Presentation Hydraulic Works PDF

Hydraulic Works
Webinar Session
10:35am – 12:00pm
Kyle Poolman
Commercial Engineer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 HYDRAULIC WORKS – BASIC PRINCIPLES
3 HYDRAULIC WORKS – APPLICATIONS
4 CONCLUSIONS
5 CASE HISTORY
Part 1:
Gabion: derived from the Italian word
"gabbione“ meaning “big cage”.
1 BACKGROUND : Maccaferri
“Raffaele Maccaferri” invented the famous “gabion” (1893) when carrying out works
along the course of the River Reno at Casalecchio di Reno, in the area of Bologna,
north of Italy.
Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Maccaferri Engineer standing on a gabion Weir – 1920’s

1994

The gabions installed in 1894: today

1 BACKGROUND : Maccaferri Africa
Factory in Tongaat, South Africa.
Mild steel wire to EN 10223-2:2013 is used in the manufacture all our wire mesh products.
Double twisted (DT) hexagonal woven steel wire mesh products produced in Tongaat,
South Africa.
• Team of qualified engineers and technicians

• Design office with professional civil engineers and project managers
• Specialists involved with government bodies for standard developments and
international liaisons

SUPPLY
DESIGN & SUPPLY
DESIGN, SUPPLY, PI
AND SITE
SUPERVISION


Part 2 :
HYDRAULICS is not an exact science
https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/08/06/epic-fails-natgeo-explorers-tell-all/
2 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Basic Principles
River characteristics vary:

• Climate.
• The type of soil.
• The particular location along the river
course.
Each river region is different, requiring the

right solution according to its individual
characteristics and challenges .

Mountain
regions
SEA
Steep gradients
(5-10%), Mid slope regions
High flows, low Moderate gradients (1-5%), Valley regions
discharge. mid flows and discharges. Flat slopes (< 0.01-1%),
Low flows and high
discharges.

High Currents
High Velocities
Steep Bed Gradients

Narrow Channels
Weak Surfaces
Resistance to abrasion and erosion of the

Critical Velocity (m/s)
material on the surface influences the
Shear Stress/ Tractive Forces
rate of damage.
2 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Basic Principles – Dangers
Culverts

Embankments

Erosion of Bridge Pilars
Spiral movement of water

Erosion of Bridge Pilars
Fundamentals of Soil Erosion – Prof. Jean-louis Briaud (https://www.issmge.org/education/virtual-university

Unstable river beds


2 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Basic Principles –Solutions
Allow “free” flow of water.

Control damage along banks.
Bank Protection Structures: linings and walls

Alter flow characteristics

Change river profile
Weirs

Alter or control flow characteristics

Protect River Banks

The calculations, designs or verifications of protections can be made using

two different methods, the first is based on:
• Velocity Critical Velocity defines the

v < vallow velocity at which the particles
begin to destabilise
Use the velocity method for initial

designs or to get a feel of the
situation.

Critical Velocities (m/s)
TYPE m/s
Silt < 0,2
Sand < 0,5
Loose Clays < 0,9
Gravel 1 to 10 Ø (mm) < 1,0
Lightly Compacted Clays < 1,4
Fast walking pace or comrades in 12 hr ±1.6
Well Compacted Clays < 2,0

Rock of 250 Ø (mm) < ± 3,0
Olympic Sprint Record ±10

The calculations, designs or verifications of protections can be made using

two different methods, the second is based on:
• Tractive stress
t < tall
Considers the required force necessary to null the friction between the
particles. Shear Stress
The tractive force method is more correct and is used in the Macra software
programmes.

Shear Stress Approach (n/m2)

Shear stress on lining Maximum allowable shear stress
River bed: t b = g w i tc = Ks C* (gs – gw) dm
sin q
2
Banks: t m = 0 .75g w i ts =tc 1-
sin f 
2
C* Is the Shields coefficient (0.047 for riprap, 0.14 for gabions)

gs , gw Unit weight of soil , water
F, J Soil friction angle, bank slope Ks =
Y Is the maximum water depth,
i Gradient
dm Is the average diameter of the filling stones (50% passing by weight).
tb, tm, tc, ts Stress exerted at bottom, on bank, critical stress at bottom and on
bank respectively
Ks Reduction factor for tc on a slope (for rip rap Ks=0.45)
Sharing knowledge. Adding value.
28 Together
Mannings Formula
Where:
Q = Flow Rate, (𝑚3 /s)
v = Velocity, (m/s)
A = Flow Area, (𝑚2 )
n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
R = Hydraulic Radius, (m)

S = Channel Slope, (m/m)
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Manning_s_Equation.htm

Mannings Formula : n values
Mannings n values vs. allowable shear

stress values for natural materials:
Mannings n values vs. allowable

shear stress values for Maccaferri
products :

Mannings Formula
n : Increase in roughness coefficient, S : Reduce channel slope, reduce velocity

reduce velocity

Ref: https://www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/engineering.html?p=4
Part 3:
Mark Twain … didn’t work for Maccaferri
3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Materials
Loose material structures Rigid Structures
RipRap Concrete/Reinforced
Semi-rigid structures FLEXIBLE structures
Precast elements
3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Double Twist Steel Mesh Wire
Polymer Coating
Class A Galvanization
Zn / Galfan (95%Zn+5%Al)
Mild Steel Core

σ = 350-550 N/mm²
2.2, 2.7and 3mm diameter

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Double Twist Steel Mesh
➢ Type 60 – 2,2mm wire (Mattress)
➢ Type 80 – 2.7mm wire (Gabions)
Mesh Mesh Selvedge

D (mm)
Type
Galv. Polymer Galv. Polymer
60 60 x 80 2.2 3.2 2.7 3.7
80 80 x 100 2.7 3.7 3.4 4.4
D
B

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : DT Mesh Gabions
➢ Type 80 – 2.7 mm wire(3.7mm PVC)
* Further sizes are available

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : DT Mesh Reno Mattresses
➢ Type 60 – 2,2mm wire
* Further sizes are available

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : DT Mesh Coatings

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : DT Mesh Coatings

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Regions
Mountain Region/Catchment Basin

Mountain
regions Transversal structures designed
Steep to reduce river gradient, to
gradients (5-
10%), control erosion, and to stabilize
High flows, low river bed level reducing solid
discharge.
transport.
Weirs, bank protections

Mid slope Region

Longitudinal & Transversal works
Mid slope regions
Moderate gradients aimed to reduce river bed
(1-5%), movement.
mid flows and
discharges.
Weirs, groynes, bank protections

Valley Region
SEA
Valley regions Mainly longitudinal works to
Flat slopes (< 0.01-
1%),
contain the water within its course,
Low flows and high correcting its pathway as well as
discharges. providing bank protection.
Longitudinal structures or groynes

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Longitudinal
Longitudinal bank protection

structures can be classified on
the basis of their structural and
functional characteristics into
the following types:
LININGS
STRUCTURES
COMBINED STRUCTURES

LININGS
They are used to prevent soil erosion on the surface.
Their thickness may vary from 0.17 m to 0.30 m. The small thickness encourages
vegetation growth in a short time.
The best toe protection is obtained by extending the lining for a length 1.5 to 2
times the expected scour depth at the most critical section.
Sharing knowledge. Adding value.

44 Together
MASSIVE STRUCTURES
When erosion generates geotechnical instability, a retaining structure is required.
This protection may be of two types:
WALL WITH A DIRECT FOUNDATION

The foundation depth (DH) has to be
higher than the max expected scour
(DZ). (Simplified Straub formula)
WALL WITH AN APRON PROTECTION

The apron length L shall extend in the
river 1.5 to 2 times the expected scour
depth DZ.
45
COMBINED SOLUTIONS
Alternatively, gabions up to the Mean Water Level, and Reno mattress lining up
to the Max Water Level may be constructed.
46
3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Longitudinal Design Criteria
The design of longitudinal protections requires two different kind of analyses to

be performed:
• STATIC ANALISYS: to be performed for retaining structures
•HYDRAULIC STABILITY ANALYSIS: always to be performed
Static Analysis Hydraulic Stability Analysis
47
RESEARCH
A research program was undertaken in order to define the stability criteria of a revetment
constructed of Reno mattresses and Gabions.
48
HYDRAULIC CHECKS: VELOCITY APPROACH

Critical (first movement) and Limit (deformed condition) velocity were derived from flume
tests. Both velocities depend on thickness and stone size (indicated in mm) of lining :
Thickness Filling stones Critical Limit

Type
(m) stone size d50 velocity (*) velocity (*)
70-100 0.085 3.5 4.2
0,15-0,17
70-150 0.110 4.2 4.5
Reno 70-100 0.085 3.6 5.5
mattress 0,23-0,25
70-150 0.120 4.5 6.1
70-120 0.100 4.2 5.5
0,30
100-150 0.125 5.0 6.4
Gabions 100-200 0.150 5.8 7.6
0,50
120-250 0.190 6.4 8.0
49
HYDRAULIC CHECKS: VELOCITY APPROACH
RIP-RAP vs. MATTRESSES
4.5
m/s
0.20 0.35 1.20

0.90 50
LOCATION: AMBON (Maluku, Indonesia)

January 2017
Max water level reached: 2.80-3.00 m
Qestimated = 250 m3/s
Vaverage = 6-7 m/s

What is the purpose of the toe protection?

To avoid the erosion of the foundation soil and the
consequent structure’s failure

What is the purpose of the toe protection?

To avoid the erosion of the foundation soil and the
consequent structure’s failure

Rectangular channeling works

Trapezoidal channeling works

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Transversal
TRANSVERSAL WORKS

Functions of gabion weirs
- to reduce river bed gradient;
- to obtain a reduced velocity

at which solid transport is
kept at the minimum
allowable value able to
preserve bed and banks
stability;
- to dissipate excess water

energy at the toe of each
structure;
- to retain water (i.e. irrigation

basin).

Reduce river bed gradient
Q1= Q2
i* < i
∆𝒙
Q1 Q1 i=
i*
𝑳
i* Q2
Q2
i
qa1 i

Application of gabion weirs to different

flow conditions
•Weirs have to be designed considering a number of situations:
➢ during severe floods;
➢ during normal flow conditions;
➢ during low flow conditions;
➢ as a water retention structure.

During flood

Normal flow condition

Low flow condition

Special Consideration : Water retention
Generally gabion weirs are permeable structures, but when geomembranes

(MacLine) and geotextiles (MacTex) are applied behind the weir, they can
also serve as water containment structures.
Concrete lining
Water
MacLine+MacTex
(geomembrane + geotextile)

Water retention structures

Main types of gabion weirs
Vertical Stepped Sloped
• Typical of mountainous • Typical of culverts and • Typical of spillways (dams);

areas; drainage areas; • Flow dissipates energy
• Flow dissipation in stilling • Flow dissipates energy at along the spillway and the
basin; each step and at the bottom;
• Counter weir downstream bottom. • Due to high velocity
sometimes required. surface protection may be
required.

Typical section of stepped weir with a stilling basin &

counterweir
Stepped weir:
- Not to be used with heavy bed load.
5
4
ELEVATIONS :
1 : GABIONS 4 : ORIGINAL RIVER BED
2 : RENO MATTRESS 5 : EMBANKMENT MATERIAL
3 : MACCAFERRI NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE 6 : CONCRETE PROTECTION

Calculation of stable slope
Design of weirs must start with the

determination of the stable slope
which can be calculated using the
formula below, provided that it is
applied to reaches that do not have
abrupt contractions, i.e. where the
flow can be considered as uniform.

Crest design
In all of three cases considered before, the crest must be designed so as to maintain the
design discharge in the center. This will prevent over-topping of the wings and scouring of
the banks, and also any backing-up behind the weir. A rectangular crest can be
designed according to the equation:

Crest design
(z0 - fg)
Z0
lg
Z= 0 m fg

Crest protection
• If the water course carries large quantities of heavy bed load, it is necessary to
protect the mesh on the crest. A timber protection is the easiest and cheapest form,
assuming it is available on site, and this protection may be carried out as soon as
the main structure is completed. Concrete is however the most commonly used
protection.

Stability and resistance of the wings
➢ The worst conditions for stability and resistance generally occur at the central part
of the weir.
➢ Moreover, when the wings are properly designed so that they cannot be over-
topped, they may be stepped downstream and this is an advantage to the static
behavior of the structure.
➢ It is wise to check the true situation at the wings and a check on the stability and
resistance should be carried out.
wing

Outflanking

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS : Groynes

Functions...
✓ to deflect flowing water away from critical zones;
✓ to prevent erosion of the bank;
✓ to establish a more desiderable channel for flood control, navigation

and erosion control.
Riverbank
Resultant spiraling flow
around riverbend
Inside of
bend c
a
Flow just above riverbed
replacing surface flow
b
Working
EROSIÓN
Upstream groynes
Direction Downstream groynes
Groynes Perpendicular
classification Straight
Shape T-head
Bayonet

Perpendicular straight groyne

Upstream straight groyne

Downstream straight groyne

Straight

T-head

Bayonet


Bolívia
GROYNES HEIGHT
Riverbank
At least 50 to 100 year flood
At least 10 year flood

Definitions
Root
Shank
Head
Scour
Riverbank protection
Riverbed
Flow
direction

Apron Scour
Eddy current between groynes

(return flow)
Votrtices passing along the
zone of separation between
the two currents
Ax
is o
fg
roy
ne
Main current of river
Scour protection
Sizing
CROSS SECTION
ANTI-SCOUR APRON
Le: EMBEDDING LENGHT Lt= WORKING LENGTH (1/3 river width)

Sizing
SPACING BETWEEN GROYNES
Recommended Type of bank Reference Remarks

spacing
1L Concave United Nations (1953) General practice
2L - 2,5LT Convex United Nations (1953) General practice
4L – 6LT Concave Richard & Simons (1983) Additional bank protection may be required
3L Grant (1948)
5,1L – 6,3LT Straight Alvarez (1948)

2,5L – 4L Curves Alvarez (1948)
2 Neil (1973) If more than 2 groynes
4 Neil (1973)
3L – 5LT Strom (1962)

ANTI-SCOUR APRON

ANTI-SCOUR APRON
GROYNE LAID ON ANTI-SCOUR APRON DURING CONSTRUCTION

Without scour protection.......

Scour protection working !

Part 4:
Lets jump to conclusions
https://www.caremin.com/get-involved/hope_boy-jumping-over-river
4 Conclusions - Basic Principles
Three Regions Along a Longitudinal River

Profile :
1. Mountains – Steep Gradients ,high flows
2. Mid Slope – Moderate flows, gradients
3. Valley – Flat Slopes, high discharges
Three distinct basic design principles :
1. Limit Velocities v < vallow

River bed / lining
2. Tractive Stress t < tallow
3. Open Channel Flow Mannings Formula

4 Conclusions - Applications
Three distinct solution categories :
1. Longitudinal
➢ Provides resistance against Tractive forces /
geotechnical instability due to erosion.
▪ Channel linings / bank stabilisation
▪ Combined systems
2. Transverse
➢ Reduce Gradients, dissipate hydraulic energy
▪ Weirs : Drop, Stepped and Sloped
▪ Various design criteria & practical considerations
3. Groynes
➢ Large-Scale river rehabilitation & bank
reclaimation
▪ Upstream , perpendicular , downstream
▪ Flood peaks & scour protection considerations

4 Conclusions - Materials
1. Double Twist Steel Mesh Gabions & Reno Mattresses:
▪ In-depth knowledge & research on roughness

coefficients & Limit velocities – including vegetation
▪ Design tables readily available
▪ Choice of steel mesh coating is pivotal to ensure

long term performance of hydraulic structure.
▪ EN 10223-2 provides a comprehensive standard for

the manufacturing of steel wire, including a guide to
choice of coatings based on environmental
aggresivity

4 Conclusions - Design Software
Maccaferri Africa provides a comprehensive range of software ( free to download

from https://www.maccaferri.com/za ) :
Macra Studio: Lining &

Channel Design
Macra 2: Weirs
MacStars : Slope stability &

retaining walls

5 CASE HISTORY : MAMBEDI DAM SPILLWAY
Mambedi Dam - Failed concrete overflow structure:

Formation of a 15m deep donga, 80m wide :

Approaching this rehabilitation by means of 3 focus’ at Maccaferri & our

knowledge regarding Hydraulic works :
1.Specify & Supply:
➢Hydraulic Structure (wet environment + medium aggressivity)

✓ Coating specification – Galfan + Polymer
Polymer Coating
Class A Galvanization
Galfan (95%Zn+5%Al)
Mild Steel Core

σ = 350-550 N/mm²
2. Design:
➢ 15m High sidewalls: Mass gravity OR reinforced soil ?
✓ Reinforced soil – Terramesh walls (practicality)

2. Design:
➢ Discharge: 700 m^3/s at RMF

✓ 80m Spillway with gabion stepped weir structure
2. Design:
➢ Velocities: almost 6m/s
✓ Reno mattress apron ; Combined stilling basin;

Capped steps
3. Implemenation & Site monitoring:

➢ In Situ conditions unfavourable
➢ Geotextiles & liners
➢ Quality control essential for success
3. Implemenation & Site monitoring:

1. In Situ conditions unfavourable
2. Geotextiles & liners
3. Quality control essential for success
➢Finished Product :
QUESTIONS & ANSWER
SESSION
06 May 2020 : Hydraulic Works

Kyle Poolman
k.poolman@maccaferri.com
THANK YOU
LADIES & GENTLEMEN
06 May 2020 : Hydraulic Works

Kyle Poolman
k.poolman@maccaferri.com

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Hydraulic Works

2 HYDRAULIC WORKS – BASIC PRINCIPLES

3 HYDRAULIC WORKS – APPLICATIONS

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Maccaferri Engineer standing on a gabion Weir – 1920’s

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

The gabions installed in 1894: today

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Factory in Tongaat, South Africa.

• Team of qualified engineers and technicians

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

DESIGN & SUPPLY

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

River characteristics vary:

Each river region is different, requiring the

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Steep Bed Gradients

Resistance to abrasion and erosion of the

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Erosion of Bridge Pilars

Spiral movement of water

Erosion of Bridge Pilars

Fundamentals of Soil Erosion – Prof. Jean-louis Briaud (https://www.issmge.org/education/virtual-university

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Unstable river beds

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Allow “free” flow of water.

Bank Protection Structures: linings and walls

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Alter flow characteristics

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Alter or control flow characteristics

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

The calculations, designs or verifications of protections can be made using

• Velocity Critical Velocity defines the

Use the velocity method for initial

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Critical Velocities (m/s)

Well Compacted Clays < 2,0

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

The calculations, designs or verifications of protections can be made using

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Shear Stress Approach (n/m2)

River bed: t b = g w i tc = Ks C* (gs – gw) dm

C* Is the Shields coefficient (0.047 for riprap, 0.14 for gabions)

Q = Flow Rate, (𝑚3 /s)

A = Flow Area, (𝑚2 )

n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient

R = Hydraulic Radius, (m)

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Mannings Formula : n values

Mannings n values vs. allowable shear

Mannings n values vs. allowable

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

n : Increase in roughness coefficient, S : Reduce channel slope, reduce velocity

Sharing knowledge. Adding value. Together

Loose material structures Rigid Structures