In political organizations, a

leadership that is recognized by the

majority of its people is crucial for it
to be effective. If you are to choose
a leader who will represent and
lead your organization, how would
you want this leader to be chosen
or selected?
POLITICAL
AND LEADERSHIP
STRUCTURES
 What are the political and
leadership structures in society
and how important are these
structures in the human society?
POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
It is any entity that is involved in the
political process
Includes political institutions, political
parties and political groups
Engaged on political activities aimed at
achieving clearly defined political goals,
which improve the political system that
benefits the interest of their members
 FOUR PRINCIPAL TYPES OF
POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States

Principal Types of Political Organizations
Composed of fairly small and nomadic
group of people
The local group or community is the largest
group that acts as a political unit
Typically small with less than a hundred
BANDS people but occupies a large territory
A formal and permanent leader typically
does not exist.
Each band may have a headman

Leadership stems not for power but from

influence
Principal Types of Political Organizations
They are distinct people, dependent on their land
for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient,
and integrated into the national society

Used to refer to the whole society but does not

permit the entire society to act as a unit, all the
communities in a tribal society may be linked only
TRIBES occasionally for some political purpose

Multilocal Integration

Egalitarian ( same with Bands)

Also have an informal leadership

Principal Types of Political Organizations
A form of a hierarchical political
organization in nonindustrial societies
usually based on kinship
Formal leadership is monopolized by the
legitimate senior members of select families or
‘houses’.
CHIEFDOM The ‘Chief’ is present to lead the chiefdom.
The position of being the leader is
sometimes hereditary and permanent
The Chief’s job is to distribute the goods,
supervise religious ceremonies, and direct military
activities
Principal Types of Political Organizations
An autonomous political unit, encompassing
many communities within its territory

Have a central government with the power

to collect taxes, draft men to work or war,
STATE and decree and enforce laws
A compulsory political organization with a
centralized government that maintains a
monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a
certain territory. [Max Weber]
Some political theories of State Function:
*Anarchy * Classless Society *Pluralism
 The state is inherently
an instrument of
Views society as a domination and
collection of individuals repression, no matter
and groups, who are Anarchy who is in control of it
competing for political
power. Then, view state as
a neutral body that simply
enacts the will of
whichever groups
dominate the electoral
process
Political Every members of
the state have equal
Theories of access to everything
State
Function
Classless
Pluralism
Society
 Type of Highest Level Specializatio Predominant Community Social Form of
Organization of Political n of Political mode of Size Differentiation Distribution
Integration Officials Subsistence
Band Local Group Little or Food Very Small Egalitarian Mostly
None Collecting Reciprocity
Tribe Sometimes Little or Extensive Small Egalitarian Mostly
Multilocal None agriculture Reciprocity
Group and/or
herding
Chiefdom Multilocal Some Extensive Large Rank Reciprocity
Group agriculture Communiti and
and/or es Distribution
herding
State Multilocal Much Intensive Cities and Class and Mostly
Group, often agriculture Towns Caste market
entire and/or exchange
language herding
group
 AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY
Authority is a person or organization having power or
control in a particular, typically political or administrative,
sphere. Having authority means the power or right to give
orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULE(AUTHORITIES)

(ACCORDING TO MAX WEBER)
1. Traditional Authority
2. Charismatic Authority
3. Rational Authority
THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULE(AUTHORITIES

TRADITIONAL CHARISMATIC RATIONAL

AUTHORITY AUTHORITY AUTHORITY
• Derives from long- • Leader claims that his • Depends its
established authority is derived legitimacy on
customs, habits from a ‘higher power’ formal rules and
or inspiration, that is
and social superior to both the established laws
structures validity of traditional of the state,
• Power passes and rational-legal which are usually
from one authority and written down and
followers accept this are often very
generation to and are willing to
another follow this higher or complex
• The legitimacy or inspired authority • The power of this
the authority • Charisma of the kind is mentioned
individual or the in the constitution.
comes from the individual plays an
tradition important role
FORMS OF LEGITIMIZING GOVERNMENT
Assessing the political legitimacy of a government can be
done by looking at three different aspects of which a
government can derive legitimacy from:
1. Output Legitimacy
- The effectiveness of policy outcomes for people
2. Input Legitimacy
- The responsiveness to citizen concerns as a result of
participation by the people
3. Who analyzes Legitimacy
- The governance processes that happen in between
input and output
Below are examples on how legitimate governments are received or
accepted by its people
Democracy
• Government legitimacy is derived from the popular perception that the
elected government abides by democratic principles in governing, and thus is
legally accountable to its people

Communism
• The legitimacy is derived from having won a civil war, a revolution, or from having
an election

Constitutionalism
• The legitimacy is derived from popular belied and acceptance that the actions
of the government are legitimate because they abide by the law codified in the
political constitution
Monarchy
• Establishes the political legitimacy of the rule of the monarch; legitimacy derives
from the popular perception (tradition and custom) and acceptance of the
monarch as the righter ruler of nation and country