MAKERER UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND

TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

End of Semester II 2017/2018 Examinations

MEC 4205: AIR CONDITIONING AND

REFRIGERATION

Friday May 11, 2018

Duration: 3.0 Hours (0900 – 1200 Hours)

Instructions:
 The Examination paper contains Six Questions.
 Attempt any Five (5) questions of your choice.
 Each Question Carries 20 Marks.
 Marks for each question are indicated in parentheses.
 Indicate the attempted questions on the top page of the answer booklet
provided.
 For each question that require use of Psychrometric chart, attach all
Psychrometric charts to the answer booklets and indicate the question to
which it applies
QUESTION 1 (20 marks)
1.1 Explain how refrigeration can be achieved through the following methods:
[4 marks]
a) Sensible cooling by cold medium
b) Expansion of fluids
a) Sensible cooling by cold medium: If a substance is available at a temperature lower
than the required refrigeration temperature, then it can be used for sensible cooling by
bringing it in thermal contact with the system to be refrigerated. For example, a
building can be cooled to a temperature lower than the surroundings by introducing
cold air into the building and cold water is used for cooling beverages by absorbing
heat from them.
b) Expansion of fluids: When a high pressure liquid flows through a turbine, its pressure
and enthalpy fall. In effect, this process produces a cooling effect. Also when a high
pressure liquid is forced to flow through a restriction such as throttling process, its
pressure decreases due to frictional effects. If the process is adiabatic and change in
potential and kinetic energies are negligible, then the enthalpy of the liquid remains
constant.

1.2 Clarify whether the following statements are True or False. [3 marks]
a) Refrigeration is a spontaneous process.
b) Refrigeration and cooling are the same.
c) It is possible to produce cooling by addition of sodium chloride in water.
a) False – Refrigeration is not a spontaneous process as it requires expenditure of
exergy. Refrigeration is the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature
below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to
the required temperature. It occurs under controlled conditions.
b) True – Cooling is a heat transfer process down a temperature gradient, it can be
a natural, spontaneous or artificial process. Thus refrigeration is a sub-set of
cooling.
c) True – Sodium chloride supresses the freezing point of the water and in effect
results into cooling of the water.

1.3 Sub-cooling is beneficial as it [State whether the below statements are True or
False]: [3 marks]
a) Increases specific refrigeration effect
b) Decreases work of compression
c) Ensures liquid entry into expansion device
a) True – Sub-cooling is beneficial as it increases the refrigeration effect by
reducing the throttling loss
b) False – Sub-cooling occurs at no additional specific work input.
c) True – Sub-cooling ensures that only liquid enters into the throttling device
leading to its efficient operation.

1.4 A standard, saturated, single stage (SSS) vapour compression refrigeration system
based on refrigerant R134a operates between an evaporator temperature of –25°C and
a condenser temperature of 50°C. Assuming isentropic compression, find:
a) COP of the system; [2 marks]
b) Work input to compressor; [2 marks]
c) Additional work required due to superheat; [2 marks]
d) Throttling loss (assuming the isobar at condenser pressure to coincide with
saturated liquid line). [2 marks]
Page 1 of 19
 [2 marks for identification of parameters]

2
A1

50 3 2’’
2’
Temperature, T °C

A2

-25 1’ 4 1
4’

A2

Entropy, s

Parameters:
h1 =h g@-250 C =235. 32 kJ/kg, s1 =0 . 9505 kJ/kg. K
Point 1:
Point 2:
s 2 =s 1 =0 . 9505 kJ/kg. K;
⇒ Point is in superheat region and Psat =1. 32 MPa . By interpolation,
h2 =288 . 07 kJ/kg
h3 =h =123 . 50 kJ/kg, s3 =0 . 4419 kJ/kg. K
Point 3: f@500 C

Point 4:
h4 =h3 =123 .50 kJ/kg
Note:
h2' =h g@500 C =275 . 32 kJ/kg, s2' =0 . 9117 kJ/kg . K
At point 2’:
h1' =h =19 .03 kJ/kg, s2' =0 . 0789 kJ/kg. K
At point 1’: f@-25 0 C

Refrigerating effect h1−h4

⇒COP= =
a) COP of the system Work input h2 −h1
2 53 .32−1 23 .50
COP= =2. 16
288. 07−2 35. 32

b) Work input to compressor ⇒ Work=h2−h1

Work=288.07−235.32=52.75 kJ/kg
c) Additional work required due to superheat
→This is the area of the Superheat horn area
Additional work =( Area under 2'-2)−( Area under 2'-2'' )
=( h2 −h2' ) −T C ( s 2−s 2' )
¿ ( 288. 07−275 .32 ) −( 50+273 ) ( 0 .9505−0 . 9117 )
¿ 0 .21 kJ/kg

Page 2 of 19
 d) Throttling loss (when the isobar at condenser pressure coincides with saturated
liquid line)
Throttling loss = ( Area under 3-1')−( Area under 1'-4' )
=h 3−h1' −T E ( s 3 −s 1' )
¿ ( 123. 5−19. 03 ) −( -25+273 )( 0 . 4419−0. 0789 )
¿ 14 . 45 kJ/kg

QUESTION 2 (20 marks)

2.1 What are the requirements that may lead to an increase the temperature lift for a given
refrigeration system? State the resultant consequence.
[3 marks]
i) The requirement of very low evaporator temperatures.
ii) The requirement of very high condensing temperatures.
 Consequence: If the refrigeration system is a single stage, as the temperature lift
increases the single stage systems become inefficient and impractical

2.2 Explain why an isentropic turbine is replaced by a throttling valve in the ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle? [3 marks]
Using a turbine for extracting work from the system during the isentropic expansion
of liquid refrigerant is not economically feasible, particularly in case of small
capacity systems because the specific volume of liquid is much smaller compared to the
specific volume of a vapour/gas, the work output from the turbine in case of the liquid will
be small. In addition, if one considers the inefficiencies of the turbine, then the net output
will be further reduced.

2.3 With reference to a T-s diagram, explain the effect of decreasing evaporator
temperature for a given condenser temperature. [4 marks]

Given a refrigeration system, For a given condenser temperature, as evaporator temperature

decreases:
 Throttling losses increase
 Superheat losses increase
 Compressor discharge temperature increases
 Quality of the vapour at the inlet to the evaporator increases
As a result of this, the refrigeration effect decreases and work of compression increases
----Refer to T-s diagram above

Page 3 of 19
2.4 Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration
cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at 0°C and a warm region at
26°C. To allow for temperature differences between the refrigerant and the warm and
cold regions, saturated vapor enters the compressor at -10°C and it is compressed to a
pressure of 9 bar. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80%. The
temperature of the liquid leaving the condenser is to be 30°C. The mass flow rate of
the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s. Assume that there are no pressure drops through the
evaporator and condenser.
a) Represent the process on a T-s diagram and evaluate the properties of the
principle states of the system. [2 marks]
b) Determine;
i) The compressor power, in kW, [2 marks]
ii) The refrigeration capacity, in tons, [2 marks]
iii) The coefficient of performance, and [2 marks]
iv) The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle
operating between warm and cold regions at 26°C and 0°C,
respectively. [2 marks]
a) Refer to T–s diagram below:
Point 1: The refrigerant is a saturated vapor at -10°C
⇒ h 1=244 . 55 kJ/kg; s1 =0 . 9378kJ/kg . K
Point 2: For the pressure
p2 =9 bar , recall s 1 =s 2 =0 .9378 kJ/kg . K .
⇒ Refrigerant is superheated . By interpolation, h2 =275 .7916 kJ/kg
For isentropic efficiency of 0 . 8
h −h 275 .791−244 . 44
h2'' =h1 + 2 1 =244 . 55+ =283 . 60 kJ/kg
ηC 0.8

2’’
2

9 bar
35.51
30 3
Temperature, T °C

-10 1
4

Entropy, s

Point 3: The outlet of the condenser/Inlet to the throttling valve

The state of the refrigerant at the condenser exit is in the liquid region.
⇒ h3 ≈hf @ 9 bar=101 . 62 kJ/kg and s3≈s f @ 9 bar =0 .3738 kJ/kg . K
Point 4: The outlet of the throttling valve/Inlet to the evaporator
The expansion through the valve is a throttling process; thus,

Page 4 of 19
 ⇒ h3 ≈h4 =101 .62 kJ/kg .
b)
i) Compressor power
Compressor power=m ( h2'' −h1 )=0 . 08 ( 283. 6−244 . 55 )=3 . 12 kW
ii) The refrigeration capacity, in tons → Note: 1TR=3.51 kW
.
1
Refrigeration capacity=
3 . 51
(
m ( h1 −h 4 ) )
1
¿ ( 0 . 08 ( 244 .55−101. 62 ) )= 3. 26 TR
3 .51
iii) The coefficient of performance
.

Desired effect m ( h1 −h 4 ) 0 . 08 ( 244 . 55−101. 62 )

COP= = .
= =3 .66
work input 0. 08 ( 283 .6−244 . 55 )
m ( h 2''−h 1 )
iv) The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating
between warm and cold regions at 26°C and 0°C
TE 273
COPcarnot = =
T C −T E 299−273
¿ 10. 5

Page 5 of 19
QUESTION 3 (20 marks)
3.1 Elaborate the objective of air conditioning [2 marks]
The objective of air conditioning is to control the condition of air within a confined
space for a specific purpose for:
 Comfort and health of human beings or animals
 Proper performance of some industrial or scientific process

3.2 If air conditioning is the only answer to adequate comfort, explain the basic choices of
air conditioning systems you can consider. [3 marks]
i) Central plant systems: One central source of conditioned air which is distributed in
a network of ducts,
ii) Room air conditioning units: Self-contained package units which can be positioned
in each room to provide cool air. Room air conditioning units fall into two main
categories:
o Split type
o Window/wall units.
iii) Fan coil units: Room units which incorporate heat exchangers piped with chilled
water and a fan to provide cool air.

3.3 An exercise room has 10 weight-lifting machines that have no motors and 7 treadmills
each equipped with a 2-hp motor. The motors operate at an average load factor of 0.6,
at which their efficiency is 0.75. During peak evening hours, all the 17 pieces of
exercising equipment are being used continuously, and there are also four (4) people
doing light exercises while waiting in line for one piece of the equipment. Noting that
the average rate of heat dissipated by people in an exercise room is 525 W, of which
315 W is in latent form and that 1 hp = 746 W,
a) Determine the rate of heat gain of the exercise room from people and the
equipment at peak load conditions, [4 marks]
b) How much of this heat gain is in the sensible form? [2 marks]
Note:
 The 10 weight-lifting machines do not have any motors, and thus they do not
contribute to the internal heat gain directly.
 The usage factors of the motors of the treadmills are taken to be unity since they
are used constantly during peak periods.
 There are 21 people in the exercise room
a) The total rate of heat gain of the exercise room during peak period
( No. of motors ) *W motors *f load *f usage
Q motors =
η
7*2*0. 746*0 .6*1
¿ =8 .3552 kW
0 .75
Qpeople =( No . of people ) *Q person
¿ 21*525=11. 025 kW
⇒Q Total=Qmotors +Qpeople =8. 355+11. 025=19 . 3802 kW

b) How much of the heat gain is in the sensible form

Qpeople,latent =( No. of people ) *Q person,latent
¿ 21*315=6 . 615 kW

Page 6 of 19
 ⇒Q people,sensible=Q Total−Q latent=19 .3802−6 .615=12 .7652 kW

3.4 For air at 35°C dry-bulb temperature and 30% saturation, use the psychrometric chart
to determine the following parameters: [3 marks]
a) specific volume,
b) moisture content and
c) specific enthalpy.
From the psychrometric chart,
a) Specific volume = 0.888 m3/kg
b) Moisture content = 0.011kg/kg d.a.
c) Specific enthalpy = 65 kJ/kg.

3.5 Timber is being dried at 60°C dry bulb temperature and 35°C wet bulb temperature.
12.5 kg of water is removed from the timber per hour. If outside air is at 27°C dry
bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity, how much outside air is needed per
minute to carry away the evaporated moisture?
[6 marks]
From the psychrometric chart,
1
RH
%
50
nt
poi
or
tdo
Ou
T
DB

nt
poi
er
mb
Ti
d.a)
-
/kg
(kg
HR
CCCC
27°
12°
24°

2
60°

4
11
0.0

4
25
0.0

Let outdoor condition be point 1:

ω1 =0 . 0114 kg/kg−d .a
v 1 =0 . 862 m 3 /kg−d . a

Page 7 of 19
 Let drying condition be point 2:
ω2 =0 . 0254 kg/kg −d . a
Δω=ω2 −ω1 =0 . 0254−0 . 0114=0 . 014 kg/kg-d. a
12. 5 kg/hour
Drying rate= =892 . 86 kg-d . a/hour
0. 014 kg/kg-d . a
Air required =Drying rate×Specific volume
=892 . 86 kg-d . a/hour×0 . 862 m3 /kg−d . a
¿ 769. 64 m 3 /hour=12. 83 m 3 /minute
QUESTION 4 (20 marks)
4.1 Explain four (4) desirable properties of a good refrigerant for commercial use.
[4 marks]
Any four, of the below
i) Thermodynamic and transport properties – thermal conductivity, Saturation
pressure-temperature characteristics, etc…
ii) Chemical properties and stability – the way it behaves in the presence of other
substances, particularly within the refrigerating system
iii) Cost and availability - The cost of refrigerants varies widely, with HCFCs tending
to be cheaper, and HFC blends more expensive. HCFCs and HFCs tend to be most
widely available. Hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants tend to be less widely available
iv) Environmental and safety properties – The environmental and safety properties are
very important. The important environmental and safety properties are Ozone
Depletion Potential (ODP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Total Equivalent
Warming Index (TEWI), Toxicity and Flammability
v) Operating pressures – A refrigerant is chosen that will have an evaporating
pressure above atmospheric pressure under normal operating conditions, so as to
avoid air and moisture being drawn into the system in the event of a leak.

4.2 Explain the significance of having the low pressure side of a refrigeration system to as
near the atmospheric pressure as possible. [2 marks]
Significance of having the low pressure side of a refrigeration system to as near the
atmospheric pressure as possible is that in case of leakage, there is no inflow of
moisture into the system.
Also as an energy saving measure, the nearer the evaporator pressure to the
atmospheric pressure, the less the energy required to drive the system.

4.3 Briefly explain the Du Pont’s criteria for naming refrigerants and use this criteria to
determine the chemical formula for R-134. [6 marks]
Criteria:
 First digit on the right – Number of fluorine atoms
 Second digit from the right – Number of hydrogen atoms plus one
 Third digit from the right – Number of carbon atoms minus one (not used when
equal to zero)
 Fourth digit from the right – Number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in the
compound (not used when equal to zero)
Chemical formula for Refrigerant R-134:
 Number of fluorine atoms = 4
 Number of hydrogen atoms plus one = 3 → 2 hydrogen atoms
 Number of carbon atoms minus one = 1 → 2 carbon atoms
 Number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in the compound = 0

Page 8 of 19
 Chemical formula is CH2FCF3

4.4 A commercial refrigerator shown in figure 1 with refrigerant-134a as the working

fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at -30°C by rejecting its waste heat to
saturated cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and
leaves at 26°C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 MPa and 65°C and leaves
at 42°C.

Condenser

Expander
Compressor

Evaporator

Figure 1: Commercial refrigeration system

The inlet state of the compressor is 60 kPa and -34°C and the compressor is estimated
to gain a net heat of 450 W from the surroundings.
a) Represent the process on a T-s diagram
b) Determine the quality of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet,
c) Evaluate the refrigeration load, and the COP of the refrigerator,
d) What is the theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the same power input
to the compressor?
[2 marks each]
a) T-s diagram and parameters

Page 9 of 19
 2

1.2 MPa

42 3
Temperature, T °C

1
-34 4

Entropy, s

Parameters:
Point 1:
h1 =h g@60kPa=227 . 8 kJ/kg, s1 =0 .9644 kJ/kg . K
s 2 =s 1 =0 . 9644 kJ/kg. K; T =65 0 C
⇒ Point is in superheat region and by interpolation,
Point 2: h2 =295 .15 kJ/kg
h3 =h =111 .296 kJ/kg, s3 =0 . 3959537 kJ/kg . K
Point 3: f@420 C

Point 4: 4 h =h =111. 296 kJ/kg

3
b) Quality of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet
From
h4 =hf @60 kPa +xh fg, 4
h4 −hf@60 kPa 111. 296−3. 84
x= = =0 . 4798
hfg,4 227 . 8-3 .84
c) Refrigeration load, and the COP of the refrigerator
We need to know the refrigerant flow rate. Applying energy balance at the
condenser
We note that for water at 18°C and 26°C respectively,
h w,2=h 0 =75. 5418 kJ/kg
w@18 C
h w,3=h w@26 0 C =109 .012 kJ/kg
Now
. .
mR ( h R,2−h R,3 ) =mw ( h w,2−hw,3 )
.
. m w ( h w,2−hw,3 ) 0. 25 ( 109. 012-75 . 5418 )
mR = = =0. 0455 kg/s
( hR,2 −h R,3 ) ( 295 . 15-111. 296 )
QH =0.0455 ( 295 .15−111.296 ) =8 .368 kW
W in =0. 0455 ( 295 .15−227. 8 )−0 . 45=2. 615 kW
Q L=Q H -W in =8 .368-2. 615=5 . 753 kW

Page 10 of 19
 QL 5 .753
COP= = =2. 2
W in 2 .615
d) Theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the
compressor
TE 273+−30
COPmax = = =5 .0625
T C −T E ( 273+18 ) −( 273+−30 )
Now,
Qmax =COP max ×W in =5 .0625×0 . 0455 ( 295 . 15−227 . 8 ) =15. 52 kW

QUESTION 5 (20 marks)

5.1 Explain the concept of adiabatic mixing and state its significance in an air
conditioning process. [4 marks]
An adiabatic process occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a
thermodynamic system and its surroundings. A common process in air-conditioning
systems is the mixing of two moist air streams.
ma1
h1
1

ma 3
h3
3
ma 2
h2
2

When two streams of air with different properties and flow rates are mixed, the
properties of the resulting mixture (enthalpy, dry bulb temperature and saturation
ratio) can be determined by simple proportional mass and energy balances.

Significance in an air conditioning process

In actual air conditioning systems, some amount of outdoor (fresh) air is added to
take care of the ventilation requirements. The mixing of the two air streams (re-
circulated air and outdoor air) takes place as an adiabatic mixing process.

5.2 For an ambient air stream at a High relative humidity, high ambient temperature with
high moisture content, one is required to remove some water and extract some heat to
lower the temperature. Using illustrations on a psychrometric chart, explain the
processes the need to be performed to bring the given stream of air to comfort point.
[4 marks]
Three steps are necessary to bring ambient air in the comfort zone.
 Cooling to point of saturation
 Further cooling while condensing water to remove it
 Re‐heating the now drier air

Page 11 of 19
5.3 Why should one choose transport of conditioned air through ducts instead of
plenums? [4 marks]
 Ducts provides defined pathways for conditioned air
 When the air if required to be fast-moving, plenums tend to be problematic
 Plenums can also be more expensive
 Plenums are not appropriate for space-constrained buildings

5.4 A stream consisting of 142 m3/min of moist air at a temperature of 5°C and a
humidity ratio of 0.002 kg(vapor)/kg(dry air) is mixed adiabatically with a second
stream consisting of 425 m3/min of moist air at 24°C and 50% relative humidity. The
pressure is constant throughout at 1 bar. Determine
a) The humidity ratio, [4 marks]
b) The temperature of the exiting mixed stream, in °C. [4 marks]

Page 12 of 19
 For air at state point 1
v 1 =0 . 79 m3 /kg−d . a
For air at state point 2
v 2 =0 . 855 m3 /kg−d . a and ω2 =0 .0094 kg/kg-d . a
V 1 142
⇒ma1 = = =179 .7468 kg-d .a ; and
v 1 0 .79
V 2 425
⇒ma2 = = =497 .076 kg-d . a
v 2 0 .855
a) Now doing mass and energy balance
ma1 +ma2=m a3
mv1 +mv2=m v3
But m v1= ω 1 m a1 ; m v2=ω2 ma2 and m v3=ω3 ma3
ω m +ω m ( 0 . 002*179. 747+0 . 0094∗497 . 076 )
ω3 = 1 a1 2 a2 =
ma1 + ma2 676 . 8229
¿ 0 .0074 kg/kg-d . a

E1 + E 2 =E3
But E1 =h1 m a1 ; E2 =h2 m a2 and E3 =h 3 m a3
( ma1 h1 + ma2 h2 ) ( 179. 747*10+497 . 076∗38 )
⇒ h3 = =
m a1 +ma2 676 .8229
b) ¿ 37 . 9 kJ/kg
This value for the enthalpy of the moist air at the exit, together with the previously
determined value for Humidity ratio in a) above fixes the state of the exiting moist air.
From the psychrometric chart,
T 3 =18 . 50 C≈190 C

QUESTION 6 (20 marks)

6.1 Define with illustrations on the T-s diagram, the following terms as applied to air
conditioning:
a) Room Sensible Heat Factor; [1 marks]
b) By-Pass Factor. [1 marks]
a) Room Sensible Heat Factor: SHF is defined as the ratio of room sensible to room total
heat transfer rate.
Qs ,r Qs , r
RSHF= =
Qt , r Q s , r +Q l , r

Page 13 of 19
 O
ma ma
hO hC C
O C

TS TC TO

Using the figure above,

hw −h c
RSHF=
h0 −h c
b) By-pass factor (BPF): The exit temperature of air is always greater than the apparatus
dew-point temperature due to boundary layer development as air flows over the cooling
coil surface. Hence looking at the figure above, a by-pass factor (BPF) of the coil can
be defined as
T c−T s
BPF=
T 0 −T s

6.2 Explain the significant of the Room Ratio Line and calculate the slope of the room
ratio line if the total heat gains are 8.7 kW and the latent gains are 1.4 kW.
[2 marks]
The room ratio line is the straight line, drawn on a psychrometric chart, joining
the points representing the state maintained in the room and the initial
condition of the air supplied to the room.
The slope of this line is an indication of the ratio of the latent and sensible heat
exchanges taking place in the room, and the determination of its value plays
a vital part in the selection of economical supply states.
For a room with the total and latent heat gains as indicated in the question,
Sensible heat gains = 8 .7-1 . 4=7 . 3 kW
Q 7. 4
RRL= s = =0 .84
QT 8. 7

6.3 Explain four (4) building designs in which air conditioning can be avoided as it can be
both expensive to install and maintain. [2 marks]
By implementing building designs that:
 Have window blinds or shading methods
 Uses windows with heat absorbing glass or heat reflecting glass
 Have openable windows
 Require higher ceilings
 Require smaller windows on south facing facades
 Uses alternative lighting schemes.

6.4 A room is air conditioned by a system that maintains 24 °C dry bulb and 50 % RH
inside, when the outside conditions are 34°C dry bulb and 40% RH. The room
sensible and latent heat gains are 60 kW and 12 kW respectively. The outside fresh air
first flows over a first cooler coil and is reduced to 10°C dry bulb and a relative
humidity of 85%. It is then mixed with recirculated air, the mixture being handled by
a fan, passed over a second cooler coil and sensibly cooled to 12°C dry bulb. The air
is then delivered to the room. If the outside fresh air is used for dealing with the whole

Page 14 of 19
of the room latent heat gain and if the effects of fan power and duct heat gains are
ignored, find:
a) Show the processes on a psychrometric chart; [2 marks]
b) Mass flow rates of outside fresh air and supply air; [4 marks]
c) Enthalpy and DBT of the air handled by the fan; [4 marks]
d) Required cooling capacity of the two cooler coils. [4 marks]
Exhaust air

Room condition
24°C
50% RH
Recirculated air

Outdoor air at 34°C

and 40% RH 3
Supply air at
12°C

1 2

Coil 1 Coil 2
a) 132Ro
Tl or
DB
Coi
l
Coi
nt
poi

tdo
Ou
nt
poi
om
2
1
d.a)
-
/kg
(kg
HR
CCCC06
10°
12°
T24°
34°
4ω

0.0
2=09
14
0.0
ω
4

0.0
2
3

Page 15 of 19
b) Mass flow rates of outside fresh air and supply ar
Supply air condition:
From
QS,R =mR c pm ( t R −t S )
QS,R 60
mR = = =4 . 894 kg/s
c pm ( t R−t S ) 1 .0216 ( 24−12 )
Also
Q l,R =ms h fg ( ω R −ωS )
Q 12
ω S =ω R − l,R =0 . 0094− =0. 0084 kg/kg-d . a
m s hfg 4 . 894*2501

Doing mass and water balance for mixing point

m 1 ω1 + m rc ω R =m3 ω3 ; m rc =m 3 −m 1
m 1 ( ω 1−ω R ) =m 3 ( ω3 −ω R )
m3 ( ω3 −ω R ) 4 . 894 ( 0 .0084−0 . 0094 )
m 1= = =1 .7136 kg/s
( ω1 −ω R ) ( 0 . 0064−0 .0094 )
m rc =m 3 −m 1=4 . 894−1. 7136=3 . 18 kg/s
Therefore:
Mass flow rates of outside fresh air =m1 =1 .714 kg/s
Mass flow rate of supply air=m3 =4 . 894 kg/s

c) Enthalpy and DBT of the air handled by the fan

This is at state 2. Doing energy balance for mixing process
m 1 h1 + mrc h R =m 2 h2 ;
m h + m rc h R 1 .714*26 . 5+3 .18*48
h2 = 1 1 = =40 . 5 kJ/kg
m2 4 . 894
This value for the enthalpy of the moist air at the exit, together with the previously
determined value for Humidity ratio of 0.0084 above fixes the state of the exiting
moist air. From the psychrometric chart,
0
T 2 =18 C

d) Required cooling capacity of the two cooler coils

Coil 1
QC,1=m1 ( h0 −h1 )=1 .714 (70−26 . 5 )=74 . 54 kW
Coil 2
Q C,2=m s ( h2 −h 3 ) =4 . 894 ( 40. 5−33 )=36 . 57 kW

***END***

Page 16 of 19
 SOME TABLES
i) Steam table (1)
ii) R-134a tables (Full table)
iii) Psychrometric chart (3)

Page 1 of 19