CE 133-2

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 Flexural Analysis
 Given: concrete and steel section
magnitude and line of action of effective prestress force
 Check: permissible loads and stresses

 Flexural Design
 Given: permissible loads and stresses
 Check: concrete and steel section
magnitude and line of action of effective prestress force
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 LOAD STAGES TO CONSIDER IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROBLEMS

 Initial Prestress Force, Pi

 Pi + Self-Weight

 Pi + Full Dead Load

 Pe + Full Service Loads (DL + LL)

 Pe + Ultimate Load
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 NOTATIONS

 Stress and Strain:(+) tension (-) compression

 Strains: subscript 1 – top strain subscript 2 – bottom strain

 Eccentricity:

e = (+) positive; measured downward from concrete centroid

e = (-) negative; measured upward from the concrete centroid

ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

The figure shows the:

 (a) beam profile and section

 (b) forces acting on concrete
 (c) force equilibrium polygon
 (d) anchorage and curvature
forces replaced by
resultant
 (e) beam with transverse loads
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

F = force acting on the concrete at the

tendon anchorage near the end of
the member

P = force at midspan; resultant of all the

normal compressive stresses in the
concrete at that section

N = force exerted on the concrete by the

tendon due to curvature
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 The exact distribution of forces

depends on the particular tendon
profile used

 The three forces F, N, P form a self-

equilibrating system as shown in
Figure (c)

 When prestress forces act alone on

a statically determinate beam, the
external reactions on the beam are
zero
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 Figure (d) shows an alternative

representation of the forces

 Forces F and N are replaced by their

vector sum T

 P and T are equal but opposite and

acts at the same point on the cross
section
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 For a statically determinate beam,

consequence of prestressing is a
compressive resultant force that
acts at the location of the steel
centroid at any section
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 Figure (e) shows that when a

uniformly distributed load of

intensity w is applied, there is an

associated reaction force R at

each support
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 As the load w is gradually

applied, magnitude of the
prestressing force stays essentially
constant and T maintains both its
magnitude and position
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 As flexural stresses due to applied

load are superimposed on axial

and flexural stresses due to

prestressing, the compressive

resultant P moves upward

ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

IN THE ELASTIC RANGE

 An internal resisting couple is

generated with equal forces P

and T which equilibrates the

external moment
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS

 As long as the beam remains uncracked, and both

steel and concrete are stressed only within their elastic
ranges, then concrete stresses can be found using
familiar equations of mechanics
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force

 If the member is subjected only to the initial prestressing force Pi

placed at eccentricity e, then ensuing stresses at midspan is:

ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force

 Substituting the radius of gyration , the equations can

be written as:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force

 The resulting stress distribution is:

ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force Plus Self-Weight
 The dead load of the beam will cause moment Mo to be
superimposed immediately.
 Consequently, immediately after transfer of prestress force, the
stresses at mid-span in the concrete are:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Initial Prestress Force Plus Self-Weight
 The resulting stress distribution is:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Effective Prestress Force Plus Full Service Loads (DL + LL)
 When the effective prestress Pe acts with the moments resulting
from self-weight (Mo), superimposed dead load (Md) and
superimposed live load (Ml) the resulting stresses are:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 ELASTIC STRESS
Effective Prestress Force Plus Full Service Loads (DL + LL)
 The resulting stress distribution is:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

For post-tensioned construction, tendons may pass through ducts of

considerable size. In calculating the properties of the concrete
cross-section to be used in the previous equations, the following
should be noted:

 Before tendons are grouted, stresses in the concrete should be

calculated using the net section with holes deducted
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

 After grouting, the transformed section is used, holes may be

considered filled with concrete and steel replaced with its
transformed area of equivalent concrete, i.e.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES

 In practical cases, although the hole deduction may be significant,

use of the gross concrete section after grouting rather than the
transformed section will normally be satisfactory.

 In many cases, as in the case of unbonded wrapped tendons with

ducts, gross concrete section can be used.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CROSS SECTION KERN OR CORE

 KERN POINTS: limiting points inside the section to which the

prestress force can be applied to cause
NO TENSION in the section
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CROSS SECTION KERN OR CORE

 To find the lower kern dimension, the concrete stress at the top
surface is set equal to zero:

 Solving for the particular eccentricity e = k2, the lower kern limit is:
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 CROSS SECTION KERN OR CORE

 Similarly, the upper kern limit is found by setting the expression for
the concrete stress at the bottom surface equal to zero:

* The minus sign confirms that the limit dimension is measured upward
from the concrete centroid
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The simply supported I-beam shown in figure is to carry a uniformly distributed
service dead and live load totaling 0.55 kips/ft over the 40-ft span, in addition to its
own weight. Normal concrete having density of 150 lb/ft3 will be used.

The beam will be pretensioned using multiple seven-wire strands; eccentricity is

constant and equal to 5.19 in. The prestress force Pi immediately after transfer
(after elastic shortening loss) is 169 kips. Time-dependent losses due to shrinkage,
creep and relaxation totals 15 percent of the initial prestress force. Find the
concrete flexural stresses at midspan and support sections under initial and final
conditions.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Note:

For pretensioned beams using stranded cables, the difference between

section properties based on the gross and transformed section is usually
small. Accordingly, all calculations will be based on properties of the gross
concrete section. Average flange thickness will be used as shown in the
figure.
ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES IN UNCRACKED BEAMS

 SAMPLE PROBLEM