ASSIGNMENT

MADE BY: NAJWA

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

MAIN FOCUSES
1- Germanic group of languages with
focus on English
2- Indo- Iranian group of languages with
focus on the Dardic languages of Gilgit-
Baltistan

1- Germanic group of Languages with focus on English

English is developed from Proto-Germanic it is a West Germanic language and
became global Lingua franca. The most widely spoken Germanic
language, English, is the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2
billion speakers All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic, spoken
in Iron Age Scandinavia.
English vocabulary is highly influenced by Romance languages (Latin and
languages that have developed from Latin like French, Spanish, Latin, Italian, etc.)
English vocabulary is 26% Germanic, 29% French and 29% Latin together 58%
Romance another 6% from Greek and 6% others and 4% derived from names.
German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language after English.
Germanic languages is divided into three groups.
First one is West Germanic, including English, German, and Netherlandic, North
Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Faroese; and East
Germanic, now extinct, comprising only Gothic and the languages of the Vandals,
Burgundians, and a few other tribes. There are startling points of similarities
between these two languages. The West Germanic languages include the three
most widely spoken Germanic languages: English with around 360–400 million
native speakers. German, with over 100 million native speakers and Dutch, with
24 million native speakers.
EXAMPLES: -
Man man
 Maus mouse
Singen sing
Gast guest

2- Indo-Iranian group of languages with focus on the

Dardic languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
Iranian languages constitute a branch of the Indo-European language family. They
are spoken over a wide area of the Middle East. The languages are called Iranian
because the largest members of the branch have been spoken on the Iranian
plateau since ancient times. The original location of the Indo-Iranian group was
probably to the north of modern Afghanistan, east of the Caspian Sea, in the area
that is now Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, where Iranian languages are
still spoken.
The Dardic languages are a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages are natively
spoken in Northern Pakistan's Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Northern India's Jammu and Kashmir and Eastern Afghanistan.
Kashmiri is the most prominent Dardic language, with an established literary
tradition and official recognition as one of the official languages of India. Shina is a
language from the Dardic sub-group of the Indo-Aryan family spoken by the Shina
people. The number of the people in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, as well as
in Jammu and Kashmir, India such as in Dah Hanu, Gurez and Dras. Kashmiri is the
only Dardic language that has been used extensively for literary purposes. Except
for Shina, the languages of the Eastern subgroup have been radically changed by
the influence of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken farther south. The Dardic
languages differ from the other Indo-Iranian languages in their sound systems and
in the preservation of a number of words lost in India and Iran.
NGLISH LANGUAGE