526 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 527

Problem 12.4. Determine: (i) slope at the left support, (ii) deflection under the load and I+-- x ~ ~ w/Unit length _
(iii) maximum deflection of a simply supported beam of length 5 rn, which is carrying a point
A' j i B
load of 5 kN at a distance of 3 m from the left end. Take E :::: 2 x 105 Nlmm 2 and I :::: 1 x 108 mm4 _
Sol. Given:
Length, L=5m=5000mm
~~~:--~~-----~----------~~=J
A 2 8--2-
Point load, W=5kN=5000N
Distance between point load and left end, Fig. 12.6
a=3m=3000mm wxL
b =L-a = 5- 3 = 2 m= 2000 mm R A =R B =-2-
Value of E :::: 2 X 10 5 N/mm 2 Consider a section X at a distance x fromA. The bending moment at this section is given
M.O.I., 1= 1 X 10 8 mm 4 by,
Let 6A = Slope at the left support, x w.L w.x 2
Y c = Deflection under the load, and Mx =RA xx - W xx x '2 = -2-' x - -2-
Y max = Maximum deflection. But B.M. at any section is als'o given by equation (12.3), as
(i) Using equation (12.9), we get 2
W.a.b M=EI d :;
9A =- 6EI.L (a+2b) dx
Equating the two values of B.M., we get
5000 x 3000 x 2000 x (3000 + 2 x 2000) (radians) 2 2
6 x 2 x 10 5 x 10 8 x 5000 EI d y = w.L x _ w.x
= - 0.00035 radians. Ans. dx 2 2 2
Negative sign means that the angle made by tangent at A is anti-clockwise. Integrating the above equation, we get
2 3
(ii) The deflection under the load is given by equation (12.11), as EI dy = w. L . x _!!!... x ... (i)
2 2 dx 2 2 2 3" + C,
Wa .b
Yo = 3EIL where C l is a constant ofintegraiion.
Integrating the above equation again, we get
5000 x 3000 2 x 2000 2
5 8
3 x 2 x 10 x 10 x 5000
= 0.6 mm. Ans. w.L x 3 w x4
El.y= - - . - - - . - + C x + C ... (ii)
(iii) The maximum deflection is given by equation (12.10), as 4 3 6 4 ' 2
where C2 is another constant of integration. Thus two constants of integration (i.e., C t and C 2 )
W.b <) 3/2 are obtained from boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are:
Y m ",· = In EI (W + 2ab)
- 9,3 .L en atx = O,y = 0 and (ii) atx =L,y = 0
= 5000 x 2000 (30002 + 2 x 3000 X 2000)312 Substituting first boundary condition i.e., x = 0, y = 0 in equation (ii), we get
9x J3 x 2 x 10 5 x 108 x 5000 o = 0 - 0 + 0 + C2 or C2 = 0
1 Substituting the second boundary condition i.e., at x = L, y = 0 in equation (ii), we get
- (9000000 + 12000000)'12
- 9 x fax 10 10
= 0.6173 mm. Ans. 0= w. L . L3
4 3
_!!!...
6 4
L4 +C
1 . L (C 2 is already zero)
4 4
12.6. DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH A UNIFORMLY DIS- = w.L w.L +C.L
_
TRIBUTED LOAD 12 24 '
A simply supported beam AB of length L and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w wL3 wL3 wL3
or C =- --+--~---
per unit length over the entire length is shown in Fig. 12.6. The reactions at A and,B will be , 12 24 24
wxL Substituting the value of C t in equations (i) and (ii), we get
equal. Also the maximum deflection will be at the centre. Each vertical reaction = - 2 - .
... (iii)
528 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 529

3 Negative sign indicates that deflection is downwards.

w .L X3 w 4 (" WL )
and El.y= 12 - 24' x + -2"4 x+9 (... C, = 0) Downward deflection,
3 5 WL3
or EI w. L 3 W 4 wL ... (iv) Yc = 384· EI ...(12.14)
Y=12 X
24 X
-24 X
Problem 12.5. A beam of uniform rectangular section 200 mm wide and 300 mm deep is
The equation (iii) is known as slope equation. We can find the slope (i. e., the value of ::) simply supported at its ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of 9 kNlm run over the
entire span of 5 m. [fthe value of E for the beam material is 1 x 104 Nlmm 2 , find:
at any point on the beam by substituting the different values of x in this equation. (i) the slope at the supports and (ii) maximum deflection.
is
The equation (iu) known as deflection equation. We can find the deflection (i.e., the Sol. Given:
value of y) at any point on the beam by substituting the different values of x in this equation. Width, b=200mm
Slope at the supports Depth. d=300mm

Let 8 = Slope at support A. This is equal to (ddxY)

A
atA
M.O.l.,
bd 3 200 x 300 3
I = --
12 12
= 4.5 X 10 8 mm 4

w = 9 kNim = 9000 N/m

B= (ddxY)
U.d.l..
and 88 = Slop at support Span, L = 5 m = 5000 mm
atB
.'. Total load, W = w. L* = 9000 x 5 = 45000 N
dy Value of E= 1 x l04N/mm2
At A, x=O and dx =9A"
Let 8A = Slope at the support
Substituting these values in equation (iii), we get and Yc = Maximum deflection.
wL w wL3 (i) Using equation (12.12), we get
EL8 A = - x 0 - - x 0---
4 6 24 S =_ W.L2
3 2
= wL =_ WL A 24EI
(.: w. L = W = Total load)
24 24 45000 X 5000 2
_--,,,"~:c..::.::.:~,-~ radians
WL' 24 x 1 x 10 4 x 4.5 x 10 8
SA =- 24EI ... (12.12)
= 0.0104 radians. Ans.
(Negative sign means that tangent at A makes an angle with AB in the anti-clockwise (ii) Using equation (12.14), we get
direction)
5 W.L'
lVL2
By symmetry, S ----. ... (12.13) Yc= 384·-m
B - 24EI
5 45000 x 5000 3
Max;imum Deflection
= 384 x 1 x 10 4 x 4.5 x 10 8
The maximum deflection is at the centre of the beam i.e., at pointC, where x ;::: ~. Letyc = 16.27 mm. Ans.
Problem 12.6. A beam of length 5 111 and of uniform rectangular section is simply
;::: deflection at C which is also maximum deflection. Substituting y = Yc and x = L2 in the
supported at its ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of 9 kNlm run over the entire
length. Calculate the width and depth of the beam ifpermissible bending stress is 7 Nlmm 2 and
equation (iv), we get central deflection is not to exceed 1 em.
Take E for beam material = 1 x 104 Nlmm2 .
Sol. Given:
Length, L=5m=5000mm
W.L4 wL4 wL4 5w.L4
--------~---- U.d.l., w = 9 kNlm
96 384 48 384
5 wL' 5 lV.L3
Yc = - 384· EI ~ - 384 .----p;J (-: w.L = lV = Total load) *Here L should be taken in metre. Hence for calculating total load, L must be in metre and in
other calculations L is taken in mm.
53G STRENGTH OF MATERIALS'
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 531
Total load, W = w.L = 9 x 5 = 45 kN = 45000 N
Problem 12.7. A beam of length 5 m and of uniform rectangular section is supported at
Bending stress, (= 7 Nlmm 2 its ends and carries uniformly distributed load over the entire length. Calculate the depth of the
Central deflection, Yc=lcm=10mm section if the maximum permissible bending stress is 8 Nlmm 2 and central deflection is not to
Value of E ::::: 1 X 10 4 N/mm 2 exceed 10 mm.
Let b = Width of beam is mm Take the value of E = 1.2 x 104 Nlmm2 .
and d = Depth of beam in mm Sol. Given:
bd 3 Length, L=5m=5000mm
M.O.!', I=- Bending stress, f= 8N/mm2
12
Using equation (12.14), we get Central deflection, Yc = 10 mm
5 W.L' Value of E = 1.2 x 10 4 N/mm 2
Yc= 384'E! Let w = Totalload
5 45000 x 5000' and d = Depth of beam
or The maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly dis-
10= 384 x ,(bd 3 )
Ix 10 x - - tributed load is given by,
12
M= w.L2 ~ W.L (.: W = w.L) ... (i)
~_ x 45000 x 5000 3 x 12
3 _ 8 8
or
bd - 384 1 x 10 4 x 10 Now using the bending equation,
= 878.906 X 10 7 mm4 ... (i) M~L
The maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly dis- I y
tributed load is given by,
{xl 8xI
M= w.L2 ~ W.L
or M = -y- ~ (dI2)
(.: W = w.L =Total load)
8 8 161
45000 x 5 45000 x 5 M=d ... (ii)
8 Nm= 8 x lOOONmm
Equating the two values ofB.M., we get
~ 28125000 Nmm
W.L 161
Now using the bending equation as ---~-

8 d
M ~L W = 16 x 81 ~ 1281
or ... (iii)
I Y Lxd Lxd
Now using equation (12.14), we get
or 28125000 7
(" Herey~%)
(~~3) ~ (%) 5 WL'
Yc= 384 x EI
28125000 x 12 14 5 1281 L' 128I)
or
bd' d or 10 ~ 384 x L x d x EI ( ': yc=lOmmandW=--
Lxd
28125000 x 12
or bd 2 = = 24107142 3 5 128 x L2
14 . '85 mm ... (ii) x
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we get =384 dxE
7 5 128xL2 5 128 X 5000 2
.8'C38
c,:-.9,:-0:,6--cx",1,:-°7 = 364.58 mm. Ans.
10=-xC'
d = -c or -384 x -c
24107142.85
d = 384 x 10 x E 1c'2-'-x.':1':.OT4
Substituting this value of'd' in equation (ii), we get = 347.2 mm = 34.72 em. Ans.
b x (364.58)2 ~ 24107142.85
12,7. MACAULAY'S METHOD
b = 24107142.85 = 181.36 mm. Ans.
The procedure of finding slope and deflection for a simply supported beam with an
364.58 2
eccentric point load as mentioned in Art. 12.5, is a very laborious. There is a convenient method
for determining the deflections of the beam subjected to point loads.
532 STRENGTH OF MATER!ALS DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 533

This method was devised by Mr. M.H. Macaulay and is known as Macaulay's method. where C l is a constant of integration. This constant of integration should be written after the
This method mainly consists in the special manner in which the bending moment at any sec- first terrr.. Also the brachets are to be integrated as a whole. Hence the integmtion of (x - a) will
tion is expressed and in the manner in which the integrations are carried out. (x _ a)2 X2
12.7.1. Deflection ofa Simply Supported Beam with an Eccentric Point Load. A be - - - and not ~ - ax .
simply supported beam AB of length L and carrying a point load W at a distance 'a' from left 2 2
support and at a distance 'b' from right support is shown in Fig. 12.7. The reactions atA and B Integrating equation (iu) once again, we get
are given by, EI W.b x' C w (x _ a)3
,,----
y = 2L '3 + + C2 ... (v)
W.a IX
2 3
andR--~
B- L

r.
where C 2 is another constant of integration. This constant is written after Ctx. The integration

~I'----~ a -----':~i+'-- b ----->I of (x - a)2 will be (x; a This type of integration is justified as the constant of integrations
C t and C 2 are valid for all values of x.
The values of Cl and C2 are obtained from t>oundary conditions. The two boundary con-
dit.ions are:
(i)Atx = O,y = 0 and (ii)Atx =L,y = 0
(i) At A, x = 0 andy = O. Substituting these values in equation (v) upto dotted line only,
Fig. 12.7
we get
The bending moment at any section between A and C at a distance x from A is given by, O=O+O+C2
W.b C,= 0
M=Rxx=-~xx
"A L (ii) At B, x = Land y = O. Substituting these values in equation (u), we get
The above equation ofB.M. holds good for the values ofx between 0 and 'a'. The B.M. at W.b L' W (L _ a)3
any section between C and B at a distance x from A is given by, O=-~.-+C xL+O-----·-
2L 3 1 2 3
Mx = RA·x - W x (x - a) C'; C2 = O. Here complete Eq. (u) is to be taken)
W.b
= L .x- W(x-a)
2
'"' .b.L + C x LW b'
--- (-.- L-a=b)
6 1 2 3
The above equation of B.M. holds good for all values of x between x = a and x = b.
The B.M. for all sections of the beam can be expressed in a single equation written as C xL= W .b'- W.b.L' ~_ W.b (L'-b2)
1 6 6 6
W.b
M =-~x - W (x - a) ... (i) C =_
W.b (L'- b2) ... (vi)
" L 6L 1

Stop at the dotted line for any point in section AC. But for any point in section CB, add Substituting the value of C t in equation (iv), we get
the expression beyond the dotted line also.
The B.M. at any section is also given by equation (12.3) as
EI dy
dx
~ W.b x'
L 2
+[_ W.b(L'
6L
_b2)] '"'ex - a)2
2
d'y W(x _ a)2
M=EI-, ... (ii)
dx ------~ ... (vii)
2
Hence equating (i) and (ii), we get
The equation (vii) gives the slope at any point in the beam. Slope is maximum at A or B.
2
EI d y ~ W.b. x '. _ W(x- a) ... (iii) To find the slope at A, substitute x = 0 in the above equation upto dotted line as point A lies in
dx' L AC.
Integrating the above equation, we get W.b Wb
EIa = -~ x 0 - - (L'- b')
. A 2L 6L
EI dy ~ W.b :C2 + C W(x _ a)'
... (iv)
dx L 1 2 =_ Wb (L'- b2)
6L
Wb
a = _ -~ (L' - b2 ) (as given before)
A 6EIL
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 535
534

Substituting the values of C 1 and C2 in equation (u), we get Sol. Given:

1= 85 X 10 5 mm 4 ; E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2
W. b Wb (L2 b2)]
3 [ 0 _ W (x _ a)3 (v;;;) First calculate the reactions R A and R w
Ely = 6£ . x + - 6L - x + 6 ." ~~~
Taking moments about A, we get
The equation (viii) gives the deflection at any point in the beam. ~o find the defle~tiony c RB x 6 = 48 x 1 + 40 x 3 = 168
under the load, substitute x = a in equation (viii) and consider the equatlOn upto dotted lme (as
168
point C lies in AC). Hence, we get .. R B = 6 =28kN
Ely _ W.b a3_ W .b (L'- b2)a = W.b . a (a'-L' + b') RA = Total load - RB = (48 + 40) - 28 = 60 kN
,- 6L· 6L 6L
=_ W.a.b (L'-a'-b')
r kN

1: 0kN

r
6L
A

Em~
=_ W.a.b [(a+b)'-a'-b'] (.: L=a+b)
6L
<- 3m ~

=_ W~~.b [a 2 +b 2 +2ab-a2 -b 2 ]
R,
6m •
R,
=_W.a.b [2ab]=- Wa'.b' Fig. 12.8
6L 3L
2 2
Consider the section X in the last part of the beam (i.e., in length DB) at a distance x
Wa .b ... (same as before) from the left support A. The B.M. at this section·is given by,
y,=- 3ElL
2
Note. While using Macaulay's Method, the section x is to be taken in the last portion of the d y: :
El - 2 = RA.x , - 48(x - 1) , - 40(x - 3)
beam. dx . •

Problem 12.8. A beam of length 6 m is simply supported at its ends and carries a point =60x
loa'd of 40 kN at a distance of 4 m from the left support. Find the deflection under the load c: nd ., -48(x-1) ., -40(x-3)
maximum deflection. Also calculate the point at which maximum deflection takes place. Gwen Integrating the above equation, we get
M.O.I. of beam = 7.33 x 10 7 mm 4 and E =2 X 105 Nlmm 2 . Eldy~60x' +C . _ 48 (x _1)2 , (x _ 3)'
, -40---
Sol. Given: dx 2 ' , 2 . 2
Length, L = 6 m = 6000 mm
= 30x 2 + Cl ~ - 24(x - 1)2 - 20(x - 3)' ... (i)
Point load. W = 40 kN = 40,000 N
Distance of point load from left support, a = 4 m = 4000 mm Integrating the above equation again, we get
b =L~a= 6~4= 2m= 2000mm 30x 3 _ 24(x _ 1)3 - 20(x _ 3)3
Ely = - - + C,x + C?
Let y c = Deflection under the load 3 - 3 3
Ymax = Maximum deflection 20
= lax 3 + Crt" + C2 :' - 3l'
S(x - 1) 3 - -(x -
... (ii)
3
W.a 2 .b 2 To find the values of C I and C2 , use two boundary conditions. The boundary conditions
Using equation Y , =-
3ElL are:
40000 x 4000' X 2000 2 (i) atx = O.y = O. and (ii) atx = 6 m,y = O.
Y c =- 3x 2x 10 5 x 7.33 x 10 7 x 6000 (i) Substituting the first boundary condition i.e., at x = 0, y = a
in equation (ii) and
= - 9.7 mm. Ans. considering the equation upto first dotted line (asx = 0 lies in the first part of the beam), we get
Problem 12.9. A beam of length 6 m is simply supported at its ends cmd carries two o = 0 + 0 + C, C, = 0
point loads of 48 kN and 40 kN at a distance of 1 m and 3 m respectively from the left support. (ii) Substituting the second boundary condition i.e., at x=:6 m, Y = 0 in equation (ii) and
Find: considering the complete equation (as x = 6 lies in the last part of the beam), we get
(i) deflection under each load, 20
(ii) maximum deflection, and 0= 10 x 6 3 + C, x 6 + 0 - 8(6 - 1)3 - -3 (6 - 3)3 (.: C, = 0)
(iii) the point at which maximum defiection occurs. 20
or 0= 2160 + 6C I - 8 X 53 - ~ X 3 3
Given E = 2 X 105 Nlmm 2 and 1=85 x 106 mm4. 3
= 2160 + 6C, - 1000 - 180 = 980 + 6C,