Exponential Functions 7.0 Review 3 * Positive Integral Indices (Junior Sec Topic) + Zero Index and Negative Integral Indices Junior See Topic) + Laws of Integral Indices (Junior Sec Topic) 2< 7.1 Rational Indices 4 >< 7.2 Exponential Functions 15 <7.1 Understand the definitions and the laws of rational indices. 7.2 Understand the properties of exponential functions and their graphs. %<72._ Apply exponential functions fo solve daily life problems, eer cen‘Some individuals, organizations or enterprises actively take part in charitable activities. Some of them even set up charitable funds to promote education, health care, culture, environmental protection, conservation, and to assist the poor and the elderly. This helps foster a harmonious and inclusive society. A charitable fund of $P is deposited in a bank at an interest rate of 5% er annum, compounded yearly. After x years, the amount $y can be calculated by the following function: y= PULLS)" ‘This function involves an exponential function. The figure con the right shows the graph of the function. From the ‘graph, the longer the period of time, the larger the increase in the amount. 1. Use the graph to find the value of P. 2. Use the graph to find the interest after 10 years, correct to the nearest $2 000, ‘3. Suppose the period of time is 100 years. Find the difference between the compound interest and the simple interest, correct to the nearest dollar. enterprise £3 harmonious and inclusive society #3865 Btexponential Functors CEI @ Review A. Positive Integral Indices If m isa positive integer and a is a non-zero real number, then d'=aX ax Xa. ais called the base, m is called the index and a" is called the nth power of a eg. (-2) X (-2) x (2) =(-2) <°—2" isthe base, 3" isthe index. Note: 0" = 0 B. Zero Index and Negative Integral Indices When a is a non-zero real number, a? = 1 and a" = Jy (where m is a positive integer). eg =I eo 4 e Note: 0° and 0" are meaningless. C. Laws of Integral Indices BETES Let m and 1 be any integers, a and b be non-zero real numbers. Law of indices Example 7 ‘0 wm) fea | @=0" | ayaa" | nt=2%? | @f-8 | Gl-s Note: In the above examples, x is a non-zero real number.nec? Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions. {Nos. 1-19] ce 2 (3) ae 4 9 8 6.3 3 2 2)? 4)" SKS ae) arn 1. (3) 1. 10? x (SF 2 Px Cay Ke? v4 (8) x (8)) 8. GY" GY 48. (-4) x 38 48, (0.2) x 2st! ‘Simplify the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices, INos. 19-27] wa x at 22. (ah')" a. (4) 7.1 | Rational Indices LQ The Root of a Number At junior secondary level, we learnt that any positive number k must have two square roots vk and ~Yk. In general, if 7 = a, then x is a square root of a Similarly, if x’ =, then x is a cube root of a; if x* = a, then x is a fourth root of a. cee root 774% — fourth rot 4 a7 HL25 and (-5)? 5 and -5 are the square roots of 25, (iy e 2*= 2)" = 16 <. 2.and ~2 are two fourth roots of 16. ee MS In general, for any positive integer m, if x" = a, then x is an nth root of a. 2° = 256 (0) 2 is an 8th root of 256. cz @ 25. Wy 2 3 =27 3 isa cube root of 27 exponential Functons EI =3 is a Sth root of ~243 Objective: ‘To explore the number of nth roots of a when n is an odd number or when m is an even number and a > 0. 1 @ a yes isa cube root of 64, (i) Can you find another cube root of 647 wy ( y ‘ is a fifth root of ~32 i) Can you find another fifth root of ~32? 32 2. (@) 49 and ( 9. Tand are the square roots of 49. (b) 81 and ( yas. 81 has fourth roots, which are and wee )° = 64 and ( Y= 64, 64 has sixth roots, which are and 3. From the above results, (@) when nis an odd number, how many nth roots does a have? (b) when 1 is an even number and a > 0, how many mth roots does ahave? B @) di BD &) (i) Be (b) th rot n RHRnec? From the class activity on the previous page, we can see that if nis an odd umber, then ahas only one nth root, which can be denoted by Va: if mis an even number and a > 0, then a has one positive root ‘Ya < When n = 2, ¥a can be written and one negative root ~Va asda In fact, for any non-zero real number a and positive integer n, we have the following relations 4 loguity & Investigation 7.1 about the th rt of 8 net te aaa ruber (where is paiive odd a a ‘number) can be found on P.7.40. a>0 a<0 «thas only one positive root. | « has only one negative root nisodd ’ : ex, VIB =5 ex, V5 =-5 ‘has one positive root and | The mh root of a does not one negative root exist in the real number niseven | © The two square rots of | system. 64 are (64 = 8 and eg. V=T6 does not exist in fa the real number system. Note: At this stage, we only consider the nth roots, which are real numbers. Rational Indices At Junior secondary level, we leant integral indices. Now let's extend the |e frm ae eto! nantes definitions of indices to rational numbers. whece p,q ate integers and q + 0. Nambers that ean be expressed in Let a > 0, mand n be integers and n > 0. Ifthe laws of indices are still valid for rational indices, let’s use (a")" = a™" to define a* and a < Roth 1 and are called the rational indies of Since (a")" = a" 4a is an nth root of a ie. a = Hence, a = a and aDefinitions of rational indices: Ifa > 0, mand n are integers, and n > 0, then W ata Va (Evaluate pressions involving rational indices by definitions] FRB wisest sna» eaeso tnd he vale of each of he following expressions. (@) 36° (&) 125° (©) (37 Solution a) 3 (b) 125% Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions. @ sit () 36 (ty Exponential Functions CEA 4 we use a = Va, we need to calculate VI25*. But itis more ficult than caleuating (28). EaHEED creve7 We can use a calculator to find the values of '/a (ie. a”) and @ {Evaluate expressions Involving atonal indies or radicals by using a calculator) FERED tees stro este of of te wing expressions (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) (@) 277 (b) (37)? © @)* (a) (27° Solution (a) 27 2187 Coleutator Keying sequence: @ 7A e30w © Os@Or,O8 6 DesOOOEse10e © Os@O07008 (b) (137)? = 4.24, cor. to 3 sig. fig. © (3) * (@) C= 279 1. con. 0 3 sie. fg 3.74, cor. t0 3 sig. fig Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following expressions, (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.) (a) 36° (3) ©) (3) (a) (=6)* 0‘The following ate the laws of rational indices. These laws and the laws Laws of Rational Indices of integral indices are the same in the form. Let a > 0, b > 0, p and q be any rational numbers, Law of rational indices Example (a) Pedtaatt © Gag © (ey =a" (d) (aby =P Let a > 0. Match the corresponding expressions in adjacent columns below. @ 4 (rare (b) a" x a" + (g) a™ wy + sth) oF ° @) aie * Ye +) “0 Som ay” (n) a" x a" Wa" + 0 gen 5" Use the laws of rational indices to find the value of each of the following expressions. * (4 3 fa) 25-2 @exst —@(t)? we exponential Funcions EInec? We can use the laws of rational indices to simplify expressions involving radicals or rational indices. {Simplty an expression involving rational indices) FED sone «ty x oy positive indices, and express the answer with Solution Fy) Gy) Note: In this chapter, unless otherwise stated, the bases in letters (e.g. x and y in Example 8) are positive numbers. Simplify each of the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices, (@) (a°b)? xb (b) G°y)3 x Gy)? {Simplty an expression involving radicals) FETS sir FE atepres nano with stn nes 4 Mal = ab and ay = a kes Solution Ae Rewrite Va" and Ya as powers ofaexponential Funcions EI Simplify each of the following expressions and express the answers 1319 {Simplty an expression involving a radical and rational indices} X day? and express the answer with positive Solution In Example 6, don't make te following mistakes Correct Bat Ode Simplify each of the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices. (@) (a2) x 44x? [me (b) ao x 2% EE 0cagior? {Simplty an expression involving unknown indices) > where 7 is a rational number. yay? ghee gilt gee _oyieistem Key Express 4 and 9 a8 powers of 2 and 3 respectively: Solution =e ot ‘Simplify each of the following expressions, where x is a rational number. (a) 2 &) ao 59 FEET a SEE os) YMnstamt Del Comer 72) Without using « calculator, find the value of each of the Following exressions (@ ai (e) ©) (¢y 2. Simplify the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices, where a > 0, 6 > 0 and n is a rational number. (a) axa? (y) Jah eat o@ 1 (&) (o'oy(aby* (@ (f) x alot () dyesExponential Functions < azz Exercise Objective Level) Level 2 Seen ren eng nese eto aoe | aoa Express expressions involving racials inthe form a? | 2 Evaluate exoressions involving radicals a ational incices | 5.49 byusing a calculator. ‘Simply expressions involving radicals or rational indices. | 11-27 | 31-67 1. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions. (a) 6a (b) VST (©) Y32 a) 216 2. Express each of the following expressions in the form a", where p is a rational number and @ > 0. (a) Va (b) ay? (Gay @) Va* ‘Without using calculator, find the value ofeach of the following expressions. (Nos. 3-6] we sonses 4812 hit 6 Ge a. 27 Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following expressions, [Nos. 7-10] (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.) 1B -tomere. CH a rt 0, (BY Simplify each of the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices. [Nos. 11-25] (AIL the teters in the expressions represent positive numbers.) 18. (-a)? x Jad = comes a. a’? = ate a bx (s)nec? ‘Simplify each of the following expressions, where is a rational number, n* O-and a > 0. (Nos. 26-27] 2. (8) 7. Without using a caleulator, find the value of each of the following expressions. [Nos. 28-30] 2. aL Simplify each of the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices. [Nos. 31-48] (AIL the letters in the expressions represent positive numbers.) 31. (bay x ab 92. Wa x Yat sa, tise ay Cia" 38. Va xat ant — 96. Va x Ga) x Cat? ae, ov 20 Va*o* 40. 41. BrG/a7b)® bores 42, 43. Simplify each of the following expressions, where all the unknowns are rational numbers. [Nos. 49-57] 49, 2S ~ cores 50. z 52, 53. 55. 56.exponential Funcions EER <7 Exponential Functions £4 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs Let y = 2", where x and y are variables. x > When x When x When x When x In y = 2*, for each value of x, there is one (and only one) corresponding value of y. Hence, » a funetion of x. y = 2" is called an exponential function with base 2. In this fumetin, is 0 dependent vasiable and x is an independent In general, ‘aable let x and y be variables and a be a constant, where @ > 0 and a ¥ 1. ‘Then y = a" is called an exponential function with base a, ee y 3)’ and y = 1.6" are exponential functions. But y = Vx, y= x and y = (~4)" are not exponential functions. Note: (a) The domains of exponential functions are all real numbers. (b) If a = 1, then for all values of x, y= 1"= 1, ie. y is just a constant function. (©) If a < 0, then a‘ may not be a real number. L eg. When a = -2 and x /=2, which is not a real number. 2) exponential funetion 3: Atnec? Consider the exponential function y = 2%. The table below shows some corresponding values of x and y. -2 |-15| -1 |-os} 0 fos] 1 | is | 2 oas|o4a}os}o7] 1 [14] 2 | 28] 4 By the above table, the graph of y = 2° can be obtained as follows: From the above figure, we can observe some properties of the graph of (a) (b) (©) * as shown in Table 1. Value of x and the eee eee corresponding value of y ‘The graph cuts the y point (0 , 1). nis at the | When x= 0, » The graph does not cut the | Whenx > 0,y > I. Whenx <0, canis. It lies above the x-axis. | 0 < y < 1. For each value of x, the value of y is greater than 0. ‘The graph slopes upward from | When the value of x increases, left to right. the value of y increases and so does the rate of increase of y. Tablet Give the values of y correct to 1 decimal place if necessary IT Activity Use software (e.g. GeoGebra, Griphmatica of Winplot) to plot tho graphs of y = a for diferent values of @ (where a > 1) on the same sereen, Observe the properties of the graphs and the effect of changing the value of a ‘on the shape ofthe graphs Lech he gp Mat tr ad ‘cnt og Oct. Er dope Troster SNA (Teaching Apps) The value of y ean be any postive seal umber When the value of x increases from 0 to 1, the value of » increases from 1 10 2, Le. inereascs by 1. When the value of ‘increases from | to 2, the vale of y increases from 2 to 4, Le Increases by 2Objective: ‘To explore common properties of the graphs of the functions y = 2" and Consider the exponential function y = 4° exponential Functions CET 1. Complete the following table. «| -2 [| -15 | -1 0s i 0.125 y | 0.0625 2. In the figure given, plot the graph of y = 4 According to the graph of y = 4", answer the following questions. (a) Does the graph cut the y-axis? Yes, the graph cuts the y-axis at No (b) Does the graph cut the x-axis? Yes, the graph cuts the x-axis at No (c) Does the graph lie above the x-axis? Yes, For each value of x, the value of y (< No (d) Does the graph slope upward from left to right? increase of y (increases / decreases). No Do the graphs of the functions y Yes. When the value of x increases, the value of y (increases / decreases) and the rate of 2" have common properties? 1>)0. Yes No From the above class activity, the graphs of y = properties given in Table 1 on the previous page. * and y = 4° have the In general, the graphs of the functions y = a' (a > 1) have these properties.HEED creo? Now let’s take the function y J" as an example to explore the properties of exponential functions with bases less than 1. The table below shows some corresponding values of x and y for y = -2 [-15 -os| o jos | 1 [us| 2 4 [28] 2 [14] 1 | o7 | os | 04 | 025 By the above table, the graph of, (a) (b) (©) Value of x and the ce ere See corresponding value of y ‘The graph cuts the y-axis at the | When x =0, y= 1. point (0 , 1) The graph does not cut the | When x > 0,0 < y < 1. When x-axis. It lies above the x-axis, |x <0, y > 1, For each value of 1% the value of y is greater than 0. ‘The graph slopes downward | When the value of x increases, from left to right the value of y decreases and so does the rate of decrease of y. In general, the graphs of the functions y = a" (0 < a < 1) have the above properties. From the above figure, we observe that the graph of y = ("isthe image of the graph of, In fact, for a > O and a + 1, the graphs of y 2% when reflected in the y-axis. LY’ and y = af are the images of each other when reflected in the y-axis. Give the values of y correct to 1 decimal place if necessary When the value of increases from -2 to —1, the value of ¥y decreases from 4 10 2, be. decreases by 2. When the value ffx increases from =I to 0, the value of y decreases from 2 to Te. deareases by 1 compare the values of (4) aayexponent Funcions EEN From the above discussions, we ean summarize the properties of the graphs of the exponential funct tions y Range of a 0 From the graph, a > 1 ‘The graphs of y = a" and y = b* are symmetrical about the yeanis, peal Itis given that a +b > 5. ‘Take a pair of 1 Take a= 7. Then 6 = 4, possible values of a |” 7 and b. Check whether atb>s, Write down the conclusion. ‘The figure shows the graphs of the ys3* | yw exponential functions y = a, y= pets and y = 15%, where @ and b are constants. ‘The graph of, graph of bis the image of the 0,0 < 06" <1 125 x 0.6" < 125 x1 N< 125 ‘The number of industrial accidents in the district key 0 0, o When x = 10, m= 100(/0.868)"" 100(0.868)* (b) gous Stes Find the percentage decrease in the mass of ¥ according to the question. > Percentage decrease State whether the percentage obtained] = 100= 10000858" 5 995, In Stop 1 is more than 25% ae Stes > 24.7% < 25% down the coetsion, “The lam is dnagree ‘The value of a car is $100 000 now. The value SV of the car after + years can be represented by the following formula: V = 100 000b', where b is a positive constant. It is known that the value of the car will be $40 000 after 4 years. (a) Find the value of 6, (Give the answer correct to 3 significant figures.) (b) Susan claims that the value of the car will decrease by more than 75% after 6 years, Do you agree? Explain your answer, 5nec? Pd (a) Write down the corresponding exponential functions of the curves C}, C3, Cy and Cy. (b) Write down the coordinates of the point where the four curves intersect. ‘The height d cm of a plant after m weeks can be represented by the formula d = 10(1.1)", Find the height of the plant after 2 weeks, In 2013, the value of an antique was $3 500 000. The value SP of the antique after x years can be represented by the following formal: P= A(1.2)', where A is a constant {@) Find the value of . (b) Find the value ofthe antique in 2017 {e) After 2013, will the value of the antique be less than $3 500 0002 Explain your answer. The value $V of a notebook computer after ¢ months can be represented by the following formula: V = 15 625k’, where k is a positive constant. It is known that the value of the notebook computer after 2 months is $13 225, (@) Find the value of & (b) What is the decrease in the value of the notebook computer after S months when compared with that after 2 months? (Give the answer correct to 3 significant figures.) Exercise Objective Level | Level2 Soive problems related tothe graphs ef exponential functions, “ war Solve application problems related to exponential functions, (Open-ended Questions 16.17 e185 ‘The copies of some figures are given in the “Figure Duplicates’ on P-A17 (Questions 6, 7, 14,15)exponential Functons © 1. Ineach of the following, when the value of x increases, does the value of the exponential function inerease or decrease? fa) y ay wy 2 Pr (by y= 06") y 2. Ineach of the following, the graph of the exponential function is reflected in the y-axis. Write down the corresponding function of each graph obtained. (a) y=" (by y=(4) (@) y= (a) y=2* ‘3. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs ofthe exponential qe funetions y = 2" and y = 8" Write down the corresponding exponential function for each of C) and Co. 4 __.. 4. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs ofthe exponential eat functions y = 0.4" and y = 6". Write down the corresponding ‘exponential function for each of Cs and Ci, a: '5. The two curves in the figure represent the graphs ofthe exponential Tt functions y = 0.2" and y = 0.8%. Write down the corresponding exponential funetion foreach of Cs and Cy %nec? 6 7 10. (@) Sketch the graph of y = 3° in the figure. (b) Write down the » ntercept of the graph, (©) According to each of the following conditions, write down the range of values of y of the function y = 3° @ x 0. 3 minutes after the accident has occurred, the rate of ol leakage from the oil tanker is 7.29 m’ minute (2) Find the value of a {zee (b) Will the rate of oil leakage from the oil tanker exceed 10 m"/minute? Explain your answer. - Saves 22, In an experiment, the temperature T°C of a material after n hours can be estimated by the following formula: 20d, where a is a constant, Itis known that the temperature of the material after 5 hours is $0°C. (a) Find the value of a, correct to 3 significant figures, {enti (b) In the experiment, will the temperature of the material be lower than 20°C? Explain your answer. 23. ‘The value of a mobile phone in 2011 was $5 800. Its value SV after 1 years can be represented by the following formula: V=5 8007, where ris a constant, Itis known that the value of the mobile phone after 2 years is $2 450. (a) Find the value of r (b) Find the percentage decrease in the value of the mobile phone from 2011 to 2015? (Give the answers correct to 2 significant figures.) exponential Functons @EEN 24. Mr Wong invests $10 000. The amount $A that he can get after m years can be represented by the following formula: A= 10 000%", where ris a constant. Itis known that the amount that Mr Wong can get after 3 years is $14 000, (a) Find the value of r. (b) What is the percentage increase in the amount that Mr Wong will have after 8 years ‘when compared with the original investment? nls (ce) Mr Wong claims that it is not possible for the amount to be less than $10 000 per year, Do you agree? Explain your answer (Give the answers correct 10 3 significant figures if necessary.) 28. ‘The exchange rate of a certain currency to the Hong Kong dollar was 0.964 in 2000, The exchange rate R after years can be represented by the following formula: R= 0,964d', where a is a constant. It is known that the exchange rate in 2007 was 1,011 (a) Find the value of a. (b) Find the exchange rate of that currency to the Hong Kong dollar in 2030. {pls (@) From 2007 to 2030, does the exchange rate increase by mote than 20%? Explain your answer. (Give the answers correct 104 significant figures if necessary.) “ toxple 0[REED craster? o< ChE tla Note Example ‘The Root of a Number If x" = a, where m is a positive integer, then x is an nth root ofa Note: () When 1 is an odd number, @ has only one nth root (denoted by Va). (i) When nis an even number and a > 0, a has two nth roots (‘Ya denotes the positive root and —/a denotes the negative root. (ii) When nis an even number and a < 0, the nth root of a does not exist in the real number system. (The Sth root of 32 is 932. (i) The 4th roots of $1 are Y8I and —VST. (i) The square root of ~2 (ie. =2) does not exist inthe real number system Rational Indices (@) Ifa > 0, m and n are,integers with n > 0, a then a =a and a? = (Va)" = (b) Laws of Rational Indices Let a > 0, b > 0, p and q be rational numbers ) deataat G-0* wy =a" (iv) (any? =a'o” o QY-% Note: For f=, heap =O, bre 1 a Exponential Functions Let a be a constant, where a > 0 anda # 1. y = a’ is called an exponential function with base a y = 2 is an exponential function with base 2.exponential Functons CET Note Example Properties of the Graphs of Exponential Functions pe nae fy ac (eae) ie (@) The graph cuts the y-axis at the point (0 , 1) (b) The graph does not cut the x-axis. It lies above the x-axis, 1! and y = a are the (€) The graphs of y images of each other when reflected in the axis, (a) Coordinates of P (da) the value of y increases and ‘The figure shows the graph of the exponential Function y = a’ ” {a) Find the coordinates of P. (b) Is it possible that the value of a is 5? Explain your answer. ‘When the value of x increases, | | () From the graph, 0 1 | 56 does the rate of increase Ielsinot po of y is ‘When the value of x increases, 0<] Supplementary Exercise Exercise Objective tevel1 Level 2 er Se Topix Ex “ Spy ets cing radar atenaindces ea awe | She Dobe eed te wap tempore non | as | a Operands austen “ Trees Guesten (re Sapo) % Pic Eran Qecore eonnace? roa Without using a calculator expressions. [Nos. 1-3] 1. 3) ‘Simplify the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices. [Nos. 4-9] find the value of each of the following 0 xos™ a x2 7 Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions. {Nos. 10-11] 10. (a) —V16" (be) Ves)? evecocon (© Fava 11. @ 9? ) (3) noo wo (ye 12, Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following expressions, (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.) (@ 405 (b) -397 © (@ G=30" ‘Simplify each of the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices. [Nos. 13-18] (AI the letters in the expressions represent positive numbers.) 13. 14. @* x a? 15. 16 @ht + at 17. we. 2x VeSimplify each of the following expressions, where nis a rational number, n* Oand a > 0. (Nos. 19-20] 19. (a* Ya)" ogee Qa") 21, The graphs of the exponential functions y = 0.7" and y = 1.5° are as follows, ° a ol i o| - (@) Write down the corresponding exponential function for each of Cy ‘and C3, and the y-intercept of its graph, (b) For the graph of y = 0.7", when the value of x increases, does the value of y increase or decrease? (€) For the graph of » = 1.5%, when the value of x increases, does the value of y increase or decrease? (@) ‘The x-intercepts {b) The yrintercepts (€) The images when reflected in the y-axis 23. ‘The price $P of a stock after x months can be estimated by the formula P= 30+ 100.8)" (a) Find the present price of the stock. (b) Find the price of the stock after 2 months. ‘An insect reproduction test is carried out in a laboratory. The original ‘number of insects is 100, The number V of insects after 1 weeks represented by the following formula: N=a % 1.261, where a is a constant (@) Find the value of a. (b) What is the increase in the number of insects after 7 weeks? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) in be exponential Functone EEREnace? 25. A ball is dropped from a height of 10m. It rebounds after hitting the ground every time. The height H m from which the ball drops before it hits the ground the mth time can be represented by the following formula: H=c X 0.75"~', where c is a constant. (@) Find the value of (b) Find the height from which the ball drops before it hits the ground the 6th time, correct to 3 significant figures. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions. Nos. 26-27] Vex ryt y(tyt ead 21. (37) * + (ar) 26. Simplify the following expressions and express the answers with positive indices. [Nos. 28-33] (AIL the letters inthe expressions represent positive numbers.) 28. o' + Wave) 28. Youd? x aatyt an. Pade) n/a Ve ge et 33. omtah! + (Fmt ey plify the following expressions, where all the unknowns are rational numbers. [Nos. 34-37] 34. 3-3) Some sae are 37. ae. Soi 38, Simplity “Trey where a > 0, b > Oand kis a rational number. pra here nis a rational number. 39, Simplify For. wh tional ub "40. Simplify aa Va~ Va, where a > 0. "41. Its given that y= xix + Vx, where x > 0. (a) Express x in terms of y. (b) Ify = 32, find the value of x. 42, If 2** = 125, find the value of each of the following without finding the value of x: (a) 2° ) (4)exponential Functore EERE 43. (a) Sketch the graphs of y = 5 and y = 0.2" on the given graph paper. 2" intersect at the {b) ‘The graphs of y = 5° and y point C. Write down the coordinates of the point a (c) According to the graph of y= 5*, write down the range of values of y when x > 0. (@) According to the graph of y = 0.2", write down the range of values of y when x > 0. A copy ofthis ure sen» Jn the “Figure Duplicates’ on PANS 44, ‘The figure shows the graphs of the exponential functions y= a" and aye | yage BBE = 17, where a and bare constants. The graph of y= bis the image of the graph of y = dé when reflected in the y-axis. If the sum of a and 5 is greater than 7, suggest a pair of possible values of a and b, Explain your answer BI * 45. ‘The figure shows the grapls of the exponential functions y and y = 47, where @ and b are constants. The graph of y = a is the 4 when reflected in the y-axis. image of the graph of (@) Find the value of a. (b) Find the range of possible values of b 46. ‘The weinht W g of a certain species of insects can be represented by the following formula W=all, where a isa constant and (1 > 0) is the aye ofthat species of insects Itis known that when the age ofthat species of insets is 2, its weight is 6.05 g. (@) Find the value of a {pols (b) Will the weight of that species of insects be less than 5 g? Explain your answer.HEED crop? 47. The value $P of a car aftern years cn be represented by the following formula: P = 250 000K", where k is a constant, It is known that the value of the car after 3 years is $182 250. (@) Find the value of k 22h (b) Will the subsequent values of the car exceed its current value? Explain your answer. 48, The population of a town was 2 000 in 2000. The population P of the town after n years can be represented by the following formula: P=2 000+", where r is a constant It is known that the population of the town was 2 805 in 2005, (@) Find the value ofr. (b) What will be the percentage increase in population of the town from 2000 to 20187 (Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.) 49. In.y years, the mass of my g of a radioactive element X will reduce to 1m g, The formula below shows the relation between m and mp: m= mg X a’, where a is a constant It is known that an original mass of 100 g of X will reduce to 98.71 g in 30 years. (@) Find the value of a (b) What is the percentage decrease in the mass of X in 1 000 years? (Give the answers correct 105 significant figures.) ‘50. As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases gradually. For simplicity, suppose the effect due to air density and temperature can be ignored when height increases. Then the relation between the height (ir km) from sea level and the atmospheric pressure (p atm) can be represented by the following formu P 2.72 and a= 8.55, At sea level (Le. = 0), the atmospheric press > where we is 1 atm, (a) The Qinghai-Tibet railway is the world’s highest railway. Its highest point is at the Tanggula Pass, which is 5 072 m above sea level. What percentage of the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the pressure at the Tanggula Pass? (b) Qomolangma Feng is 8 848 m high. What percentage of the atmospheric pressure at sea level i the pressure on Qomolangma Feng? (Give the answers correct 103 significant figures.) QinghaiTibet railway aH —Tanggula Pass (Comolangma Peng 208.951. Starting from January 2006, the monthly ion production P tonnes from ‘an iron ore can be represented by the following forma P= 50 000%", ‘where risa constant and i the time elapsed (in months) sine January 2006. It is known that the monthly iron production from the ore was 48.020 tonnes in March 2006 (a) Find the value ofr fete (b) Can the monthly iron production from the ore be more than 50 000 tonnes sinee January 2006? Expl ‘your answer. (€) What is the percentage decrease in the iron production in January 2009 when compared with that in January 2006? (Give the answer correct to 3 significant figures.) 52. In an experiment, the number N of «group of insects after x weeks ean be represented bythe following Formals N= 20 000(1 — 0.8") + 400 (a) Find the original number of the group of insects in the experiment. fen (b) Will the mmber of the group of inseets in the experiment exceed 20 4007 Explain your answer 158. Afler the advertisement of a product has launched for ¢ weeks, the weekly sales SA of the product can be represented by the following formula: A= m(1 ~ 0.6') + 200 000, where m is a constant. It is known that the weekly sales of the product are $548 160 after the advertisement has launched for 4 weeks. (@) Find the value of m. 28m (b) IF the weekly sales of the product execed $580 000 after the advertisement has launched for 7 weeks, the advertisement is regarded as successf Is the advertisement successful? Explain your answer. gab (e) Can the weekly sales of the product be more than $600 000 after the advertisement has launched? Explain your answer. 54, Paul set up companies X and Y in a certain year. The incomes of the ‘companies X and ¥ in the nth year are $p(1 ~ 0,9") and $7 200 000(1 ~ r*) respectively, where is a postive intexer,» and r are constants. The income Cf company X in the 3rd year was $1. 626 000. The income of company Yin the 2nd year was $2 476 080. (a) Find the values of p and r. xi (b) Will the income of company ¥ be more than the income of ‘company X every year? Explain your answer. exponential Functore ETAnace? Integrated Question (cross chapters) 55. a and fare the real roots of the quadratic equation 42° — §x — 5 = 0, where a < Find the value of each of the following expressions without solving the equation. Nye ( s¢ xs? () cis” «© (=) 7 Multiple-choice Ques 56. 416 60, Which ofthe following is the graph of y= ("2 papas : 7 8. 16 mos D> Hie + B. x 57, & A. 6" B. 6" te Bats 4 D. 18° Cc. Re 58. Leta > O and b > 0. Simplify a AL abe B H 61. The value of an antique vase was $40 000 in 1957. The value of the vase after n years is SV and V = 40 000 % a’, where a is a constant, It is known that the value of the vase was ib $360 000 in 2013, How many times the value of Be the ase in 1957 will be ite vale in 20372 oo cee A. 15 correct to the nearest ntege) B. 23 (correct to the nearest integer) G. 28 (correct to the nearest integer) D. 34 (correct to the nearest integer)