Professional Documents
Culture Documents
p = nkT, (2.7.1)
kT
D= (2.7.8)
6πµa
This formula, due to Einstein (1905) and Smoluchowski (1906), is valid if 2a is smaller
than the mean free path ` of air molecules. Otherwise Cunningham’s empirical correction is
needed, !
kT
D = Cc (2.7.9)
6πµa
where
` 1.1a
Cc = 1 + 1.257 + 0.4 exp − (2.7.10)
a `
is the correction factor.
For aerosol particles in air under normal temperature, the diffusivity is
As a rough order-estimate (Levich), we use Eistein’s formula for water at room temperature,
the Brownian diffusivity for colloidal particles is
0.55 × 10−13
D≈ (2.7.12)
a
In the following table taken from Seinfeld, p. 325, D and ν are compared. For gases, the
mean free path is typically ` = 10−5 ∼ 10−6 cm.
3
Figure 2.7.1: Left: A spherical shell. Right: Two spherical particles in collision.
Let us focus attention on a fixed particle. Consider a spherical shell from r to r + dr,
Figure 2.7.2-left. The rate of increase of particles inside the shell is
∂n
4πr 2 dr
∂t
which must be equal to the net influx through the two surfaces of the shell
!
∂ ∂n
− −4πr 2 D dr
∂r ∂r
thus,
!
∂n D ∂ ∂n
= 2 r2 (2.7.13)
∂t r ∂r ∂r
4
Assume that whenever two particles come into contact they stick to each other and become
one. Therefore the spherical surface of radius 2a concentric with the stationary particle acts
as a sink, on which n = 0, i.e.,
n=0 r = 2a (2.7.14)
n → n∞ r→∞ (2.7.15)
See Figure 2.7.2-right. The initial condition is
w = 1, x = 0, (2.7.21)
while
w = 0, x=∞ (2.7.22)
The initial condition is
w = 0, t = 0, x > 0 (2.7.23)
The solution, which can be obtained by the similarity method (see Appendix B), is:
s
√x
!
x 2
Z
2 Dt 2
w = 1 − erf √ =1− e−z dz (2.7.24)
2 Dt π 0
or, s
r−2a
n∞ − n(r, t) 2 √
Z
2 Dt 2
= 1− e−z dz
n∞ π 0
or s
r−2a
n 2a 2 Z 2√Dt −z 2
1− =1− 1− e dz
n∞ r π 0
5
Let us estimate D = 10−4 cm2 /sec, and 2a = 10−6 cm, then the time to steady state is
(2a)2
D
= 10−8 sec and is very short.
Each stationary particle will be hit by, hence coagulate with, 8πD a n∞ particles per
second. Since all particles are moving, the steady rate of collision (coagulation) must be
doubled, i.e., 16πDan∞ . As the consequence, the number density of particles. must decrease.
Each collision reduces the number of particles by 1. Hence
dn∞
= −16πaDn2∞ (2.7.28)
dt
Thus
dn∞ kT
= −16πaDn2∞ where D =
dt 6πµa
or
dn∞
= −16πaDdt
n2∞
which may integrated to
" #
1 1
− − = −16πaDT
n∞ n∞ (0)
Note that
16πakT 8 kT
16πaD = =
6πµa 3 µ
Finally,
n∞ (0) n∞ (0)
n∞ (t) = = (2.7.29)
1 + [16πaD]n∞ (0)t 1 + Ko n∞ (0)t
6
where
8 kT
Ko = 16πaD = (2.7.30)
3 µ
is the coagulation constant while
1
Tcoag = (2.7.31)
Ko n∞ (0)
is the coagulation time.
From Fuchs, Table 28, p 291.
How long does it take for n∞ (t) to drop to one-tenth of its initial value?
n∞ (0)
n∞
−1
t= (2.7.32)
Ko n∞ (0)
where
4 kT
K=
3 µ
It can be estimated that t 1 ∼ 125 sec, if 2a = 0.1µm, and T = 293◦ K.
10
∂w r 1 ∂n
=−
∂t 2a n∞ ∂t
" #
∂w ∂w/∂r ∂w 1 n∞ − n r 1 ∂n
= = 2a = 2a −
∂x ∂x/∂r ∂r 2a n∞ 2a n∞ ∂r
n∞ − n r ∂n
= −
n∞ n∞ ∂r
∂2w r ∂2n 2a 2 ∂n ∂ 2 n
" # " #
1 ∂n 1 ∂n
= 2a − − − =− r + 2
∂x2 n∞ ∂r n∞ ∂r n∞ ∂r 2 n∞ r ∂r ∂r
Substituting these results in (2.7.19), we get
∂ 2 n 2 ∂n
! !
∂n D ∂ ∂n
= D 0 (2a)2 + = 2 r2 (2.7.33)
∂t ∂r 2 r ∂r r ∂r ∂r
with
D = D 0 (2a)2
7
x = λ a x0 t = λ b t0 w = λc w 0
x λb/2 x x0
ξ= √ = √ = √
2 D0 t 2 D 0 λb 0 t 0 2 D 0 t0
satifies the requirement. From the boundary conditions,
x0 λ a = 0 λc w 0 = 1
and
2 dw
w 0 = ce−ξ =
dξ
Thus Z ∞ 2
w = −c e−z dz
z