1st International Congress of Serbian Society of Mechanics,

10-13th April, 2007, Kopaonik

EFFECTS OF CONCRETE SHRINKAGE ON TENSION STIFFENING IN

CRACKED REINFORCED CONCRETE TENSIONED MEMBERS

Borjan D. Popović1
1
Department for Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences,
The University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
e-mail: borjan@uns.ns.ac.yu

Abstract:

The paper presents two basic concepts of tension stiffening behaviour of cracked tensioned reinforced
concrete members. The first one is a load sharing approach where the average load carried by the cracked
concrete is used to determine the post-cracking stress-strain response of concrete in tension. The second
one is tension stiffening strain approach, which evaluates changes in member stiffness to obtain a reduction
in member deformation by including the stiffening effect of the tension carried by concrete between cracks.
The concrete shrinkage strain leads to an initial shortening of the tensioned member and this factor
must be taken into account in order to evaluate tension stiffening effects properly. The influence of
concrete shrinkage strains on cracking, tension stiffening and post-cracking stress-strain response of
tensioned reinforced concrete member is considered. The paper presents developed proposal for including
concrete shrinkage strains in an analysis of tension stiffening in cracked tensioned reinforced concrete
members. The results obtained with analysis based on this proposal are compared with results of previously
developed theoretical and experimental study [1]. The illustration of shrinkage effects on tensioned element
response under load is presented.
Key words: shrinkage, cracking, tension stiffening, reinforced concrete, tensioned members, stress-strain
response

1. Introduction

Steel reinforcement in tensioned reinforced concrete elements is used to carry tensile forces
across the cracks once the concrete has failed in tension, preventing a premature and brittle
failure. After cracking concrete still continues to carry tensile stresses between cracks as a result
of bond action, which effectively stiffens the element response and reduces elongation. This
phenomenon is called tension stiffening and it plays an important role in assessing serviceability
requirements after element cracking.
The estimation of tension stiffening, which represents the contribution from concrete to
element stiffness after cracking, is influenced by shrinkage and will lead to an underestimation of
this value if the initial element shortening caused by shrinkage is not included in the element
response calculations. Additionally, neglecting shrinkage effects causes an apparent reduction in
tension stiffening which becomes more predominant as the percentage of reinforcement increases.

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

2. Tension stiffening effects

2.1 Tension stiffening bond coefficient based on load sharing concept

Axial load force N applied on tensioned reinforced concrete element, after concrete cracking,
is shared between concrete and reinforcing steel and for any given element mean strain εm the
concrete and steel are carrying average forces N cm and N sm , respectively. The average concrete
tensile force is based on tensile stresses carried by the concrete between cracks and is transmitted
across the cracks by a local increase in the reinforcing steel force. The element axial tensile force
capacity is limited by yielding of the reinforcement at the crack locations.
N = N cm + N sm ≤ N y = f sy As , (1)
The average tensile force carried by the steel, along the length of the element, is directly
related to mean steel strain ε sm that is equal to element mean strain εm :
N sm = E s ε sm As = E s ε m As , (2)
The quantities As , Es and f sy represent area, modulus of elasticity and yield stress of the
reinforcing steel.

Fig.1. Distribution of axial forces and axial strains along element length for a stabilized crack pattern
The tensioned element cracking will first occur when concrete tensile stress reaches value of
the tensile strength of concrete f ct . At this moment axial force applied on element is N cr and
concrete part of section, which area is Ac , carried axial tensile force N c ,cr which is equal to:
N c ,cr = f ct Ac = Ec εc ,cr Ac = Ec εcr Ac , (3)
Once element cracked, tension force carried by concrete will vary from zero at a crack
location to a maximum value between the cracks which cannot exceed concrete tensile force at
cracking N c ,cr . The average force carried by concrete Ncm is then expressed as
N cm = σ cm Ac = βf ct Ac = βN c ,cr , (4)
where σ cm is mean concrete stress and β represents a bond coefficient that accounts for the
variation of concrete tensile stress between the cracks.
While the mean tension force in concrete N cm depends on both the concrete tensile strength
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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

and area of concrete affected by the reinforcement, the bond coefficient β is normalized value that
is independent of these two variables and can be thought of as a smeared material property.
Changes in the reinforcing steel ratio or reinforcement distribution could affect coefficient β if
there is corresponding change to the area of concrete affected by the reinforcement.
Generally the coefficient β can vary between 0 for the special case of no bond after concrete
cracking and 1 at moment just before cracking. Since the average tension concrete force continues
to decrease as more cracks form, there should be a corresponding reduction in value of β until the
crack pattern becomes fully developed.
Although tensile stresses can still exist in the concrete between cracks after yielding of
reinforcement occurs, the deformed steel bars having a flat yield plateau are unable to transmit a
tensile force across the cracks that is greater then yield force of the steel. Hence, tension
stiffening is effectively reduced to zero and governed by the stiffness at the crack locations.

2.2 Tension stiffening strain concept

In order to obtain the mean element strain εm for a given axial force value N, the bare steel
strain response ε sb at a crack location is reduced by a tension stiffening strain value ∆εs , which
can be expressed as:
εm = ε sm = ε sb − ∆ε s , (5)

Fig.2. Response of a reinforced concrete tension element before and after cracking
The mean steel strain ε sm is equal to mean member strain εm assuming that there are no
thermal effects or prestressing. The mean steel strain ε sm , using equations (1), (2), (3) and (4),
my be expressed as:
N sm N − N cm N − βN c ,cr N ⎛ βN c ,cr ⎞ ⎛ β∆ε s ,max ⎞
εm = ε sm = = = = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = ε sb ⎜⎜1 − ⎟, (6)
E s As E s As E s As Es As ⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ ε sb ⎟⎠

where ε sb denotes bare steel strain at a crack and ∆ε s ,max represents the jump in steel strain at
crack when concrete first cracks, which is equal:
N c ,cr f A
∆ε s ,max = = ct c , (7)
E s As E s As

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

Comparing equation (5) with equation (6) indicates that tension stiffening strain value is:
∆ε s = β∆ε s ,max , (8)
where coefficient β is the same bond coefficient defined earlier and in this case β accounts for the
variation of reinforcement strains along the length of the tensioned element.
The concept of tension stiffening strain has been adopted by the CEB-FIP MC 78 [3] and
same definition of β coefficient is implemented in earlier version of EUROCODE 2 [5]. The new
definition of β coefficient is proposed in CEB-FIP Model Code 90 [4] and this proposal is applied
in the last version of EUROCODE 2 [6]. The explanation and comparison of these proposals and
proposals given by other researchers is beyond scope of the paper.

3. Theoretical bases of proposed approach for accounting shrinkage effects

Concrete can experience significant amounts of shrinkage before loading and even moist
cured concrete will shrink to some extent. Shrinkage of the concrete leads to an initial element
shortening and this factor must be taken into account in order to evaluate cracking force, tension
stiffening effects and crack widths properly.
3.1 Uncracked element response
The uncracked element total strain after element shrinkage in period of time (t0 ,t ) , which is
equal element strain change continuously developed during considered period of time (t0 ,t ) ,
applying the algebraic constitutive relations for concrete is obtained as:

E*c ( t ,t0 ) Ac 1
ε (t ) = ∆ε (t ,t0 ) = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (9)
*
Ec ( t ,t0 ) Ac + E s As 1 + n*s µs

where E*c ( t ,to ) is age-adjusted effective modulus of concrete, ε sh ( t ,to ) is unrestrained (free)
concrete shrinkage strain in period of time (t0 ,t ) , n*s is corresponding modulus ratio
Es / E*c ( t ,to ) and µs is steel reinforcement ratio As / Ac . Expression (9) is derived substituting
concrete and steel constitutive stress-strain relations in element section equilibrium equation,
assuming that strains are uniform over the element cross-section.
The total element steel resultant compressive force N s ( t ) at the end of observed period of
time (t0 ,t ) , which is opposite to the total element concrete resultant tensile force N c ( t ) , is finally
obtained as:
1
N s (t ) = ∆N s (t ,t0 ) = − N c (t ) = −∆N c (t ,t0 ) = Es As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (10)
1 + n*s µs

The total resultant steel and concrete forces at moment t, N s ( t ) and N c ( t ) , are equal to
corresponding steel and concrete resultant force changes, ∆N s ( t ,t0 ) and ∆N c ( t ,t0 ) , which are
continuously developed during period of time (t0 ,t ) .
3.2 “Decompression” state of concrete part of element cross-section
The fictitious element instantaneous elastic strain change at moment t, which is necessary to
bring previously tensioned concrete part of the cross-section in state of zero concrete stress, is
equal to:

Nc ( t ) E* ( t ,t 0 ) n* µ n µ
∆εd (t ) = − = c ε sh ( t ,t0 ) s s = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) s s , (11)
*
Ec ( t ) Ac Ec ( t ) 1 + ns µ s 1 + n*s µs
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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

where Ec (t ) is concrete modulus of elasticity at moment t, and ns is corresponding steel to

concrete modulus ratio Es / Ec (t ) . This fictitious section state is usually called fully
decompression state of section concrete part, because previously developed stresses in concrete
part of element cross section, that need to be unstressed, are usually compressive stresses.
The fictitious concrete and steel resultant force changes, ∆N c ,d ( t ) and ∆N s ,d ( t ) , which
corresponds to considered fictitious elastic strain change ∆εd ( t ) , are equal to:
∆N c ,d (t ) = − N c ( t ) , (12)

∆N s ,d (t ) = E s As ∆εd ( t ) , (13)
The fictitious concrete resultant force change ∆N c ,d ( t ) and the fictitious steel resultant force
change ∆N s ,d ( t ) are in treated case compressive forces.
The applied on element fictitious force change ∆N d ( t ) , which correspond to fictitious elastic
strain change ∆εd ( t ) is:
1 + ns µ s
∆N d (t ) = ∆N c ,d (t ) + ∆N s ,d (t ) = E s As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (14)
1 + n*s µ s
The total strain in element cross-section at moment t, after fictive elastic unstressing of
concrete part of section, is equal to sum of previously developed strain ε(t) during time period of
element shrinkage and fictitious elastic strain change ∆εd ( t ) :
1 + ns µ s
εd (t ) = ε (t ) + ∆ε d (t ) = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (15)
1 + n*s µs
This total strain is ussally called fully decompression strain.
At this fictitious section strain state the corresponding resultant force of total stresses in
concrete part of section is equal to zero.
N c ,d (t ) = N c (t ) + ∆N c ,d (t ) = 0 , (16)

At fully decompression section state the corresponding resultant force of total stresses in steel
part of section is equal to sum of previously developed steel resultant force ∆N s ( t ) during time
period of element shrinkage and fictitious elastic steel resultant force change ∆N s ,d ( t ) :
1 + ns µ s
N s ,d (t ) = N s (t ) + ∆N s ,d (t ) = Es As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (17)
1 + n*s µs
The total force applied on the section at fully decompression section state is equal to total
force carried by steel at this state:
1 + ns µ s
N d (t ) = N c ,d (t ) + N s ,d (t ) = Es As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (18)
1 + n*s µs

In considered case the total force N d ( t ) applied on the section at fully decompression state
is equal to fictitious element force change ∆N d ( t ) because element is not externally loaded
during precedent period of time.
3.3 Cracking state of element cross section
The fictitious element instantaneous elastic strain change at moment t, which is necessary to
bring previously unstressed concrete part of the cross-section in state immediately before concrete
cracking, i.e. in state when concrete stress is equal his tensile strength f ct ( t ) , is equal:

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

d
∆εcr (t ) = ∆εcd ,cr (t ) = f ct ( t ) = ∆ε sd ,cr (t ) , (19)
Ec ( t )
d
The fictitious force change ∆N cr ( t ) applied to element, which correspond to elastic element
d
strain change ∆εcr ( t ) is equal:
d
∆N cr (t ) = [Ec ( t ) Ac + Es As ]∆εcrd (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac ( 1 + ns µs ) , (20)

The fictitious concrete and steel resultant force changes, ∆N cd,cr ( t ) and ∆N sd,cr ( t ) , which are
d
correspond to considered elastic strain change ∆εcr ( t ) , are equal to:

∆N cd,cr (t ) = Ec ( t ) Ac ∆εcr
d
(t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac , (21)

∆N sd,cr (t ) = E s As ∆εcr
d
(t ) = ns µs f ct ( t ) Ac , (22)
The total strain in element cross-section at moment t, immediately before concrete cracking is
equal to sum of previously developed decompression strain εd ( t ) and fictitious elastic strain
d
change ∆εcr (t ):

⎡ ⎤
εcr (t ) = ∆εcr
d
(t ) + εd (t ) = ∆εcrd (t )⎢1 + 1 + n*s µs ε sh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ , (23)
⎢⎣ 1 + ns µ s ∆εcr (t ) ⎥⎦
The total force, which is equal to total force change at moment t, applied on the section
immediately before cracking is equal:
⎡ ⎤
N cr (t ) = ∆N cr (t ) = ∆N cr
d
(t ) + ∆N d (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac (1 + ns µs )⎢1 + ns µ*s ε sh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ , (24)
⎢⎣ 1 + ns µ s ∆εcr ( t ) ⎥⎦
The concrete and steel resultant force changes, which are correspond to elastic strain change
∆εcr ( t ) that causes concrete cracking, are equal to:

⎡ n µ ε sh ( t ,t0 ) ⎤
∆N c ,cr (t ) = ∆N cd,cr (t ) + ∆N c ,d (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac ⎢1 + s s ⎥, (25)
* d
⎣⎢ 1 + ns µ s ∆εcr ( t ) ⎦⎥
⎡ n µ ε sh ( t ,t0 ) ⎤
∆N s ,cr (t ) = ∆N sd,cr (t ) + ∆N s ,d (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac ns µs ⎢1 + s s ⎥, (26)
* d
⎣⎢ 1 + ns µs ∆εcr ( t ) ⎦⎥
The total concrete and steel resultant forces, which are correspond to concrete cracking at
moment t, are equal to:
N c ,cr (t ) = ∆N c ,cr (t ) + N c (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac , (27)

⎡ 1 + ns µ s ε sh ( t ,t0 ) ⎤
N s ,cr (t ) = ∆N s ,cr (t ) + N s (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac ns µs ⎢1 + ⎥, (28)
* d
⎢⎣ 1 + ns µs ∆εcr ( t ) ⎥⎦
The effects of an initial element shortening are shown on Figure 3, indicating that element
cracks at a lower external load, since the concrete is under an initial tensile stress:

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

∆N c (t ,t0 ) n* µ
σ c (t ) = = − E*c ( t ,t0 )ε sh ( t ,t0 ) s s , (29)
Ac 1 + n*s µ s
The reduced external cracking force at moment t, which is defined with equation (24), can be
expressed as part of element cracking force for the case when concrete shrinkage is ignored:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ σc ( t ) ⎤
∆N cr (t ) = ∆N cr
d
(t )⎢1 + ns µ*s εsh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ = ∆N crd (t )⎢1 − ⎥, (30)
⎣⎢ 1 + ns µs ∆εcr ( t ) ⎦⎥ ⎣ f ct ( t ) ⎦

The elastic strain change ∆εcr ( t ) that causes concrete cracking at moment t is also reduced
related to element strain change for the case when concrete shrinkage is ignored and is equal:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
∆εcr (t ) = ∆εcr
d
(t )⎢1 + ns µ*s ε sh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ = ∆εcrd (t )⎢1 + ∆εdd ( t ) ⎥ = ∆εcrd (t ) + ∆εd ( t ) , (31)
⎣⎢ 1 + ns µs ∆εcr (t ) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ∆εcr (t ) ⎦⎥
3.4 Post cracking state of tensioned element
The point that has coordinates (εd (t ), N d (t )) is origin of the coordinate system with abscissa
∆ε ( t ) and ordinate ∆N d ( t ) in which member response under subsequent loading can be
d

idealized as instantaneous member response at moment t.

∆ε d ( t ) = ε( t ) − εd ( t ) = ∆ε( t ) − ∆εd ( t ) , (32)

∆N d ( t ) = N ( t ) − N d ( t ) = ∆N ( t ) − ∆N d ( t ) , (33)

Fig.3. Effects of shrinkage on member response before cracking

The member initial strain ε m ,i (t ) at moment t, which is equal to initial concrete strain εc ,i (t ) ,
is equal previously developed uncracked member strain ε(t) caused by shrinkage in previous time
period (t0 ,t ) . The point that has coordinates (εc ,i (t ),0 ) is origin of coordinate system with abscissa
εexp ( t ) and ordinate N exp ( t ) , in which is usually represented element test response under
loading. The adjusted member origin accounts the developed concrete shrinkage strain, but in this
case bare steel response is necessary to shift right to correctly account shrinkage effects on
tension stiffening, which causes corresponding axial force offset N m ,off ( t ) (see Fig.4).

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

Fig.4. Effects of shrinkage on member response after cracking

Tension stiffening is measured by subtracting the bare steel response from the measured
member response, and it is usually assumed that both of these responses begin at same origin.
This leads to an apparent bond coefficient βexp which is incorrect when shrinkage effects are
neglected, since the bare steel response needs to be offset by the initial element shortening to
obtain the true bond β coefficient.
ε
β + ns µ s md,i
N cm ,exp N cm ,exp − N m ,off βA f + Es As εm ,i ∆εcr
βexp = = = c ct = , (34)
N c ,cr ,exp N c ,cr ,exp − N m ,off Ac f ct + E s As εm ,i εm ,i
1 + ns µ s d
∆εcr
The correct tension stiffening bond coefficient β is obtained rearranging equation (34) as:

( ε
)
β = βexp − 1 − βexp ns µ s m ,i = βexp − 1 − βexp
d
∆εd
d
, ( ) (35)
∆εcr ∆εcr
The correct value of the average tensile force carried by the concrete is:
ε sh
N cm = N cm ,exp − E s As εm ,i = N cm ,exp − E s As = N cm ,exp + N c , (36)
1 + n*s µs
4. Comparison with previous research proposal
The results obtained with described proposal are compared with results of previously
developed theoretical and experimental study [1]. In that study shrinkage effects on tensioned
member response are taken into account by an elastic analysis, which is significant simplification.
The uncracked element total strain ε(t), total element steel resultant compressive force
N s ( t ) and total element concrete resultant tensile force N c ( t ) , after element shrinkage in period
of time (t0 ,t ) , are obtained in that study as:
Ec Ac 1
ε (t ) = ∆ε (t ,t0 ) = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (37)
Ec Ac + E s As 1 + ns µ s

1
N s (t ) = − N c (t ) = E s As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (38)
1 + ns µ s

The fictitious element decompression strain change ∆εd ( t ) and corresponding fictitious force
change ∆N d ( t ) at moment t are obtained in study [1] as:

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

Nc ( t ) n µ
∆ε d (t ) = − = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) s s , (39)
Ec ( t ) Ac 1 + ns µ s

∆N d (t ) = E s As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (40)

The total decompression strain εd ( t ) in element cross-section and corresponding element

decompression force N d ( t ) at moment t, are obtained in study [1] as:
εd (t ) = ε (t ) + ∆εd (t ) = ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (41)
N d (t ) = E s As ε sh ( t ,t0 ) , (42)
The total strain in element cross-section immediately before concrete cracking εcr ( t ) and
corresponding cracking force N cr ( t ) , at moment t, are obtained in study [1] as:

⎡ ⎤
εcr (t ) = ∆εcr
d
(t ) + εd (t ) = ∆εcrd (t )⎢1 + ε sh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ , (43)
⎢⎣ ∆εcr (t ) ⎥⎦

⎡ ⎤
N cr (t ) = ∆N cr (t ) = ∆N cr
d
(t ) + ∆N d (t ) = f ct ( t ) Ac (1 + ns µs )⎢1 + ns µs ε sh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ , (44)
⎣⎢ 1 + ns µ s ∆εcr ( t ) ⎦⎥
The reduced external cracking force at moment t, expressed as part of element cracking force
for the case when concrete shrinkage is ignored, is obtained in study [1] as:
⎡ ⎤
∆N cr (t ) = ∆N cr
d
(t )⎢1 + ns µs ε sh (dt ,t0 ) ⎥ , (45)
⎢⎣ 1 + ns µs ∆εcr ( t ) ⎥⎦

The correct tension stiffening bond coefficient β is obtained in study [1] as:

( ε
)
β = βexp − 1 − βexp ns µs m ,i = βexp − 1 − βexp
d 1 +
(
ns µs ∆εcr d
)
ns µs ε sh ( t ,t0 )
, (46)
∆εcr

The member initial strain ε m ,i (t ) at moment t, which represents position of the adjusted
origin of member response under load, and corresponding axial force offset N m ,off ( t ) determined
on basis of presented proposal have greater values. Thus, obtained reduction of element cracking
force at moment t is greater, as well as correct tension stiffening bond coefficient β value.
5. Illustration of shrinkage effects on tensioned element response under load
The values of concrete creep coefficient and shrinkage strain for discrete time moments t0 and
time periods t-t0 are taken from tables in national codes [2] for value of relative humidity
RH=40% and mean element depth dm=20cm. The age-adjusted effective modulus of concrete is
calculated with constant aging coefficient equal to value χ=0.8. The change during time of
concrete modulus of elasticity and tensile strength are calculated using relations presented in [2],
whose are based on CEB-FIP MC 90. The steel modulus of elasticity has value Es=200GPa.
The calculated values of ratio of external axial cracking force at moment t, after concrete
shrinkage period t-t0, to element axial cracking force at moment t when concrete shrinkage is
ignored are presented on Fig. 5 for usually reinforcement coefficient µs values. The reduction of
external cracking force is significant for longer time periods t-t0 and for greater reinforcement
coefficient µs values.

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B.D.Popović, Effects of Concrete Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Tensioned …

1.000

0.900
t-t0=7d
0.800
t-t0=14d
∆Ncr(t)/∆Ndcr(t)

0.700
t-t0=28d
0.600

0.500
t-t0=90d
t0=7d
0.400 RH=40%
dm=20cm
0.300
t-t0=365d
0.200
0 1 2 3 4

µs (%)
Fig.5. The influence of shrinkage in period of time (t0, t) on tensioned element cracking force at moment t

6. Conclusions

The level of load that causes cracking of tensioned reinforced concrete element and post
cracking tension stiffening element response are affected significantly by shrinkage in previous
period of time. The element behavior depends on both the amount of time dependent developed
concrete shrinkage and creep strain and reinforcement percentage. Measured values of bond
coefficient, obtained by test, must be corrected for shrinkage effects using presented expressions.
The presented proposal, which is based on application of well known algebraic constitutive
relations for concrete is insignificantly complex related to previously proposal based on
simplified linear elastic analysis. It gives more accurate results and is almost equally appropriate
for practical application. After described corrections, whose are necessary to take into account
shrinkage effects, tension stiffening effects in post cracking tensioned element response my be
analyzed applying some of relevant code proposals [4] and [6] or some of actual research
proposals.

References

[5] Bischoff, P., Effects of Shrinkage on Tension Stiffening and Cracking in Reinforced Concrete,
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 28, No.3, 2001., pp. 363-374.
[6] Concrete and Reinforced Concrete According National Code BAB 87, Vol.1 Guide & Vol.2
Appendices (in Serbian), Građevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1991., pp. 780. & pp.702.
[7] Comite Euro-International du Beton and Federation International de la Precontraint: CEB-FIP Model
Code for Concrete Structures, CEB, Paris, 1978., pp. 174.
[8] Comite Euro-International du Beton: CEB-FIP MODEL CODE 1990, DESIGN CODE, Thomas
Telford Services Ltd., London, 1993., pp. 360
[9] Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, ENV
1992-1-1, December 1991., pp. 202.
[10] Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, Final draft,
October 2001., pp. 230.

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