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2-6oseen.tex
∇ · q~ = 0 (2.6.1)
a3 a3
! !
3a 3a
qy = W cos θ 1 + 3 − , qz = −W sin θ 1 − 3 − . (2.6.3)
2r 2r 4r 4r
In the far field r/a 1, the viscous stress is dominated by the last term
a3
!
2
∇ q~ = O 3 .
r
a2
!
∂~q
W ∼O 2 .
∂z r
In view of the increasing importance of inertia in the far field, Oseen suggests that the
linear approximation of the inertia term, which is of dominant importance in the far field,
and not in the near field, be added. Let ~q = W ~k + q~0 the Oseen equations are:
∇ · q~0 = 0 (2.6.4)
∂ q~0 ∇p
W =− + ν∇2 q~0 . (2.6.5)
∂z ρ
The added linear inertia term is of dominant importance in the far field and not in the near
field.
We shall demonstrate the Oseen approximation for the two-dimensional case of a circular
cylinder.
∇2 p = 0. (2.6.6)
Now the velocity can be expressed as the sum of a potential part ∇φ and a solenoidal part
q~00 , where
q~0 = ∇φ + q~00 (2.6.7)
It follows that
∇2 φ = 0 (2.6.8)
and vorticity is only associated with q~00 . Substituting Eq. () into Eq. () and setting
∂φ
p = p∞ = −ρW (2.6.9)
∂z
we get
∂ q~00
W = ν∇2 q~00 , (2.6.10)
∂z
which implies
∂ ζ~ ~
W = ν∇2 ζ, (2.6.11)
∂z
where ζ~ = ∇ × q~00 . To solve for q~00 let us introduce a vector potential ~kσ
ζ~ = ∇ × (~kσ). (2.6.12)
Now
∂σ ~ 2
∇ × ζ~ = ∇ × (∇ × ~kσ) = ∇(∇ · (~kσ)) − ~k∇2 σ = ∇ − k∇ σ.
∂z
3
W ∂ q~00 ∂σ ~ 2
− =∇ − k∇ σ. (2.6.13)
ν ∂z ∂z
Now (2.6.12) does not define σ uniquely. Let us impose a condition
∂σ
W = ν∇2 σ. (2.6.14)
∂z
Then we can integrate to get
W ~00 W~
− q = ∇σ − k σ, (2.6.15)
ν ν
hence,
ν
q~00 = ~k σ − ∇σ. (2.6.16)
W
In polar coordinates the velocity components are
ν ∂σ
qr00 = σ cos θ − (2.6.17)
W ∂r
ν 1 ∂σ
qθ00 = −σ sin θ − . (2.6.18)
W r ∂θ
The total disturbance is
∂φ ν ∂σ
qr0 = + σ cos θ − (2.6.19)
∂r W ∂r
1 ∂φ ν 1 ∂σ
qθ0 = − σ sin θ − . (2.6.20)
r ∂θ W r ∂θ
It is convenient to rearrange (2.6.14) by introducing
so that 2
W
∇2 σ̄ − σ̄ = 0, (2.6.22)
2ν
We now introduce dimensionless variables
φ = W a Φ, σ = W Σ, σ̄ = W Σ̄, ~
q~0 = W Q, r = aR. (2.6.23)
and
Wa
(∇2 − 2 )Φ = 0 = (2.6.25)
2ν
The velocity components are
∂Φ 1 ∂Φ
Qr = + σ cos θ −
∂R 2 ∂R
1 ∂Φ 1 1 ∂Φ
Qθ = − φ sin θ − . (2.6.26)
R ∂R 2 R ∂θ
The boundary conditions are
QR + cos θ = 0 R = 1 (2.6.27)
Qθ − sin θ = 0 R = 1. (2.6.28)
The general solution to (2.6.24) and (2.6.25) is
cos θ
Φ = A0 ln R + A1 (2.6.29)
R
and
σ = C0 K0 (R) (2.6.30)
We shall determine the coefficients A0 A1 and C0 approximately for small = Re/2.
On the cylinder R = 1, we use the approximation for R 1
1 R 2 R 2
K0 (R) ∼
= − σ + ln I0 (R) + +···
2 2 2
1 R
∼ − σ + ln
= + ... (2.6.31)
2 2
σ ∼
= C0 eR cos θ K0 (R)
∼ 1 R
= −C0 (1 + R cos θ + · · ·)(σ + ln + · · ·) (2.6.32)
2 2
Details of calculation for small R are given for convenience
∂Φ A0 A1
= − 2 cos θ
∂R R R
1 ∂Φ A1
=− sin θ |1
R ∂θ R
R
σ cos θ |1 ∼
= −C0 (1 + R cos θ + · · ·) σ + ln cos θ
2
R
∼
−σ sin θ |1 = +C0 (1 + R cos θ + · · ·) σ + ln sin θ
2
5
1 ∂σ ∼ 1 R
− = + C0 cos θ(1 + R cos θ) σ + ln +···
2 ∂R 2 2
1 1
+ Co (1 + R cos θ + · · ·) − +···
2 R
1 1 ∂σ ∼ 1 1
− = + C0 (−R sin θ)(1 + cos θ) σ + ln
2 R ∂θ 2 R 2
On the cyolinder R = 1 condition on the radial velocity requires that
R
QR = − cos θ = A0 − A1 cos θ − C0 (1 + R cos θ) σ + ln cos θ
2
1
− −C0 cos θ(1 + cos θ) σ + ln +···
2 2
1 1
− C0 (1 + R cos θ) − +···
2 R
Neglecting O( ln ) and equating coefficients of constant terms an cos θ separately,
C0
A0 + =0 (2.6.33)
2
1 C0
−A1 − 1 − C0 σ + ln + = −1 (2.6.34)
2 2 2
From the condition Qθ = sin θ, we get
C0
+A1 + 1 − σ + ln =0 (2.6.35)
2 2
The final results are :
−2
C0 = 1
. (2.6.36)
2
− σ + ln 2
1 1
A0 = + (2.6.37)
1
− σ + ln
2 2
and
1
2 1
A1 = = C0 (2.6.38)
1
− σ + ln 4
2 2
π −R(1−cos θ) Q0
r
QR = C 0 e +
2R R r
π A π −Y 2 /2X A0
r
∼ −Rθ 2 /2 0
= C0 e + = C0 e + . (2.6.43)
2X R 2X R
the wake is therefore parabolic in shape. In the far field, the potential part s emits fluid
isotropically as a source at the discharge rate (2πA0 ). On the other hand the rotational wake
is a fluid sink with the influx rate
√
Z ∞ r
π −Rθ2 /2 2C0 π Z ∞ −η2 πC0
2C0 e R dθ = e dη = = −2πA0 (2.6.44)
0 2R 0
in view of (2.6.33). Mass is conserved.