SOCIAL

ORGANIZATIONS:
GROUPS
SOCIAL GROUPS AND
ORGANIZATIONS
 What is
Organization?
is a state of being
or a condition in
which various
institutions in
society are
functioning by
their recognized or
implied purposes
(Elliott and Merrill,
1950)
 Social
Organization or
Social System
refers to the
interdependence
of parts in
groups. These
groups may
differ in size and
nature.
GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY
 Primary vs. Secondary
- A primary group is characterized by
personal and lasting relationships with its
members.

- Relationships and attachments organized

in this group are permanent as one's
identity, lifestyle, and stories are tied to this
group.

Example: Nuclear Family , A group of close

friends
 Strong Personal
sense of Face to face
and intimate
loyalty interaction
relationship

Personal Characteristics of
and intimate Primary Group Small in size
relationship

Traditional/
Informal non-traditional
decision
making
 Primary vs. Secondary
- Secondary groups are formal, small
or large, and usually short term. These
groups are typically found at work and
school.

Example: classroom and work

environment, political party
 Short
Limited &
term and
Small or large formal
task
relationship
oriented

Indirect Characteristics of
communica Secondary Group Self interest
tion

Rational &
Formal reason based
decision
DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS
OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 Power Elite
is run by a small group
representing the
wealthiest, most powerful,
and most influential
people in government,
business, and the military.

Example:
A generous business
person may make
substantial contributions to
a political candidate.
 Voluntary
Associations
are groups that people
choose to join, wherein
members are united by
the pursuit of a common
goal.

Example:
a parent-teacher
association at a particular
school
 Formal
Organizations
are secondary groups
organized to achieve specific
goals. Legal organizations
tend to be larger and more
impersonal than voluntary
associations.

Example:
A corporation is usually a
formal organization. The
very specific goal of most
companies is to increase
profits.
 Bureaucracy
is a type of formal
organization in which a
rational approach is
used to handle large
tasks. The bureaucratic
organization is highly
organized with a high
degree of formality in
the way it operates.

Examples:
colleges and universities
 In-Group vs. Out-Group
in-group is an exclusive social group formed out
of shared interest and identity. This is the “we”
group in society from which people’s loyalty is
bestowed upon. This type of group satisfies the old
saying "birds of the same feather flock together.’'

Example:
Friendship groups, families, and religious groups

out-group, on the other hand, is a social group

associated with competition or opposition as its
nature is different from one’s own.
 Perceived
Political outlook
group
differences

Culture or way
Gender of living

Physical
Social status features
In-group favoritism happens when a person
favors or offers special treatment to in-group
members over out-group members. This activity
may disregard merit and result to serious social
situations such as corruption, crime, and padrino
system

Out-group homogeneity is the tendency of a

person to classify those people who are not in
their in-group as being similar to one another. In
short, people overgeneralize and label out-
groups in a negative manner.
REFERENCE GROUPS
 Reference
Groups
are groups that serve
as our standards in
setting and evaluating
our own behaviors
and attitudes.
 Normative
reference groups
When reference
groups serve a
purpose of setting
your norms and values

These groups directly

influence the behavior
of a person, serving as
a role model, standard,
or base point.
 Comparative
reference groups
norms and values serve as
points of comparison for
certain behaviors.

Example:
Teenagers look up to models
as reference for body figures

Student compare his score

from the class best
students, to check whether
he do well in exams
 Group Influences
Aspirational reference groups refers to people or groups
of people with whom we want to be compared with.
Product advertisers and celebrities like athletes, movie
stars, or talk show hosts are fine examples of this
reference group.

Associative reference groups refer to groups where we

belong and take part in. These people include our
neighbors, coworkers, club members, or church members.

Dissociative reference groups refers to groups that

people have no interest in being associated with. This
group of people includes those with whom we share
conflicts in interest, attitude, or behavior.
 Social Group
A social group is a
team of two or more
individuals that are
dependent on one
another. Its
organization rests
on the purpose of
working and
achieving the goals
of society.
 Social Networks
A social network is a
social structure
comprised of
individuals joined by a
certain pattern of links
or relations. Social
networks are indicative
of a person or an
organization's
relationships as either
casual and informal or
personal and intimate.
 Ties and Nodes
Components of a network
A. Ties - are the links or
connections that bind individuals
or organization together
B. Nodes - a person or
organization playing a part in a
network