which
the benefit to the patient outweighs the risk associated
with the greater radiation dose.
Television contrast describes the ratio of maximum
to minimum brightness displayed on the television
monitor. A number of factors in the fluoroscopic imag-
ing system affect contrast. The image intensifier sys-
tem reduces the contrast inherent in the x-ray beam.
A Vidicon television camera further reduces contrast;
a Plumbicon camera does not. The television monitor
enhances contrast by approximately a factor of 2, with
a contrast adjustment control available on the display
monitor.
The average brightness of the television display can
also be adjusted by the brightness control on the dis-
play monitor. For optimum contrast and brightness,
the controls must be adjusted using an appropriate test
phantom.
Other system features
Other features used to improve the performance of
fluoroscopic television systems are antivignetting,
black-level clamping, white-peak clipping, automatic
brightness control (ABC), square raster scanning, and
circular blanking.
Vignetting — the reduction in image intensity at
the periphery of the television image — occurs at the
output of the image intensifier because of inaccurate
focusing of electrons at the periphery of the photo-
cathode. Further vignetting occurs in optical lens cou-
pling systems because of the inherent reduction in
light intensity around the periphery of any lens. An-
tivignetting in fluoroscopic television chains is typi-
cally achieved by modifying the optical system design
to restrict the portion of the lenses used to transmit the
light beam.
Black-level clamping fixes the maximum black level
of the television monitor display so that it remains
constant, regardless of the input light level. This fea-
ture allows adjustment of brightness without affecting
contrast and adjustment of contrast without affecting
brightness. Black-level clamping improves image con-
sistency in patient examinations that include rapid
changes in image intensity, such as barium or iodine
contrast studies.
©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
Fluoroscopic Television Chains
In blooming, a bright, high-intensity region of a
video image raises the brightness level in an adjacent
low-intensity region. White-peak clipping can dimin-
ish the image distortion caused by blooming.
The brightness of the fluoroscopic image is main-
tained by the ABC system, which consists of the auto-
matic dose control (ADC) and the automatic gain
control (AGC) subsystems. The ADC regulates the
peak kilovoltage (kVp) and milliampere (mA) settings
(technique parameters) on the x-ray generator, and the
AGC adjusts the gain of the signal from the video
camera tube. Changes in technique parameters are
made to ensure an exposure rate to the image intensi-
fier that is as constant as possible; changes in the video
signal gain are made to ensure a consistent image
brightness level on the television monitor without any
change in technique parameters. Increasing image
brightness by increasing kVp and/or mA improves
image quality by increasing the SNR. The AGC can be
used to maintain or increase brightness without expos-
ing the patient to a higher radiation dose and is par-
ticularly useful when patient body thickness requires
the maximum allowable values of kVp and mA. ABC
systems are essential because television tubes have
small dynamic ranges.
Standard home television sets and most fluoroscopic
television monitors use a rectangular aspect ratio of
4:3 (the width of the screen to the height of the screen).
Because the output of the image intensifier and the
input of the television camera tube are circular, either
a portion of the image or a portion of the display
monitor remains unused. Square raster scanning, with
a 1:1 ratio, results in a closer match of the image with
the display, although it renders a television monitor
nonstandard and therefore incompatible with other
standard television components.
In circular blanking, the circular image is displayed
on the rectangular television monitor so that the circu-
lar field touches the top and bottom of the display area
of the monitor, with unused space on either side. The
area outside the circular field is maintained at a black
level by a circular-blanking circuit. The unused por-
tion of the monitor is then available for the display of
other information, such as x-ray technique factors or
physiologic monitoring information.
Television chains in digital angiography
Television chains used in digital angiography sys-
tems have several unique requirements. Plumbicon
television camera tubes are preferred because they
feature minimal lag, no reduction in contrast, and low
dark current. Although interlaced scanning can be
5
Healthcare Product Comparison System
used for image acquisition at a rate of 30 fps with a
continuous fluoroscopic beam, progressive or sequen-
tial scanning is commonly used at rates of up to 15 fps
with a pulsed fluoroscopic x-ray beam. In progressive
scanning, each television line is read out in order,
without skipping alternate lines. Because of flicker,
the resulting image is not suitable for real-time view-
ing; however, the residual charge on the camera tube
can be discharged between the x-ray pulse and camera
readout, reducing the effects of one image on the next.
Reported problems
Selecting features carefully can help eliminate un-
necessary patient radiation dose. Circular blanking
(in conjunction with iris-type x-ray-beam collimation
to produce a circular radiation field) is recommended
to display the total radiation field so that the entire
radiation dose received by the patient contributes to
the useful image. The low-frame-rate, pulsed radiation
beam sometimes employed in digital angiography can
result in reduced patient radiation dose (and reduced
personnel exposure from scattered radiation), in con-
trast to the higher radiation doses associated with a
continuous x-ray beam. As noted previously, the use of
high-resolution television systems in fluoroscopy ne-
cessitates greatly increased doses. Effective quality
assurance programs are necessary to ensure minimum
radiation doses to patients.
Purchase considerations
ECRI recommendations
Included in the accompanying chart are ECRI’s rec-
ommendations for minimum performance require-
ments for fluoroscopic television chains; recommended
specifications have been categorized into four groups —
television camera, low-line-rate, progressive; televi-
sion camera, high-line-rate, progressive; television
camera, low-line-rate, interlaced; and television cam-
era, high-line-rate, interlaced. Progressive scan types
read out scan lines sequentially as a single frame; inter-
laced scan types are read in successive half-frames.
Fluoroscopic television chains can be configured
with different combinations of television camera
pickup devices and television display monitors. Televi-
sion camera pickup devices range from tube types (e.g.,
Vidicon, Plumbicon, Saticon, Newvicon) to CCDs. In-
dividual pickup device types have unique charac-
teristics, such as sensitivity, lag, contrast, resolution,
noise, and cost, which are rated poor to excellent de-
pending on the specific fluoroscopic application. The
only measurable characteristics of the various pickup
device types are bandwidth and SNR. Camera tubes
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and CCDs operating at high line rates require wider
bandwidths, but a wide bandwidth may have a poor
SNR. ECRI’s recommended minimum specifications
for bandwidth and SNR are categorized by the type of
pickup device, the line rate, and whether the scanning
format is interlaced or noninterlaced.
The only measurable characteristic of the various
television display monitors is bandwidth. ECRI’s rec-
ommended minimum bandwidth specifications for
television display monitors also depend on the type of
pickup device, the line rate, and whether the scanning
format is interlaced or noninterlaced.
Other considerations
Fluoroscopic television chains are typically pur-
chased as components of standard radiographic/fluoro-
scopic or digital angiographic imaging systems.
Dual-mode television systems are available to function
in both fluoroscopy and digital angiography. Dual
systems that provide high-resolution images in con-
ventional fluoroscopy and 525-line images in digital
angiography may be particularly useful in special pro-
cedures. Both the intended application of the imaging
system and the television chain’s compatibility with
other system components should be considered before
purchasing.
Stage of development
Fluoroscopic television chains are a relatively stable
technology. New developments center primarily on
high-resolution television systems for use in digital
angiography, cardiac catheterization, and interven-
tional radiography.
During the 1980s, solid-state cameras with inte-
grated-circuit technology were introduced for clinical use
in fluoroscopic television chains. CCD cameras can now
be found in many radiographic/fluoroscopic systems.
Flat-panel digital x-ray detectors are being devel-
oped to perform the combined functions of radiogra-
phy, fluoroscopy, and fluorography with one device.
Researchers hope that the new detectors will be able
to provide high image quality as well as instant re-
adouts (LCDs [liquid crystal displays] have had flat-
panel systems for more than a decade). Flat-panel
digital x-ray detectors are currently under investiga-
tion using two approaches. First, a phosphor layer
(e.g., cesium iodide) is used to absorb x-rays, and a
large-area photodiode array detects light photons. Sec-
ond, x-rays are detected in an amorphous selenium
layer, and the individual pixel electrodes collect and
release the resulting charges. The potential advantages
of flat-panel digital x-ray detectors include compactness,

immunity to stray magnetic fields, facilitation of quan-
titative image analysis, and ability to allow clinical
comparison of images and three-dimensional recon-
struction (Yaffe 1997).
An alternative to the conventional XRII (x-ray im-
age intensifier) is the X-icon, a directly x-ray-sensitive,
large-area video camera. Researchers are investigat-
ing whether the whole fluoroscopic imaging chain
(XRII, optical distributor, and multiple optical devices)
can be replaced by an X-icon. The X-icon has not been
successful in the past because there was no useful
system for storing images created by video to replace
the cine camera or for storing single, high-quality,
small-format radiographs. However, high-resolution
videotape, disc recorders, and digital frame stores have
bridged this gap.
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Fluoroscopic Television Chains
Tierney MC. CCDs charge up the imaging chain. Med
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Standards and guidelines
Note: Although every effort is made to ensure that the
following list is comprehensive, please note that other
applicable standards may exist.
American National Standards Institute/Association
for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
Safe current limits for electromedical apparatus
[standard]. 3rd ed. ANSI/AAMI ES1-1993. 1985 (re-
vised 1993).
International Electrotechnical Commission. Medical
electrical equipment — part 1: general require-
ments for safety [standard]. IEC 60601-1 (1988-12).
1988.
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re-
quirements for safety. Amendment 1 [standard].
IEC 60601-1-am1 (1991-11). 1991.
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re-
quirements for safety. Amendment 2 [standard].
IEC 60601-1-am2 (1995-03). 1995.
Medical electrical equipment — part 1-1: general
requirements for safety. Collateral standard: safety
requirements for medical electrical systems. 2nd ed.
IEC 60601-1-1 (2000-12). 1992 (revised 2000).
Medical electrical equipment — part 1-2: general
requirements for safety. Collateral standard: electro-
magnetic compatibility — requirements and tests.
IEC 60601-1-2 (2001-09). 1993 (revised 2001).
Standards for the performance of television sys-
tems, developed by the Electronic Industry Association
(EIA), apply to television systems in general and are
not specific to fluoroscopic television systems. All as-
pects of television performance are addressed in these
standards, including details of the raster and trans-
mission of timing signals and screen-blanking signals.
All suppliers of fluoroscopic television chains adhere to
these standards in the production of conventional tele-
vision systems. Applicable EIA standards include the
following:
• RS-170, Monochrome Television Studios
7
Healthcare Product Comparison System

• RS-330, Electrical Performance Standards for Supplier information

Closed-Circuit Television Cameras 525/60 Inter-
laced 2:1 Apelem
Apelem SA [194762]
• RS-343-A, Electrical Performance Standard for High- Parc Scientifique Georges Besse
Resolution, Closed-Circuit Television Cameras 175 allee Von Neumann
F-30035 Nimes Cedex
France
Phone: 33 (466) 290907
Citations from other ECRI publications Fax: 33 (466) 297123
E-mail: export@apelem.com
Health Devices Internet: http://www.apelem.com

Mobile C-arm units [evaluation]. 1990 Aug;19:251-90. Clinton

Clinton Electronics Corp [330640]
X-ray angiography systems [evaluation]. 1993 Nov; 6701 Clinton Rd
22(11):507-54. Loves Park IL 61111
Phone: (815) 633-1444
Fax: (815) 633-8712
X-ray angiography systems [evaluation update]. 1994
E-mail: sales@clintonelectronics.com
Dec;23(12):469-70.
Internet: http://www.clintonelectronics.com

FluoroScan mini C-arm unit [evaluation]. 1995 Feb; InfiMed

24(2):44-70.
InfiMed Europe [162921]
Klepelhoek 11
FluoroScan mini C-arm unit [evaluation update]. 1995 NL-3833 GZ Leusden
Dec;24(12):494-5. The Netherlands
Phone: 31 (33) 950968
XiTec XiScan 1000 mini C-arm unit [evaluation up- InfiMed Inc [157709]
date]. 1996 Nov;25(11):413-25. 121 Metropolitan Dr
Liverpool NY 13088-5335
Health Devices Alerts Phone: (315) 453-4545, (800) 825-8845
Fax: (315) 453-4550
This Product Comparison lists Health Devices Alerts E-mail: ussales@infimed.com
(HDA) citations published since the last update of this Internet: http://www.infimed.com
report. Each HDA abstract is identified by an Acces-
sion Number. Recalls and hazard reports include de- Lakeshore
scriptions of the problem involved; abstracts of other
published articles are referenced by bibliographic in- Lakeshore Technologies Inc [401791]
formation. HPCS subscribers can call the Hotline for 7536 Murray Dr
additional information on any of these citations or to Cicero NY 13039
request more extensive searches of the HDA database. Phone: (315) 699-2975
Fax: (315) 699-8888
E-mail: mail@lakeshoretech.net
40955 Hott JS, Deshmukh VR, Kopfenstein JD, et al.
Internet: http://www.lakeshoretech.net
Intraoperative Iso-C C-arm navigation in craniospinal
surgery: the first 60 cases. Neurosurgery 2004 May; Medelex
54(5):1131-7.
Medelex Inc [186085]
732 N Pastoria Ave
Health Devices Inspection and Preventive Maintenance Sunnyvale CA 94085
System Phone: (408) 774-0692, (800) 644-0692
Fax: (408) 774-0696
Radiographic/fluoroscopic units, general-purpose. Pro- E-mail: medelex@aol.com
cedure no. 473-0595. Internet: http://www.medelex.com

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 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Philips Shimadzu

Philips Medical Systems Asia [188101] Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) PTE Ltd [172209]
30/Fl Hopewell Centre 16 Science Park Drive #01-02 The Pasteur
17 Kennedy Road Singapore Science Park
Wanchai Singapore 118227
Hong Kong SAR Republic of Singapore
People’s Republic of China Phone: 65 7786280
Phone: 852 28215888 Fax: 65 7792935
Fax: 852 25276727 E-mail: sales@shimadzu.com.sg
E-mail: medical@philips.com Internet: http://www.shimadzuasiapac.com.ag
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com
Shimadzu Europe GmbH [161064]
Philips Medical Systems International bv Albert-Hahn-Strasse 6-10
[415450] D-47269 Duisburg
Veenpluis 4-6 Germany
Postbus 10000 Phone: 49 (203) 76870
NL-5680 DA Best Fax: 49 (203) 766625
The Netherlands E-mail: webmaster@shimadzu.de
Phone: 31 (40) 2763051 Internet: http://www.shimadzu.de
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com
Shimadzu Medical Systems [106973]
Philips Medical Systems North America [102120] 20101 S Vermont Ave
22100 Bothell Everett Hwy Torrance CA 90502-3130
Phone: (310) 217-8855, (800) 228-1429
PO Box 3003
Bothell WA 98041-3003 Fax: (310) 217-0661
Phone: (425) 487-7000, (800) 722-7900 E-mail: info@shimadzumed.com
Internet: http://www1.shimadzu.com/medical/
Fax: (425) 485-6080
E-mail: medical@philips.com
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com Shimadzu Medical Systems Oceania Pty Ltd
[408259]
Unit E/F 10-16 South St
Philips Medical Systems UK Ltd [415447]
Rydalmere 2116
The Observatory
NSW
Castlefield Road
Australia
Reigate, Surrey RH2 0FY
Phone: 61 (2) 96844200
England
Fax: 61 (2) 96844055
Phone: 44 (1737) 230503
E-mail: info@shimadzu.com.au
Fax: 44 (1737) 230501
Internet: http://www.shimadzu.com.au
E-mail: anita.littlechild@philips.com
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com

Siemens

Precise Optics Siemens AG

Siemens Medical Solutions [401832]
Precise Optics/PME Inc [101614] Henkestrasse 127
239 S Fehr Way D-91052 Erlangen
Bay Shore NY 11706-1207 Germany
Phone: (631) 242-6600, (800) 242-6604 Phone: 49 (9131) 840
Fax: (631) 242-4421 Fax: 49 (9131) 845400
E-mail: info@preciseoptics.com E-mail: melanie.schmude@siemens.com
Internet: http://www.preciseoptics.com Internet: http://www.siemensmedical.com

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 9
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Siemens Medical Instruments Pte Lte (Singapore) Toshiba Medical Systems Europe bv [160817]
[431315] Zilverstraat 1
Block 28 Ayer Rajah Crescent #6-08 NL-2718 RP Zoetermeer
Singapore 139959 The Netherlands
Republic of Singapore Phone: 31 (79) 3689222
Phone: 65 63709666 Fax: 31 (79) 3689444
Fax: 65 67738070 E-mail: info@tmse.nl
E-mail: webmaster@smi.siemens.com.sg Internet: http://www.toshiba-europe.com/medical
Internet: http://www.siemens.com.sg
About the chart specifications
Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc [399199]
51 Valley Stream Pkwy The following terms are used in the chart:
Malvern PA 19355 Bandwidth, MHz: The range of spatial frequencies that
Phone: (610) 219-6300, (888) 826-9702 can be processed by the video system. Increased band-
Fax: (610) 219-3124 width yields higher horizontal spatial resolution.
E-mail: sales@siemensmedical.com
Scan lines: The number of horizontal lines scanned and
Internet: http://www.siemensmedical.com
used to create the image; these lines determine the
Siemens SA de CV [339105] vertical resolution of the television system.
Poniente 116 No 590 Frames per second: The number of times the entire
02300 Cd de Mexico target is scanned per second.
Distrito Federal
Mexico Scan type: There are two types: interlaced, during
Phone: 52 (5) 3282000 which even- and then odd-numbered scan lines are
Fax: 52 (5) 3282017 read in successive half-frames to avoid the visual
Internet: http://www.siemens.de perception of flicker, and progressive, during which
all the scan lines are read out sequentially as a
single frame.
Toshiba SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio, which is the ratio of the
magnitude of the maximum video signal amplitude
Toshiba America Medical Systems Inc [101894] to the noise inherent in the electronics of the televi-
2441 Michelle Dr sion camera.
Tustin CA 92780
Phone: (714) 730-5000, (800) 621-1968 Resolution, TVL: The system’s ability to reproduce im-
Fax: (714) 734-0362 age detail in the horizontal dimension; it is typically
E-mail: info@tams.com expressed as equivalent television lines (TVL) to
Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com relate resolution in the horizontal and vertical di-
mensions. Horizontal resolution is specified for the
Toshiba Corp center of the television monitor, where it is greatest.
Medical Systems Co Ltd [140664] Aspect ratio: The ratio of width to height of the televi-
1385 Shimoishigami sion monitor display screen.
Otawara-shi, Tochigi Pref 324-8550
Japan Abbreviations:
Phone: 81 (287) 266301 ABC — Automatic brightness control
Fax: 81 (287) 266050
E-mail: info@tams.com ADC — Automatic dose control
Internet: http://www.toshiba-medical.co.jp
AGC — Automatic gain control
Toshiba Medical (Australia) Pty Ltd [373230]
ASC — Automatic sensitivity control
5 Byfield Street
North Ryde, NSW 2113 ATC — Automatic target control
Australia
Phone: 61 (2) 98876000 BNC — Bayonet nut connector
Fax: 61 (2) 98874866 H — U.S. Bureau of Radiological Health
E-mail: intouch@toshiba-tap.com
Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com.au CCD — Charge-coupled device

10 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

CCIR — Comite Consultatif International des Ra- TV — Television

diocommunications; an SNR measurement based
UL — Underwriters Laboratories
on a European broadcast television standard
(4.43 MHz bandwidth) VDE — Verband Deutscher Electrotechniker
CCU — Camera control unit Note: The data in the charts derive from suppli-
ers’ specifications and have not been verified through
CE mark — Conformite Europeene mark
independent testing by ECRI or any other agency.
CRT — Cathode ray tube Because test methods vary, different products’ specifi-
cations are not always comparable. Moreover, products
CSA — Canadian Standards Association and specifications are subject to frequent changes.
ECRI is not responsible for the quality or validity of
dB — Decibels
the information presented or for any adverse conse-
DHHS — U.S. Department of Health and Human quences of acting on such information.
Services
When reading the charts, keep in mind that, unless
EIA — Electronic Industry Association otherwise noted, the list price does not reflect supplier
discounts. And although we try to indicate which
EMC — Electromagnetic compatibility features and characteristics are standard and which
are not, some may be optional, at additional cost.
EN — European Norm
For those models whose prices were supplied to us
fps — Frames per second
in currencies other than U.S. dollars, we have also
HLR — High line rate listed the conversion to U.S. dollars to facilitate com-
parison among models. However, keep in mind that
IEC — International Electrotechnical Commission exchange rates change often.
ISO — International Organization for Standardiza- Need to know more?
tion For further information about the contents of this
MDD — Medical Devices Directive Product Comparison, contact the HPCS Hotline at +1
(610) 825-6000, ext. 5265; +1 (610) 834-1275 (fax); or
nonAP — Nonanesthetic proof hpcs@ecri.org (e-mail).

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 11
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED
SPECIFICATIONS * SPECIFICATIONS * SPECIFICATIONS * SPECIFICATIONS *
TV Camera, Low-Line- TV Camera, High-Line TV Camera, Low-Line- TV Camera, High-Line
Rate, Progressive ** -Rate, Progressive ** Rate, Interventional *** -Rate †
WHERE MARKETED
CE MARK (MDD)
TV CAMERA
Tube type Vidicon : Saticon : Vidicon : Saticon : Pasecon or Vidicon : Vidicon : Saticon :
Plumbicon : Newvicon Plumbicon : Newvicon Saticon : Plumbicon Plumbicon : Newvicon
: CCD : CCD : Newvicon : CCD : CCD

Target material

Bandwidth, MHz 20 20 15 : 20 : 20 : 10 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 10 :
10 20
Scan lines
At 50 Hz

At 60 Hz

Frames per second

Scan type

SNR 50 : 55 : 60 : 60 : 50 : 55 : 60 : 60 : 40 : 60 : 60 : 55 : 40 : 60 : 60 : 55 :
60 60 50 50

Required
temperature, °C

Power requirements

H x W x D, cm (in)

Weight, kg (lb)

PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price

Warranty

OTHER FEATURES

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* These recommendations are the opinions of ECRI's technology experts. ECRI assumes no liability for decisions made based on two pages covering
this data. the above model(s).
** Sequential. These specifications
*** 525/625 scan lines (525 @ 60 Hz; 625 @ 50 Hz). continue onto the
†
Interventional, 1,024/1,249 scan lines. next page.

12 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED
SPECIFICATIONS * SPECIFICATIONS * SPECIFICATIONS * SPECIFICATIONS *
TV Camera, Low-Line- TV Camera, High-Line TV Camera, Low-Line- TV Camera, High-Line
Rate, Progressive ** -Rate, Progressive ** Rate, Interventional *** -Rate †
TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model

Tube size, cm (in)

Scan lines

Bandwidth, MHz 20 20 10 15

Resolution, TVL

Aspect ratio

Required
temperature, °C

Power requirements

H x W x D, cm (in)

Weight, kg (lb)

User controls

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price

Warranty

OTHER FEATURES

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

* These recommendations are the opinions of ECRI's technology experts. ECRI assumes no liability for decisions made based on
this data.
** Sequential.
*** 525/625 scan lines (525 @ 60 Hz; 625 @ 50 Hz).
†
Interventional, 1,024/1,249 scan lines.

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 13
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL APELEM APELEM APELEM CLINTON

CCD 750/MG 44 CCD 1024/DMP 51 CCD 1024/HD/DMP 51 DL1319G (LCD)

WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide

CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Yes EMC
TV CAMERA
Tube type CCD sensor CCD sensor CCD sensor NA

Target material See footnote * See footnote * See footnote * NA

Bandwidth, MHz 30 30 40 Not specified

Scan lines
At 50 Hz 625 1,024 1,024 Not specified

At 60 Hz 525 Not specified Not specified Not specified

Frames per second 25 25 30 Not specified

Scan type Interlaced Progressive (with Progressive (with Not specified

digital system) digital system)

SNR 42 dB 65 dB 65 dB Not specified

Required
temperature, °C 5-35 5-35 5-35 Not specified

Power requirements 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC, Not specified
50/60 Hz, 20 W 50/60 Hz, 25 W 50/60 Hz, 25 W
H x W x D, cm (in) 19 x 21 x 12.5 12 x 12 x 23.5 12 x 12 x 23.5 Not specified
(7.5 x 8.3 x 4.9) (4.7 x 4.7 x 9.3) (4.7 x 4.7 x 9.3)

Weight, kg (lb) 2 (4.4) 3.5 (7.7) 3.5 (7.7) Not specified

PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES AGC/ASC/ADC; AGC/ASC/ADC; AGC/ASC/ADC; None specified.

antidazzling; auto test; remote- auto test; remote-
scanning securities; controlled adjust- controlled adjust-
automatic/manual ments; anti- ments; anti-
black level; dazzling; dazzling;
vertical/horizontal bistandard camera; bistandard camera;
inversion; optional automatic/manual automatic/manual
image rotation. black level; black level;
vertical/horizontal vertical/horizontal
inversion. inversion; 12-bit
depth (4,096
grayscale).

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* Antimony sulfide, selenium arsenic tellurium, zinc selenide/zinc cadmium tellurium. two pages covering
the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next page.

14 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL APELEM APELEM APELEM CLINTON

CCD 750/MG 44 CCD 1024/DMP 51 CCD 1024/HD/DMP 51 DL1319G (LCD)

TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model Apelem MG 44 Apelem DMP 51 Apelem DMP 51 DL1319G (LCD)

Tube size, cm (in) 44 (17.3) 51 (20) 51 (20) 48 (18.9)

Scan lines 525; 735; 1,049 @ 1,280 x 1,024 @ 85 1,280 x 1,024 @ 85 480-1,280 multisync
60 Hz; 625; 875; Hz Hz
1,249 @ 50 Hz
Bandwidth, MHz 40; 6 dB 40; 6 dB 40; 6 dB Not specified

Resolution, TVL 625/1,249 lines 1,024 x 1,024 1,024 x 1,024 Not specified

Aspect ratio 1:1, 4:3 4:3 4:3 4:3

Required
temperature, °C 5-35 5-35 5-35 0-40

Power requirements 115/220 VAC, 70 W 115/220 VAC, 70 W 115/220 VAC, 70 W 100-230 VAC,
50/60 Hz

H x W x D, cm (in) 44.3 x 40.3 x 35.9 49.8 x 48.5 x 53.8 49.8 x 48.5 x 53.8 14.5 x 16 x 9.1
(17.4 x 15.9 x 14.1) (19.6 x 19.1 x 21.2) (19.6 x 19.1 x 21.2) (5.7 x 6.3 x 3.6)

Weight, kg (lb) 18.1 (40) 31 (68.4) 31 (68.4) 7.7 (17)

User controls Remote control for Remote control for Remote control for 29 onscreen user
brightness/contrast, brightness/contrast, brightness/contrast, controls
on/off on/off on/off

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price Not specified Not specified Not specified $1,700-2,000

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified 1 year

OTHER FEATURES Optional image Also 44 cm (17 in) Also 44 cm (17 in) Portrait or land-
rotation. Meets DMP 44; optional DMP 44; optional scape pivot; DVI-I
requirements of ISO. automatic ambient- automatic ambient- and VGA inputs; high
light control, image light control, image brightness; wide
rotation, flicker- rotation, flicker- viewing angle.
free. free.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 15
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL CLINTON INFIMED INFIMED LAKESHORE
FAILED TO RESPOND *
DS2000HB (CRT) Innovision LF Innovision SF CCD-SS-900

WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide

CE MARK (MDD) EMC Yes Yes No
TV CAMERA
Tube type NA 1k x 1k frame 1k x 1k interline Philips FT1010 CCD
transfer digital CCD transfer digital CCD sensor

Target material NA Silicon Silicon Not specified

Bandwidth, MHz Not specified 40 40 20/40

Scan lines
At 50 Hz Not specified 1,024 vertical lines 1,024 vertical lines See footnote **
and progressive scan and progressive scan
At 60 Hz Not specified 1,024 x 1,024, 1,024 x 1,024, See footnote **
progressive scan, progressive scan,
12-bit LVDS 12-bit LVDS
Frames per second Not specified Up to 30 Up to 30 Not specified

Scan type Not specified Not specified Not specified Progressive

SNR Not specified >2,000:1 >1,000:1 72 dB

Required
temperature, °C Not specified 20-40 20-40 15-45

Power requirements Not specified 25 W 18 W 115/220 VAC,

50/60 Hz
H x W x D, cm (in) Not specified 19.7 x 12.7 x 12.7 16.5 x 12.7 x 12.7 Not specified
(7.8 x 5 x 5) (6.5 x 5 x 5)

Weight, kg (lb) Not specified 2.1 (4.6) 1.8 (4) Not specified

PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified 15 months 15 months 1 year

OTHER FEATURES None specified. AGC; auto black; AGC; auto black; Can operate indepen-
offset masking; offset masking; dently or in combi-
pixel-defect correc- pixel-defect correc- nation with various
tion; auto iris con- tion; auto iris con- image processors;
trols; ABS; analog trols; ABS; analog two 12-bit digital
and digital outputs; and digital outputs; output ports
auto calibration; auto calibration; available.
H/V reverse; H/V reverse;
supports direct- supports direct-
coupled optics. coupled optics.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* Specifications current as of December 2003. two pages covering
** 1,024 x 1,024 @ 15/30 fps; 1,024 x 512 @ 30/60 fps. the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next page.

16 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL CLINTON INFIMED INFIMED LAKESHORE
FAILED TO RESPOND *
DS2000HB (CRT) Innovision LF Innovision SF CCD-SS-900

TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model DS2000 HB Not specified Not specified Not specified

Tube size, cm (in) 51 (20.1) Not specified Not specified Not specified

Scan lines 480-1,280 multisync Not specified Not specified Not specified

Bandwidth, MHz 215 video Not specified Not specified Not specified

Resolution, TVL Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Aspect ratio 4:3 Not specified Not specified Not specified

Required
temperature, °C 0-40 Not specified Not specified Not specified

Power requirements 85-265 VAC, Not specified Not specified Not specified
50/60 Hz

H x W x D, cm (in) 17.5 x 18.5 x 15.5 Not specified Not specified Not specified
(6.9 x 7.3 x 6.1)

Weight, kg (lb) 24.5 (54) Not specified Not specified Not specified

User controls 11 onscreen user Not specified Not specified Not specified
controls via 3 push
buttons; can be
locked out for
protection

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price $1,700-2,000 Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty 1 year Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES Made in USA; anti- None specified. None specified. None specified.
reflective panel;
digital controls;
BNC inputs; special
phosphors, inputs,
and customized
timings available.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

* Specifications current as of December 2003.

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 17
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL LAKESHORE LAKESHORE LAKESHORE LAKESHORE
FAILED TO RESPOND * FAILED TO RESPOND * FAILED TO RESPOND * FAILED TO RESPOND *
CCD-SS-950 FLUOROTRON SS-750 SS-200 SS-601

WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide

CE MARK (MDD) No No No No
TV CAMERA
Tube type Philips FT18 CCD Vidicon, Newvicon, Vidicon, Newvicon, Vidicon, Newvicon,
sensor Plumbicon, Saticon Plumbicon, Saticon Plumbicon, Saticon

Target material Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Bandwidth, MHz 20/40 20 14 14

Scan lines
At 50 Hz See footnote ** 625; 1,249 625; 1,249 625; 1,249

At 60 Hz See footnote ** 525; 1,049 or 1,023 525; 1,049 or 1,023 525; 1,049 or 1,023

Frames per second Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Scan type Progressive Progressive Interlaced Interlaced

SNR 66 dB 68 dB 66 dB 66 dB

Required
temperature, °C 15-45 15-45 15-45 15-45

Power requirements 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC,
50/60 Hz 50/60 Hz 50/60 Hz, 16 W 50/60 Hz, 24 W
H x W x D, cm (in) Not specified Not specified 12.7 x 18.7 x 19 14.4 x 20.3 x 22.8
(5 x 7.4 x 7.5) (5.7 x 8 x 9)

Weight, kg (lb) Not specified Not specified 4.8 (10.6) 5.8 (12.8)

PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year

OTHER FEATURES Can operate indepen- 2-piece unit 1-piece AGC; anti- 1-piece AGC; anti-
dently or in combi- designed for use vignetting; ABC vignetting; ABC
nation with various with applications servo output; auto servo output; auto
image processors; that require image black; x-ray black; x-ray
two 12-bit digital processing. interface; 50-gauss interface; 60-gauss
output ports with 550 V acceler- with 850 V acceler-
available. ation potential. ation potential.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* Specifications current as of December 2003. two pages covering
** 1,024 x 1,024 @ 15/30 fps; 1,024 x 512 @ 30/60 fps. the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next page.

18 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL LAKESHORE LAKESHORE LAKESHORE LAKESHORE
FAILED TO RESPOND * FAILED TO RESPOND * FAILED TO RESPOND * FAILED TO RESPOND *
CCD-SS-950 FLUOROTRON SS-750 SS-200 SS-601

TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Tube size, cm (in) Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Scan lines Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Bandwidth, MHz Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Resolution, TVL Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Aspect ratio Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Required
temperature, °C Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Power requirements Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

H x W x D, cm (in) Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Weight, kg (lb) Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

User controls Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES None specified. None specified. None specified. None specified.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

* Specifications current as of December 2003.

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 19
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL MEDELEX MEDELEX MEDELEX PHILIPS

MDX-768 MDX-1100 MDX-1100H XTV-8SRI/HM 15S :

/HM 17S : /HM 20S
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide
CE MARK (MDD) Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified
TV CAMERA
Tube type 2/3" CCD, 1/2" CCD, 1/2" CCD, CCD
768 x 493 pixels 752 x 582 pixels 1004 x 1004 pixels

Target material NA (CCD silicon NA (CCD silicon NA (CCD silicon NA

frame transfer frame transfer frame transfer
array) array) array)

Bandwidth, MHz 10 10 10 >10

Scan lines
At 50 Hz 625 625 1k x 1k 752 H x 582 V effec-
tive pixels (CCIR)
At 60 Hz 525 525 1k x 1k 768 H x 494 V effec-
tive pixels (EIA)

Frames per second 30 30 30 25 (CCIR), 30 (EIA)

Scan type Interlaced, still Interlaced, still Interlaced Interlaced readout,

factory-selectable
frame or field
accumulation readout
SNR 56 dB 60 dB 63 dB 53 dB (DFP)

Required
temperature, °C 0-40 20-60 20-60 0-40

Power requirements 110/220 VAC, 24 VDC, 15 W 110/220 VAC, See footnote *

50/60 Hz, 50 W max 50/60 Hz, 50 W
H x W x D, cm (in) 2.9 x 4.4 x 7.2 Not specified Not specified 12.7 x 18.4
(1.1 x 1.7 x 2.8) (5 x 7.2)
camera head
Weight, kg (lb) 0.12 (0.26) Not specified Not specified 2 (4.4)

PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES 1-piece unit; 1-piece unit; 2-piece unit; Top detection for
dovetail mount or dovetail mount or dovetail mount; ADC fluoro; white
direct mount for CCD direct mount for CCD image processor. compression
camera for replace- camera for replace- (2 curves); rotat-
ment and upgrading; ment and upgrading; able; cable-loss
optional image image compensation;
processor. processor. x-tal/mains lock;
contour enhancement.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* ±15 VDC, 500 mA maximum; 6.4 VDC, 800 mA maximum. two pages covering
the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next page.

20 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL MEDELEX MEDELEX MEDELEX PHILIPS

MDX-768 MDX-1100 MDX-1100H XTV-8SRI/HM 15S :

/HM 17S : /HM 20S
TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model EVM Series EVM Series EVM Series Philips HM 15S :
Philips HM 17S :
Philips HM 20S
Tube size, cm (in) 30 (12), 38 (15), 30 (12), 38 (15), 30 (12), 38 (15), 38 (15) : 43 (17) :
43 (17), 51 (20) 43 (17), 51 (20) 43 (17), 51 (20) 51 (20)
Scan lines 525-1,225 525-1,225 525-1,225 525; 1,049

Bandwidth, MHz 40 40 40 25; 3 dB

Resolution, TVL 1,000+ 1,000+ 1,000+ 1,200

Aspect ratio 4:3 standard, 4:3 standard, 4:3 standard, 4:3, 1:1 (HLR)
1:1 adjustable 1:1 adjustable 1:1 adjustable
Required
temperature, °C 0-50 0-50 0-50 10-40

Power requirements 100-130/200-260 VAC, 100-130/200-260 VAC, 100-130/200-260 VAC, 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz
single-phase single-phase single-phase

H x W x D, cm (in) Not specified Not specified Not specified 36 x 32 x 35 (14.2 x

12.6 x 13.8) :
40 x 36 x 35 (15.7 x
14.2 x 13.8) :
47 x 43 x 37 (18.5 x
17 x 14.6)
Weight, kg (lb) Not specified Not specified Not specified 15 (33) : 20 (44) :
30 (66)
User controls Not specified Not specified Not specified Brightness, contrast
with click position

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES Cabinet and rack- Cabinet and rack- Cabinet and rack- Antireflective
mount enclosures; mount enclosures; mount enclosures; black screen;
switchable switchable switchable automatic brightness
terminators and terminators and terminators and and contrast
dual BNC inputs; dual BNC inputs; dual BNC inputs; control; Smart Eye
power, brightness, power, brightness, power, brightness, light sensor. Meets
and contrast and contrast and contrast requirements of BRH
controls; line- controls; line- controls; line- 21 CFR subchapter 7,
voltage selection. voltage selection. voltage selection. CSA C22.2 No. 114,
IEC 601-1-2 (EMC),
UL 1950, and VDE
0871.

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©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 21
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS PRECISE OPTICS

XTV-11T/HM 15S : XTV-11T/PD15 : XTV-16 Cardio : PVC525/625 Series

/HM 17S : /HM 20S XTV-11T/PD20 XTV-16 Vasc/Neuro
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide
CE MARK (MDD) Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified
TV CAMERA
Tube type 1" medical Plumbicon 1" medical Plumbicon Dual CCD Vidicon; other types
or 1" low-lag or 1" low-lag available
Vidicon Vidicon

Target material Lead oxide Lead oxide NA Antimony trisulfide

(Plumbicon), (Plumbicon),
tellurides (Vidicon) tellurides (Vidicon)

Bandwidth, MHz 25; 3 dB 25; 3 dB 100, analog 14 ±3 dB

Scan lines
At 50 Hz See footnote * See footnote * NA 625

At 60 Hz See footnote ** See footnote ** NA 525

Frames per second See footnote *** See footnote *** 0-30 @ 1,0242, 30
0-60 @ 5122
Scan type Switchable, Switchable, CCD readout, Interlaced
interlaced or interlaced or 1,0242 or 5122
progressive progressive

SNR 51 dB at 300 nA; 51 dB at 300 nA; 67 dB (34 dB @ >40 dB

1,500:1 for data 1,500:1 for data minimum illum-
acquisition acquisition ination)
Required
temperature, °C 10-55 10-55 10-40 15-45

Power requirements 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz ±15 VDC 115/220 VAC,
50/60 Hz
H x W x D, cm (in) 27 x 18.6 x 13.6 27 x 18.6 x 13.6 See footnote † 22 x 13 x 19
(10.6 x 7.3 x 5.4); (10.6 x 7.3 x 5.4); (8.5 x 5.1 x 7.5)
32.5 (12.8) H angled 32.5 (12.8) H angled with lens
Weight, kg (lb) 4 (8.8); 4 (8.8); 1.2 (2.6) : 6 (13)
4.5 (10) angled 4.5 (10) angled 2.2 (4.9)
PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES Selectable scan Selectable scan ACG; noise compres- 1,200 TV line reso-
modes; integrated modes; integrated sion curve; gain lution; AGC; ATC;
dynamic control; dynamic control; (LFP) correction per automatic pedestal;
AGC; dual fluoro AGC; dual fluoro pixel; offset (dark white-peak clipper;
outputs; white outputs; white current/DFP) antivignetting
compression/black compression/black correction per circuit; circular
clipping; bias light clipping; bias light pixel; vignetting blanking; go-to-
(Plumbicon only); (Plumbicon only); correction; ADC; black; go-to-gray;
bias-light bias-light digital video out- horizontal and ver-
compensation; dose compensation; dose put; ping-pong image tical sweep rever-
control (average or control (average or output memories. sal; video invert.
top). top).

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* 625/1,249 interlaced, 313/625 progressive (50/sec), and 1,249 progressive (25/sec). two pages covering
** 525/1,024 interlaced, 263/525 progressive (60/sec), and 1,049 progressive (30/sec). the above model(s).
*** At 50 Hz, 50 fps interlaced, 25 and 50 fps progressive, and 12.5 fps slow scan; at 60 Hz, 60 fps interlaced, 30 and 60 fps These specifications
progressive, and 15 fps slow scan. continue onto the
†
12.7 x 13.6 x 17 cm (5 x 5.4 x 6.7 in) : 13.4 x 14.5 x 17.9 cm (5.3 x 5.7 x 7.1 in). next page.

22 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS PRECISE OPTICS

XTV-11T/HM 15S : XTV-11T/PD15 : XTV-16 Cardio : PVC525/625 Series

/HM 17S : /HM 20S XTV-11T/PD20 XTV-16 Vasc/Neuro
TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model Philips HM 15S : Philips PD15 : Philips PD15 : Precise Optics/
Philips HM 17S : Philips PD20 Philips PD20 PVM17-525B
Philips HM 20S
Tube size, cm (in) 38 (15) : 43 (17) : 38 (15) : 51 (20) 38 (15) : 51 (20) 43 (17), other sizes
51 (20) available
Scan lines 525; 1,049 1,066 noninterlaced, 1,066 noninterlaced, 525
76 Hz 76 Hz

Bandwidth, MHz 25; 3 dB 120; 3 dB 120; 3 dB 10 +1.5 dB, -3 dB

Resolution, TVL 1,200 1,500 1,500 >800

Aspect ratio 4:3, 1:1 (HLR) 4:3 4:3 4:3

Required
temperature, °C 10-40 Not specified Not specified -10 to +45

Power requirements 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz 120/240 VAC

H x W x D, cm (in) 36 x 32 x 35 (14.2 x 36 x 32 x 35 (14.2 x 36 x 32 x 35 38.5 x 40.8 x 34

12.6 x 13.8) : 12.6 x 13.8) : (14.2 x 12.6 x 13.8) (15 x 16 x 13)
40 x 36 x 35 (15.7 x 47 x 38 x 44 (18.5 x : 47 x 38 x 44
14.2 x 13.8) : 14.9 x 17.3) (18.5 x 14.9 x 17.3)
47 x 43 x 37 (18.5 x
17 x 14.6)
Weight, kg (lb) 15 (33) : 20 (44) : 15 (33) : 23 (51) 15 (33) : 23 (51) 15 (33)
30 (66)
User controls Brightness, contrast Brightness, Brightness, Power on/off, verti-
with click position contrast, user- contrast, user- cal and horizontal
programmable programmable holds, contrast,
settings settings brightness

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES Antireflective Antireflective Antireflective None specified.

black screen; black screen; black screen;
automatic brightness automatic brightness automatic brightness
and contrast & contrast control; & contrast control;
control; Smart Eye Smart Eye light Smart Eye light
light sensor. Meets sensor; high-voltage sensor; high-voltage
requirements of BRH and black-level and black-level
21 CFR subchapter 7, stabilization. Meets stabilization. Meets
CSA C22.2 No. 114, requirements of CSA requirements of CSA
IEC 601-1-2 (EMC), C22.2 and 950, DHHS C22.2 and 950, DHHS
UL 1950, and VDE 21 CFR 1020.10, 21 CFR 1020.10,
0871. IEC 601-1-2 (EMC), IEC 601-1-2 (EMC),
IEC 950 (non-AP), UL IEC 950 (non-AP), UL
1950, and VDE 0871. 1950, and VDE 0871.

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©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 23
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL PRECISE OPTICS PRECISE OPTICS PRECISE OPTICS SHIMADZU

PVC1023/1049 Series PVCCDC PVCCDCR/R5 HD-3000SD

WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide

CE MARK (MDD) Not specified Not specified Not specified Yes
TV CAMERA
Tube type Vidicon; other types 2/3" CCD 1/2" interline 2/3" CCD
available transfer CCD

Target material Antimony trisulfide NA NA Interline

transfer CCD

Bandwidth, MHz 25 Not specified Not specified 7

Scan lines
At 50 Hz 1,049 Not specified 625 625

At 60 Hz 1,023 525 525 525

Frames per second 30 30 30 30/25

Scan type Interlaced Interlaced 2:1 Not specified Interlaced

SNR >40 dB >56 dB Not specified ≥40 dB

Required
temperature, °C 15-45 -10 to +50 Not specified 5-40

Power requirements 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC, 115/220 VAC, 100/110 VAC
50/60 Hz 50/60 Hz 50/60 Hz
H x W x D, cm (in) 22 x 13 x 19 Varies depending on Not specified 12.8 x 3.1
(8.5 x 5.1 x 7.5) image intensifier (5 x 1.2) camera
with lens size head *
Weight, kg (lb) 6 (13) Varies Not specified 0.5 (1.1) camera
head; 4.5 (10) CCU
PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES 1,200 TV line reso- Self-contained, 570 Recursive filter 1-frame storage;
lution; AGC; ATC; TV line resolution; noise reduction; 6-level noise
automatic pedestal; camera fully last-image hold; reduction.
white-peak clipper; integrated into horizontal and
antivignetting housing of 6-, 9-, vertical image
circuit; circular or 12-inch image inversions; ABC
blanking; go-to- intensifier; add-on signal output; video
black; go-to-gray; port-mount version gain control, AGC or
horizontal and ver- also available. fixed; gamma correc-
tical sweep rever- tion, linear or non-
sal; video invert. linear. **

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* 10.5 x 24 x 29 cm (4.1 x 9.4 x 11.4 in) CCU. two pages covering
** Also shading correction, horizontally and vertically adjustable; circular blanking, adjustable diameter and location. the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next page.

24 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL PRECISE OPTICS PRECISE OPTICS PRECISE OPTICS SHIMADZU

PVC1023/1049 Series PVCCDC PVCCDCR/R5 HD-3000SD

TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model Precise Optics/ Precise Optics/ Precise Optics/ Not specified
PVM20-MS PVM17-525B PVM17-525B

Tube size, cm (in) 51 (20); 38 (15) 43 (17), other sizes 43 (17), other sizes 43 (17)
available available available
Scan lines 525-1,249 525 525 525

Bandwidth, MHz Not specified 10 +1.5 dB, -3 dB 10 +1.5 dB, -3 dB 10

Resolution, TVL Not specified >800 >800 900

Aspect ratio Not specified 4:3 4:3 4:3

Required
temperature, °C 0-45 -10 to +45 -10 to +45 -10 to +45

Power requirements 120/240 VAC 120/240 VAC 120/240 VAC 100/120/230 VAC

H x W x D, cm (in) 43.4 x 48.5 x 46.9 38.5 x 40.8 x 34 38.5 x 40.8 x 34 38.6 x 40.8 x 34
(17 x 19 x 18.5) (15 x 16 x 13) (15 x 16 x 13) (15.2 x 16 x 13.4)

Weight, kg (lb) 26.3 (58) 15 (33) 15 (33) 13.5 (30)

User controls Power on/off; Power on/off, verti- Power on/off, verti- On/off, brightness,
horizontal/vertical cal and horizontal cal and horizontal contrast
size and position, holds, contrast, holds, contrast,
brightness, and brightness brightness
contrast are rear
mounted
PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

OTHER FEATURES Auto scan; auto None specified. None specified. None specified.
synch.

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©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 25
Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL SHIMADZU SIEMENS TOSHIBA TOSHIBA

XT-7120SD/SDA VIDEOMED DH/DHC Gray Scale Monitor MTV-800C

SMM 21103L/MB
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Not specified Yes Yes
TV CAMERA
Tube type 1" CCD CCD NA High-definition CCD

Target material Interline NA CRT CCD

transfer CCD

Bandwidth, MHz 21.6 (1,125/30 Hz), 66 dB SNR 50-120 Hz vertical, 40

10.8 (562.5/60 Hz) 30-92 Hz horizontal
Scan lines
At 50 Hz 1,125 @ 30 1,024 NA Not specified

At 60 Hz 562.5 @ 60 1,024 NA Not specified

Frames per second 30/60 30 NA 30 (1,024 lines),

60 (512 lines)
Scan type Noninterlaced Interline megapixel NA Progressive
progressive

SNR ≥60 dB 1,200:1 NA 60 dB

Required
temperature, °C 5-35 10-30 10-35 10-35

Power requirements 100 VAC 230 VAC 90-264 VAC, single 12 V, 2 A

phase
H x W x D, cm (in) 12 x 12 x 18 10 x 12 x 14.5 52 x 49.9 x 43.3 73 x 91 x 74
(4.7 x 4.7 x 7.1) (3.9 x 4.7 x 5.7) (20.5 x 19.6 x 17) (28.7 x 35.8 x 29.1)
camera head *
Weight, kg (lb) 5 (11) camera head; 1 (2) 33 (72.6) 0.55 (1.2)
6 (13) CCU
PURCHASE INFORMATION
List price Not specified Not specified NA Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified 1 year 1 year

OTHER FEATURES Digital video ADC; AGC; anamorphic High contrast; high 1,049 x 1,024
output; optical optic inte- resolution supports acquisition; 30 fps;
video link (between grated storage 250 MHz pixel clock. high SNR;
camera head and device (last-image high resolution.
CCU). hold); sliding
weighted averaging.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* 33 x 16.2 x 30 cm (13 x 6.4 x 11.8 in) CCU. two pages covering
the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next page.

26 ©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
 Fluoroscopic Television Chains

Product Comparison Chart

MODEL SHIMADZU SIEMENS TOSHIBA TOSHIBA

XT-7120SD/SDA VIDEOMED DH/DHC Gray Scale Monitor MTV-800C

SMM 21103L/MB
TV MONITOR
Manufacturer/model Included in each Siemens/flat-panel Toshiba/grayscale Siemens/grayscale
digital system displays SMM 21103L/MB SMM 21103L/MB

Tube size, cm (in) 53 (21) 46 (18) Not specified 54 (21.3)

Scan lines 1,125 1,280 x 1,024 1,050 1,066

Bandwidth, MHz 120 40 MHz DSA; Not specified Not specified

21 MHz non-DSA
Resolution, TVL 1,000 72 Hz * 1,049 Not specified

Aspect ratio 5:4 4:3 3:4 5:4

Required
temperature, °C +5 to -40 0-35 10-35 10-35

Power requirements 100 VAC 90-264, 47/63 Hz 90-264 VAC 100-240 VAC

H x W x D, cm (in) 47.3 x 48.8 x 51.4 41 x 45.3 x 9.1 52 x 49.9 x 43.3 48.3 x 49.9 x 52
(18.6 x 19.2 x 20.2) (16.1 x 17.8 x 3.6) (20.5 x 19.6 x 17) (19 x 19.6 x 20.5)

Weight, kg (lb) 30 (66) 11.1 (24.5) 33 (72.6) 32.4 (71.4),

28 (62)
User controls On/off, brightness, Contrast, brightness Automatic brightness Contrast control,
contrast control, on/off brightness control

PURCHASE INFORMATION

List price Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified

Warranty Not specified Not specified 1 year 1 year

OTHER FEATURES ≥400 cd/m2 Antireflective Picture-in-picture. ABC; ambient-light

glass; auto adaption sensor and
of brightness and adjustment.
contrast. Meets
requirements of
EN 29241-3
standards.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

* Also 700 lp/image height (horizontal); progressive sampling independent of line frequency.

©2005 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 27