Universidad Nacional de Ingenierı́a

Facultad de Ingenierı́a Mecánica

DACBHCC Ciclo 2019−I

PRÁCTICA DIRIGIDA 2 DE ÁLGEBRA LINEAL

   
1 −1 −2 −2 −4 −2
 −2 −4 −2 1 −1   1 
1. Considere A =   y el vector b = 
 −2 −1 1 −2 −1 
.
 −2 
0 1 1 0 1 0

(a) Resuelva el sistema Ax = b.

(b) Determine Ker(A).

2. Let A be an m × n matrix. The nullspace of A is denoted by Ker(A) or N (A). The di-

mension of the nullspace of A is called the nullity of A. Prove that Ker(A) = Ker(AT A).
 
1 −1
3. Let A = . Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A4 − 3A3 +
2 3
3A3 − 2A + 8I.

4. Discutir la compatibilidad según los valores de a ∈ R, del sistema de ecuaciones lineales.

Determine la solución para los casos de compatibilidad:

−6x − 6y + (11 − a)z + 12 = 0

3x + (2 − a)y − 6z + 3 = 0
(2 − a)x + 3y − 6z + 21 = 0.

5. Sea el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones lineales:

2x1 − x2 − 3x4 − x5 = 2
−x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 + 2x5 = 3
x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 2x5 = 6
x2 + 2x3 + ax4 + x5 = b.

Para qué valores de a y b el sistema tendrá:

(a) Tenga solución única.

(b) Infinitas soluciones que dependen de 1 parámetro y 2 parámetros.
(c) No tenga solución.

6. En el sistema (A − C)x = B, donde:

A = F21 (1)F13 F12 F21 (1)F32 (1)F12 (1)F23 (1)F13 (1)F3 (b)F2 (a)F1 (a)I,

C = F21 (1)F13 F12 F21 (1)F32 (1)F12 (1)F23 (1)F13 (1)F3 (c)F2 (c)F1 (b)I,
B = (4a + 3b + 2c, 3a + 2b + c, 2a + 2b + c)T ,
I tiene orden 3. Para qué valores de a, b y c el sistema tendrá:
 (a) Solución única.
(b) Soluciones que dependen de un parámetro.
(c) Soluciones que dependen de dos parámetros.
(d) Soluciones que dependen de tres parámetros.
(e) Incompatible.

7. Determine los valores de a y b para que el sistema:

ax1 + 2x2 + 4x3 = 1

−x1 + ax2 + 3x3 = b
3x2 + 7x3 = 1
−2x1 + ax2 + 3x3 = b

(a) Tenga solución única.

(b) Tenga infinitas soluciones.
(c) No tenga solución.

8. Discutir la compatibilidad según los valores de a ∈ R, del sistema de ecuaciones:

ax + y + z = a2
x−y+z = 1
3x − y − z = 1
6x − y + z = 3a

9. Determine los valores a y b para que el sistema:

ax1 + bx2 + x3 = 1
x1 + abx2 + x3 = b
x1 + bx2 + ax3 = 1
ax1 + abx2 + (2 − a)x3 = b

(a) Tenga solución única.

(b) Tenga infinitas soluciones.
(c) No tenga solución.
 
3 −1 3 a 5
 5 −3 a 3 4 
10. Sea la matriz: C = F12 F3 (−1)F24 (3)F31 (−2)F23   . ¿Para qué va-
 1 −3 −5 0 −7 
7 −5 b 4 b
lores de a y b el rango de C tomará su máximo valor y su mı́nimo valor?

11. Para qué valores de a y b tiene solución el sistema siguiente:

ax1 + bx2 + 2x3 = 0

ax1 + (2b − 1)x2 + 3x3 = 0
ax1 + bx2 + (b + 3)x3 = 0
2x4 + 3x5 − x6 + 5x7 = 0
3x4 − x5 + 2x6 − 7x7 = 0
4x4 + x5 − 3x6 − 6x7 = 0
x4 − 2x5 + 4x6 − 7x7 = 0

2
12. Estudiar para los distintos valores de m la existencia de las soluciones del siguiente sistema
de ecuaciones:
x1 + x2 + x 3 = 5
2x1 − x2 + x3 = 2m
x1 − 2x2 = 3
−3x1 + 3x2 − x3 = m

13. Determinar la solución del sistema:

 
  x1  
2 1 1 1 ··· 1 1 1
 x2 
 −2 1 0 0 ··· 0 0   0 
  x3   
 0 −2 1 0 ··· 0 0   0 
  x4 =
  

 0 0 −2 1 ··· 0 0
 ..   0 

 .. ..
 .   .. 
 . .

 xn−1
 
 . 
0 0 0 0 ··· −2 1 0
xn

14. Let A, B and C be n × n matrices and I be the n × n identity matrix. Prove the following
statements:

(a) If A is similar to B, then B is similar to A.

(b) A is similar to itself.
(c) If A is similar to B and B is similar to C, then A is similar to C.
(d) If A is similar to the identity matrix I, then A = I.
(e) If A or B is nonsingular, then AB is similar to BA.
(f) If A is similar to B, then Ak is similar to B k for any positive integer k.
(g) If A is similar to B, then A and B have the same characteristic polynomial.
(h) If A is similar to B, then A and B have the same eigenvalues.
(i) If A is similar to B, then det(A) = det(B) and tr(A) = tr(B).

15. Determine if the following statements are true or false. In each case, give either a short
justification or example (as appropriate) to justify your conclusion.

(a) If A is a 4 × 4 matrix with characteristic polynomial λ(λ − 1)(λ + 1)(λ + e), then A
is diagonalizable.
(b) If A is invertible, then A is diagonalizable.
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix such that A3 = 0, then A = 0.
(d) If A is an n × n symmetric, then for all x, y ∈ Rn : (Ax)y = x(Ay).

16. Let A be an n × n matrix and let λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn be its eigenvalues. Show that:

n
Y n
X
(a) det(A) = λi . (b) tr(A) = λi .
i=1 i=1

17. Let A be a 3 × 3 real orthogonal matrix with det(A) = 1.

√
−1 + 3i
(a) If is one of the eigenvalues of A, then find the all the eigenvalues of A.
2

3
 (b) Let A100 = aA2 + bA + cI, where I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix. Using the Cayley-
Hamilton theorem, determine a, b, c.

18. Suppose that the 2 × 2 matrix A has eigenvalues 4 and −2. For each integer n ≥ 1, there
are real numbers bn , cn which satisfy the relation:

An = bn A + cn I,

where I is the identity matrix. Find bn and cn for 2 ≤ n ≤ 5, and then find a recursive
relationship to find bn , cn for every n ≥ 1.

19. Is the matrix A similar to the matrix B?, where:

       
1 2 3 0 −1 6 3 0
(a) A = ,B= . (c) A = ,B= .
0 3 1 2 −2 6 0 2
       
0 1 1 2 −1 6 1 2
(b) A = ,B= . (d) A = ,B= .
5 3 4 3 −2 6 −1 4
 
5 b −b
20. Sea la matriz A =  a −3 4  donde los valores propios de A satisfacen la ecuación:
a −1 2

λ3 − Bλ2 − 7λ + C = 0, B > 0, C > 0.

Para λ < 0 el vector propio asociado es v = t(1, 0, −1)T , t 6= 0.

(a) Hallar los valores propios de A.

(b) Hallar los valores propios y vectores propios de A−1 .
 
0 1 −1 1/2
 1 0 0 2 
21. Determine los valores propios de A10 si A =  −1
.
0 0 2 
1/2 2 −4 0

22. Let A = (aij ) be an n × n matrix. We say that A = (aij ) is a right stochastic matrix
if each entry aij is nonnegative and the sum of the entries of each row is 1. That is, we
have:
aij ≥ 0 and
ai1 + ai2 + . . . + ain = 1
for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n.
Let A = (aij ) be an n × n right stochastic matrix. Then show the following statements:

(a) The stochastic matrix A has an eigenvalue 1.

(b) The absolute value of any eigenvalue of the stochastic matrix A is less than or equal
to 1.

23. Let A and B be an n × n matrices. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of A are distinct and
the matrices A and B commute, that is AB = BA. Then prove that each eigenvector of
A is an eigenvector of B.

24. Let A be an n × n matrix and let be a complex number.

4
 (a) For each eigenvalue λ of A, prove that λ+c is an eigenvalue of the matrix A+cI, where
I is the identity matrix. What can you say about the eigenvectors corresponding to
λ + c?
(b) Prove that the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ of A is the same as the
algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ + c of A + cI are equal.

25. Let A and B be square matrices such that they commute each other: AB = BA. Assume
that A − B is a nilpotent matrix. Then prove that the eigenvalues of A and B are the
same.

26. Let A and B be n × n matrices. Suppose that these matrices have a common eigenvector
x. Show that det(AB − BA) = 0.

27. Let a and b be two distinct positive real numbers. Define matrices:
   
0 a 0 b
A= , B= .
a 0 b 0

Find all the pairs (λ, X), where λ is a real number and X is a non-zero real matrix
satisfying the relation
AX + XB = λX.

28. Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix:

 
3 9 9 9
 9 3 9 9 
A=  9 9 3 9 .


9 9 9 3

29. Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix:

 
6 2 2 2 2
 2 6 2 2 2 
 
A=  2 2 6 2 2  .
 2 2 2 6 2 
2 2 2 2 6

30. Determine todos los autovalores y autovectores de la matriz

 
10001 3 5 7 9 11
 1 10003 5 7 9 11 
 
 1 3 10005 7 9 11 
A=  1
.
 3 5 10007 9 11 

 1 3 5 7 10009 11 
1 3 5 7 9 10011

31. Let A be an n × n matrix with the characteristic polynomial:

p(t) = t3 (t − 1)2 (t − 2)5 (t + 2)4 .

Assume that the matrix A is diagonalizable.

(a) Find the size of the matrix A.

5
 (b) Find the dimension of the eigenspace E2 corresponding to eh eigenvalue λ = 2.

32. Diagonalize the matrix:  

4 −3 −3
A =  3 −2 −3  ,
−1 1 2
by finding a nonsingular matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that P −1 AP = D.
 
a −b
33. Consider the matrix A = , where a and b are real numbers and b 6= 0.
b a

(a) Find all eigenvalues of A.

(b) For each eigenvalue of A, determine the eigenspace Eλ .
(c) Diagonalize the matrix A by finding a nonsingular matrix S and a diagonal matrix
D such that S −1 AS = D.

34. Determine whether the matrices:

     
0 1 0 2 −1 −1 3 −6 0
(a) A =  −1 0 0 . (b) A =  −1 2 −1  . (c) A =  −6 0 6 .
0 0 2 −1 −1 2 0 6 −3

are diagonalizable. If it is diagonalizable, then find the invertible matrix S and a diagonal
matrix D such that S −1 AS = D.
 
1−a a
35. Let A = be a 2 × 2 matrix, where a is a complex number. Determine
−a 1 + a
the values of a such that the matrix A is diagonalizable.
   
1 3 3 2 4 3
36. Let A =  −3 −5 −3  y B =  −4 −6 −3 . For this problem, you may use
3 3 1 3 3 1
the fact both matrices have the same characteristic polynomial:

pA (λ) = pB (λ) = −(λ − 1)(λ + 2)2 .

(a) Find all eigenvectors of A.

(b) Find all eigenvectors of B.
(c) Which matrix A or B is diagonalizable?
(d) Diagonalize the matrix stated in (c), i. e., find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal
matrix D such that A = P DP −1 or B = P DP −1 .

37. For a real number 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, we define the real 3 × 3 matrix A by:

 
cos(θ) −sen(θ) 0
A =  sen(θ) cos(θ) 0 .
0 0 1

(a) Find the determinant of the matrix A.

(b) Show that A is an orthogonal matrix.
(c) Find the eigenvalues of A.

6
  
2 2 −1
38. Let A =  1 3 −1 . If A is diagonalizable, find a diagonal matrix D that is
−1 −2 2
similar to A.
 
1 −2 2
39. Orthogonally diagonalze A =  −2 4 −4 .
2 −4 4
 
5 −2
40. Complex eigenvalues. Let A = .
1 3

(a) Compute the eigenvalues of A.

(b) Find a diagonal matrix D and an invertible matrix P that satisfy A = P DP −1 .
 
0 1
41. Prove the matrix A = . is diagonalizable. Prove, however, that A cannot be
−1 0
diagonalized by a real nonsingular matrix. That is, there is no real nonsingular matrix S
such that S −1 AS is a diagonal matrix.

42. True or False. Jusfification is necessary for each statement.

 
0 1
(a) If the matrix A2 is diagonalizable, then A is diagonalizable. Hint: A = .
0 0
 
2 −3
(b) Similar matrices have the same eigenvectors. Hint: A = .
2 −5
(c) If A is similar to B, then A2 is similar to B 2 .
(d) Let A be a 4 × 4 matrix with three distinct eigenvalues. If one of the eigenspaces is
two dimensional, then A is diagonalizable.
(e) There exists a 5 × 5 matrix with no real eigenvalues.
(f) An
 √ orthogonal
√ matrix is orthogonally diagonalizable. Hint: Q =
1/√2 −1/√ 2
.
1/ 2 1/ 2
 A hasonly the eigenvalues 1 and −1, then A is an orthogonal matrix.
(g) If a real matrix
1 2
Hint: A = .
0 −1

43. Let {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } be an orthonormal basis for Rn , and let λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn be any real
scalars. Define A to be the n × n matrix: A = λ1 u1 uT1 + . . . + λn un uTn .

(a) Show that A is symmetric.

(b) Show that λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn are eigenvalues of A.
 
3 −2 4
44. Let A =  −2 6 2 .
4 2 3

(a) Find the eigenvectors for A. Hint: One of the eigenvalues of A is 7.

(b) Orthogonally diagonalize.

7
  
6 −3 −3
45. Let A =  −3 6 −3 .
−3 −3 6
(a) Find the eigenvectors for A. Hint: One of the eigenvalues of A is 9.
(b) Find an orthogonal matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A = P DP T .
(c) Find a symmetric matrix B such that B 2 = A.
 
1 0 0
46. For which real numbers a, b, c is the matrix A =  a 17 0  diagonalizable?
b c 1
47. If possible, 
diagonalize the matrix
 and find an orthogonal basis in which it has diagonal
−1 2 2
form: A =  2 −1 2  .
2 2 −1
 
0 0 1
48. Let A =  1 0 0 .
0 1 0
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial and all the eigenvalues (real and complex) of A.
Is A diagonalizable over the complex numbers?
(b) Calculate A2019 .
49. For each of the matrices below:
     
0 1 1 2 −9 1 0 1
(b) B = .
(a) A =  1 0 1 . 0 −1 (c) E =  0 1 0 
1 1 0 0 0 1

(a) determine whether it is diagonalizable.

(b) determine whether it is orthogonally diagonalizable.
(c) if it is diagonalizable, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that
A = P DP −1 . If the matrix is orthogonally diagonalizable, then try to find such a P
which is a diagonal matrix.

50. Let A be an m × n matrix such that AT A is invertible. Show that the columns of A are
linearly independent. Be careful, A may not be a square matrix.
51. Let −1 and 1 be eigenvalues of a matrix A. Suppose u1 and u2 are linearly independent
eigenvectors of A corresponding to ?1, and suppose w1 and w2 are linearly independent
eigenvectors of A corresponding to 1. Show that {u1 , u2 , w1 , w2 } is a linearly independent
set.
52. Let A and B be n × n matrices. Suppose that A and B have the same eigenvalues
λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn with the same corresponding eigenvectors x1 , x2 , . . . , xn . Prove that if the
eigenvectors x1 , . . . , xn are linearly independent, then A = B.

El profesor1
Lima, 19 de Abril del 2019.

1
Hecho en LATEX