Mosquito Repellent Market Overview:

Mosquito Repellent Market is expected to garner $4.8 billion by 2022, registering a CAGR
of 7.7 % during the forecast period 2016 - 2022.
Wide variety of chemical and natural ingredient based mosquito repellents are being used
to keep the mosquitoes away and prevent mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria,
dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus, and others.
Popularly used chemical ingredients in the preparation of mosquito repellents include
diethyl carbonate, ethyl hexane diol, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), and diethyl
phthalate. Moreover, natural substances such as Lemon Eucalyptus Oil, Lavender,
Cinnamon Oil, Soybean Oil and others are used in herbal repellents. Adoption of such
natural ingredients based mosquito repellents is increasing to avoid problems such as skin
rashes, allergies and others.  
The world mosquito repellent market is expected to register notable growth in the near
future attributed to rise in incidence of mosquito-borne diseases and global warming, which
facilitates breeding of mosquitoes. Other factors that drive the market are rising health
awareness, government initiatives for mosquito control, and affordable cost of repellents.
However, presence of toxic chemicals, such as DEET, in various mosquito repellent
products causes ill effects on health, which is likely to restrain the growth of this market.
Huge opportunities prevail for the world mosquito repellent market owed to rising demand
for plant based repellents and increasing penetration in untapped markets of rural regions.
Segment Overview:
The world mosquito repellent market has been segmented on the basis of product type,
distribution channel, and geography. On the basis of product type, the market is categorized
into spray, coil, cream & oil, mat, vaporizer and other products. The coil segment dominates
the global market in terms of revenue owing to their extensive use by the middle and lower
income groups across various developing and rural regions of the world. Cream & oil is
emerging as the largest segment due to their increasing availability with herbal ingredients.
According to the channels of distribution, the market is classified into large retail stores,
small retail stores, specialty stores and online distribution channel. Large retail stores
dominates the market, while online distribution channel is expected to witness lucrative
growth over the forecast period due to increasing internet penetration in developing regions.
Geographic breakdown of the market includes North America (US, Canada & Mexico),
Europe (Western Europe, Russia & Rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, India & Rest of
APAC), and LAMEA (Brazil, South Africa & Rest of LAMEA). Asia-Pacific dominates the
market due to high demand in China and India. LAMEA expects to witness the highest
growth during the forecast period owed to outbreak of Zika virus in the major countries.

World mosquito repellent market segmentation

 Source: AMR Analysis
Top investment pockets
Source: AMR Analysis
Comprehensive competitive analysis and profiles of major market players, such as Reckitt
Benckiser Group PLC, Spectrum Brands Holdings Inc., Godrej Household Products Ltd.,
SC Johnson& Sons Inc., Dabur International, Jyothi Laboratories, Enesis Group, Coghlans
Ltd., Quantum Health and PIC Corporation are also provided in this report. Players
operating in the market have introduced innovative mosquito repellants to strengthen their
foothold. For instance, Dabur introduced a mosquito repellent wristband in 2014, under its
Odomos brand, which is worn on the wrist to repel mosquitoes.
TOP FACTORS IMPACTING WORLD MOSQUITO REPELLENT MARKET
Rising mosquito borne diseases
In the recent years the demand for mosquito repellents has been amplified due to rising
incidences of mosquito borne diseases, such as zika virus, malaria, dengue, west nile fever
and others. Various countries of Europe, Asia and North America witnessed outburst of
various diseases such as Malaria, Zika Dengue chikungunya. The recent outbreak of zika
virus caused by bite of Aedes mosquito, spread across Caribbean regions of North America
and South Africa. The impact of mosquito borne diseases is expected to increase in
upcoming years owing to increasing population of mosquitoes and transmission of virus
from pregnant ladies to their children.
Increasing awareness
Various key market players coupled with NGOs and local governments have participated
into improving the level of awareness amongst people residing in urban and rural areas
against various mosquito borne diseases. The impact of rising awareness would foster the
demand of world mosquito repellent market owing to increased penetration levels.
Rise in global temperature
The global temperature of the earth has continued to rise during the past few years and
would also increase in coming times owing to rising levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. Hot temperature provides optimum conditions to the mosquitoes to breed and
increases their level of activeness. It also provides damp and wet climate in certain regions
which also favors in their population’s multiplication. Thus, impact of the rise in global
warming would directly impact the growth of mosquito population which would lead into an
increase in the penetration of products designed to repel them.
Rise in the demand of herb based repellents
Toxic substances present in the mosquito repellents such as DEET causes skin rashes,
breathing problems and other health hazards. While, the smoke emitted from burning the
mosquito coil is also poisonous for children and pregnant women. With the growing
incidences of health hazards caused by such chemical based mosquito repellents, the
consumers have begun to switch their preferences towards herbal based products.
Presently, people in the developed regions have started to use sprays, creams & oils based
on neem, citronella oil, birch tree bark and other plant based ingredients. The change in the
preference towards herb based mosquito repellent is expected to garner the growth of the
market in coming years.
Marketing and positioning strategies
The key market players have consistently engaged themselves into implementing effective
marketing strategies aimed towards promoting sales of various mosquito repellents.
Companies have regularly involved into spreading awareness amongst the people through
various awareness campaigns and free sample distribution. A few companies such as
Godrej targeted mothers to promote their sales of ‘Good Knight’ brand through advertising
and creating a sense of fear in their minds against their children getting infected with
mosquito borne disease. This has resulted into an increased sales of various products
across the world in order to prevent from mosquito bites. The impact of these innovative
marketing strategies would continue to propel the demand of mosquito repellents in future.
Health vulnerabilities
The health hazards caused from various mosquito repellent products would have a lesser
impact on the mosquito repellent market owing to changing consumer preference towards
herbal ingredients and product innovation. Key competitive players are introducing products
such as wristbands, patches and stickers which do not cause harmful effects over the
health. Moreover, creams, sprays and oils produced are inclining towards raw material
based on plants. Thus, leading towards lesser health vulnerabilities.

Top factors impacting world mosquito repellent market

KEY BENEFITS
  The study provides an in-depth analysis of the world mosquito repellent market to
elucidate the prominent investment pockets in the market.
 Current and future trends are outlined to determine the overall attractiveness and to
single out profitable trends to gain a stronger foothold in the market.
 The report provides information regarding key drivers, restraints, and opportunities
with impact analysis.
 Geographically, the market is analyzed based on various regions such as North
America (US, Canada, Mexico), Europe (Western Europe, Russia & Rest of Europe),
Asia-Pacific (China, India & Rest of APAC), and LAMEA (Brazil, South Africa & Rest
of LAMEA)
 Analysis of value chain is conducted for better understanding of the role of
intermediaries.
 SWOT analysis highlights the internal and external environment of the leading
companies for current strategy formulation.

MOSQUITO REPELLENT MARKET KEY SEGMENTS

By Product Type

 Spray
 Coil
 Cream & Oil
 Mat
 Vaporizer
 Other products

By Channels of Distribution

 Large retail stores

 Small retail stores
 Specialty stores
 Online

By Geography

 North America
o U.S.
o Canada
o Mexico
 Europe
o Russia
o Western Europe
o Rest of Europe
 Asia-Pacific
o China
 o India
o Rest of Asia-Pacific
 LAMEA
o Brazil
o South Africa
o Rest of LAMEA

Mosquito repellent products require packaging that provides sufficient protection from
leakage and contamination. Mosquito repellent market vendors today are focusing on
high-quality packaging that provides utmost safety to consumers so that the chemicals
used in the repellents like vaporizers and aerosols do not come in direct contact with
skin. Innovations in packaging are driving the growth of the global mosquito repellents
market. With more people taking preventive measures against mosquito-borne
diseases, vendors in the market have been launching new products and investing in
marketing initiatives to promote the use of mosquito repellents. This has been especially
evident in many developing countries of Southeast Asia and Africa, where the rate of
incidence of such diseases is higher than in most other parts of the world. Organic
repellents are currently trending in the mosquito repellent market. Initiatives undertaken
by government and non-government bodies are also helping to raise awareness about
disease control.

According to this 2015 global mosquito repellent market report, with temperatures rising
and the intensity of rainfalls increasing worldwide, the density of mosquitoes will also
increase considerably. According to the Emergency Response Department at Public
Health England, the UK is expected to experience an upsurge in mosquito-borne
diseases such as chikungunya, dengue fever, and West Nile fever, brought about by
various climate changes in the country since 2012. Italy has also recorded drastic
changes in its climate since 2007, aiding the spread of the Asian tiger mosquito and
resulting in a number of instances of mosquito-borne diseases in the country. Further,
the report states that the low acceptance of mosquito repellent products in rural regions
like India and Africa is a hindrance to the overall mosquito repellent market growth.

Godrej, Reckitt Benckiser, SC Johnson, and Spectrum Brands are the major companies
analyzed in this mosquito repellent market research. Other companies simply
mentioned in this report include ATL International, Baoding Yikang Making Mosquito-
Repellent Incense, Coghlans, Dabur, ENESIS Group, Globe Janakantha, Herbal
Strategi, Hovex, Jyoti Laboratories, KANSAI PLASCON, KAPI, Kincho, Kitrich, Lion-
Tiger, Mega Artha Perkasa, Ms Goodluck Syndicate, Murphy's Natural, PIC, Quantum
Health, TAiNWALA, Thermacell, Vardhaman Remedies, Vijay International, Vin, Vitro
Naturals, Woodstream and Zhongshan LANJU Daily Chemical Industrial. Order a copy
of Global Mosquito Repellent Market 2015-2019 research report
at http://www.sandlerresearch.org/purchase?rname=44053 .

Based on the type of products, the market is segmented into Coils, Vaporizers, Sprays,
Mats and Others (bands, creams, incense candles, oils, lanterns, wipes, patches, nets,
and strips). The report, Global Mosquito Repellent Market 2015-2019, has been
prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. This
report covers the present condition and the market growth scenario of the global
mosquito repellent market for 2015-2019. For the calculation of market size, This report
has taken into consideration the revenue generated from retail sales of household
mosquito repellent products. Revenue from mosquito repellent products sold for
industrial use has not been considered in this report. Comprehensive table of contents
and more on this mosquito repellent market research is available
at http://www.sandlerresearch.org/toc/global-mosquito-repellent-market-2015-2019.html 
.

Mosquitoes
Coils, Mats, Ingredients, Technology, Standards, Project Profiles, Marketing, Price,
Buyers, Manufacturers and Suppliers Primary Information Services
Home . Mosquito Net . Mosquito Repellent Candle . Diethyl Ethyl
Acetamide . Ordering Information . Contact

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 Project Information Profile at a glance

Content Headlines on CD ROM

 Mosquitoes are one of the most harmful insects to mankind.

 Diseases caused by mosquitoes include: mosquito-borne viral encephalitis, dengue,
yellow fever, malaria, and filariasis.
 The growing menace of mosquitoes has forced people to turn to mosquito repellents in
the form of body lotions, creams, coils and mats.
 According to a study conducted by medical researchers working at the Indian Council of
Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, coils and mats which use synthetic pyrethroids
like allethrin, D-allethrin, D-transallethrin, bioallethrin and esbioallethrin are effective in
controlling the mosquito menace and the fumes emitted by them are toxic for mosquitoes
but safe for humans.
  The usage of Mosquito mats instead of Mosquito coils necessitates the investment in the
Mosquito Destroyer Machine (MDM) which is a costly item for low income groups.
 Therefore in rural areas and low income households, the mosquito coils are preferred.
 Simple type of repellent mats are prepared by soaking mats of paper pulp in repellent
chemical compound and proper drying. Mats are packed in a suitable polypack.
 Mosquito coils containing S-2 are unregistered, and their use is illegal in the United
States.
 A mosquito net offers protection against mosquitos, flies, and other insects.
 The leading manufacturer of mosquito coils  Pyrethrum as the basic ingredient.
 The installed capacity proposed is 300 lakhs Mosquito mats per annum. This is based on
a machine capacity of 12500 mats per hour,In a day of 8 hours 1 lakh mats will be
manufactured.
 Currently, Kenya is the leading producer of pyrethrum extract producing approximately
70% of the world consumption. Other large producers of pyrethrum are  Rwanda,
Tanzania and Tasmania in Australia. The pyrethrum extract is mainly exported to
USA,Europe and Asian countries.
 Mosquito repellent’s market can be divided in to coil, mat, vaporizer, aerosol and cream
with total marketing size of Rs. 1600 cr. and growing at the annual rate of 15%.
 The coil segment of the market is around 35% of total market size and dominated by
Mortein and Good Night, brands by Reckitt Benkiser and Godrej Sara Lee respectively

About
 Money Makers
 FAQ
 Home Mosquitoes
 Mosquito Life Cycle
 Environmental Management & Malaria
 About the Industry

Ingredients Needed
 Insecticides Recommended for Mosquito Control
 Active Ingredient
 Synthetic Pyrethroids
 Pyrethrum
 Neem Oil
 Pine Oil
 Herbal Products
 Octachlorodipropyl Ether   (S-2)
 Es-Biothrin
  Deltabios-MSDS
 Picaridin
 D-Trans Allethrin Tech

Products
 Electric Heating Mosquito Devices
 Odomos Products
 Liquidator
 Liquid Vapourizer
 Ingredients & Manufacturers
 Non Smoking Coils - china
 Electronic Mosquito Swatter
 Mosquito Sprayer
 Low Cost Mosquito Nets
 Larvicide
 Fumakilla
 Mosquito Trap Accessories
 Mosquito Eradicator
 SCA Pest Products
 Tortoise Repellent

Equipments Required
 List of Machinery suppliers
 Shimco Mosquito Mat Machine
 Mosquito Mesh Weaving Machine
 Yeohata-Coil Making Machine
 ULV Cold Fogger
 Mosquito Magnet-Installation Instructions

Production and Technology

 Mosquito Coil Manufacturing
 Drying Test on Mosquito Repellent Coil
 Quality Control Workshop
 Pesticide Licensing
 How to Manufacture Repellents
 Kapi Ltd-Production
 Insecticide-Treated Net Interventions
 Bio Block
  Consultants
 Consultant - Nigeria
 Improved Mosquito Coil composition
 Mosquito Repelling Apparatus with air filtering function
 Mosquito dispersing device
 Mosquito Repellant Case Study

Standards
 Vaporizing Mats Specification
 Mosquito Coil Specifications
 Innovation-Herbal Repellent
 Industrial Standard for Coils and Sticks
 Health Hazard

Preventive Measures & Regulations

 Health hazards of mosquito repellents and safe alternatives
 ACT 1968
 ACT 1971
 Registration of Insecticides Under Insecticides Act, 1968
 Registration Authority
 Contacts - authorities
 Import of Pyrethrum Extract
 Gel - regulation
 Control and Prevention
 Repellent Instructions
 Malaria and Mosquito Net Survey
 Municipal Mosquito Control
Guidelines
 Reducing Mosquito Breeding Sites
 Mosquito Control Devices
 DDT Control in Coil-Trinidad and Tobago

Project Profiles
 Herbal Repellent Coils
 South Asia Mosquito Project
 Pyrethrum Board of Kenya(PBK) Project Challenges
 Mosquito Repellent Mat-2001
 Mosquito Repellent Mat-2003
  Electronic Mosquito Detector
 Pulverizing System
 Project Consultancy
 Proposal for Factory Setup for Mosquito Coil Making Plant
 Mosquito Netting -Tanzania
 Senior Project

Marketing and Price

 Kenya's Pyrethrum Industry-2005
 Allout-Repellant Marketing
 Eveready Industries India
 Propane Industry Trends
 Business Plan-Insecticidal Nets
 Repellent Coils and Mats
 Retail Price List
 Travel Health Products Price List
 Poweron
 Brand  in Rural Market
 Brand Mosquito Coil
 Industries
 Goodknight
 Mortein
 Wimco
 ReckittBenckiser
 Manaksia
 Jyothy Laboratories
 Importer - South Africa

Buyers,Manufacturers and Suppliers

 Raw Material and Natural Ingredients Suppliers Directory
 Mosquitoes Coil -Buyers Inforamtion
 Mosquito Repellent Coils Manufacturers-India
 Repellent, Insect killer & Vaporiser Machines Exporters-India
 Plant and Machines Manufacturers
 Mats & Coils Manufacturing Project Information
 Raja Sulphur Industries
 Mosquito Swatter-Selling Leads
 Mosquito Net Suppliers
 Sahara India Products
  Mosquito Net Suppliers
 Allethrin Importers

Order the CD ROM Today

Primary Information Services
 21 Murugappan St, SwamyNagar Ext2, 
Ullagaram, Chennai - 600091, India.
 Phone: 91 44 22421080  Email : informer@eth.net
Mobile numbers:9940043898, 9444008898  Fax : 91 44 22423753

Mosquito repellents are substances that are designed to make surfaces unpleasant or
unattractive to mosquitos. They typically contain an active ingredient that repels
mosquitos as well as secondary ingredients, which aid in delivery and cosmetic appeal.
They are available in many forms, from creams to lotions to oils, but are most often sold
as aerosol products.

History
Traditionally, various types of substances have been used to repel mosquitos. These
include such things as smoke, plant extracts, oils, tars, and muds. As insect repellent
technology became more sophisticated, individual compounds were discovered and
isolated. This allowed the formulation of new, more efficient forms of mosquito
repellents.
The first truly effective active ingredient used in mosquito repellents was citronella oil.
This material is an herbal extract derived from the citronella plant, an Asian grass. While
citronella had been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, its repellence was only
accidentally discovered in 1901, when it was used as a hairdressing fragrance. Since
citronella oil is a fragrant material, it is thought that the chemical terpenes of which it is
composed are responsible for its repellent activity. Citronella oil does repel mosquitos,
but it has certain characteristics which limit its effectiveness. For example, it is very
volatile and evaporates too quickly from surfaces to which it is applied. Also, large
amounts are needed to be effective.
The disadvantages of using citronella oil prompted researchers to study alternative
synthetic compounds. Many of the early attempts at creating synthetic insect repellents
were initiated by the United States military. Out of this research came the discovery of
the repellent dimethyl phthalate in 1929. This material showed a good level of
effectiveness against certain insect species, but it was ineffective against others. Two
other materials were developed as insect repellents. Indalone was found to repel
insects in 1937, and Rutgers 612 (2-ethyl-1,3-hexane diol) was synthesized soon after.
Like dimethyl phthalate, these materials had certain limitations which prevented their
widespread use.
Since none of the available materials were ideal repellents, research into new synthetic
materials continued. In 1955, scientists synthesized DEET (n-n-diethylnetatoluamide),
currently the most widely used active ingredient for mosquito repellents. After its
discovery, repellent manufacturers developed many different forms in which to deliver
DEET, such as creams, lotions, and aerosols.

Mode of Action
Most repellent chemicals work by interfering with the mosquito's homing system. This
homing system, located on the antennae, is made up of a number of chemical
receptors. Research has shown that these chemical receptors are activated by lactic
acid, which naturally evaporates from the skin of warm-blooded animals. The mosquitos
have the innate ability to follow the lactic acid emissions to their source. However, when
a repellent ingredient such as DEET is applied to the skin, it also evaporates. It is
thought that the chemical inhibits the binding of the lactic acid to the mosquito's
chemical receptors. This essentially "hides" the protected person from the mosquito.
Since the active ingredient must evaporate from the surface to work, the repellent
activity lasts for a limited time.

Raw Materials
The active ingredient in a mosquito repellent is primarily responsible for its usefulness.
For a material to be valuable as a mosquito repellent, it must meet certain criteria. First,
it must effectively discourage insect attack on the treated area for many hours and on
many different types of surfaces. Second, it must work under a variety of different
environmental conditions. Next, it must not be toxic or cause irritation when applied to
human or animal skin. Additionally, it must be cosmetically acceptable, having a
pleasant odor, taste, and feel. It should also be harnless to clothing. Finally, it should
have a relatively low cost and be effective against other common types of insects, such
as flies.
While thousands of compounds have been studied for their use as insect repellents,
DEET (n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide) has been used more than any other. DEET is the
compound which results from a reaction of m- toluic acid with thionyl chloride followed
by a reaction with diethyl amine. This material is isolated and purified before it is
supplied to mosquito repellent manufacturers. Other repellent ingredients used include
citronella oil, dimethyl phthalate, lavender, lemon-grass oil, and peppermint oil. It has
been found that mixtures of various repellent compounds often provide greater
effectiveness than any one compound alone. The active ingredients contained in the
mosquito repellents generally make up 5-30% of the final products.
The inert ingredients that are in a mosquito repellent depend on the form that the
product will take. Currently, mosquito repellents are sold as aerosols, pumps, lotions,
and oils. Mosquito repellents that are sold as lotions or creams are essentially skin
creams which have DEET added at a certain level. They are primarily composed of
water, surfactants, fatty alcohol, fragrance, and other emollients. When applied to the
skin, these products have the dual benefit of repelling mosquitos and moisturizing skin.
These products are generally less effective than aerosol forms, however, because they
do not allow the active ingredients to evaporate as easily.
Aerosols are the most common form for mosquito repellents. They are made up of a few
different types of ingredients, including a solvent, a propellant, and miscellaneous
ingredients. The solvent is usually an organic alcohol such as ethanol or propanol,
whose primary responsibility is to dilute the active ingredient to an appropriate
concentration. It also aids in keeping all of the raw materials mixed, ensuring that the
product will remain effective even after long-term storage. The propellant is a volatile
compound which creates the pressure that causes the rest of the product to be forced
out of the container. Common propellants include liquified hydrocarbon gases like
propane, butane, or isobutane, hydrofluorocarbons, and dimethyl ether. Other
ingredients such as fragrances and emollients are added to aerosol mosquito repellents
to make them more cosmetically appealing. Still other compounds are added to
prevent corrosion and other stability problems.
In addition to the ingredients, the packaging components are also an important part of
an aerosol mosquito repellent. The can is typically a metal container made up of tin-
plate steel. The coating of tin keeps the steel from reacting with the ingredients used in
the repellent formulation. The valve is another key packaging component. It has the
dual task of sealing the pressurized contents in the can and controlling the dispensing of
these contents. Valves have three sections: a diptube, which feeds the product from the
can to the valve body; the valve body, which mixes the product and propellant; and the
actuator button, which when pressed, allows the product to be released.

The Manufacturing 
Process
The production of mosquito repellents can be broken down into two steps. First a large
batch of the repellent formulation is made, and then the batch is filled into the
packaging. Since aerosols are the most common form of mosquito repellent, the
following
description details their production. Other forms of repellents like creams and lotions are
produced in a similar way, except that the filling process is less involved.

Compounding
 1 The first step in the manufacturing process is compounding. In the
compounding area, raw materials are mixed together in large stainless steel
tanks. For an aerosol, the alcohol is pumped into the tank, and the other
materials, including DEET, fragrance, and emollients, are manually poured in and
allowed to mix. All of the ingredients except the propellant are added at this
phase of production. Since some of the materials in this process are flammable,
special precautions are taken to prevent explosion, such as using spark-
proof electrical outlets and blast-proof walls.
 2 When the batch is finished, a sample is sent to the quality control lab and
tested to make sure it meets the set standards for the product. After passing
these tests it is pumped to the filling lines to make the finished product.

Filling
 3 The filling line is a series of machines connected by a conveyor belt system
that combine all of the components to make the finished mosquito repellent
 product. The first machine in the system feeds the empty cans onto the conveyor
line. This machine has a large hopper that is filled with empty 

cans which are physically manipulated until they are standing upright and
correctly oriented.

 4 The metal cans are then automatically moved along the conveyor belt and
cleaned with a jet of compressed air to remove any dust and debris. They next
travel to the filling carousel. The filling carousel is made up of a series of piston
filling heads that are calibrated to deliver exactly the correct amount of product
into the cans. As the cans move through this section of the filling line, they are
filled with product.
 5 The next step in the filling process involves topping the cans with a valve,
adding the propellant, and pressurizing the cans. The valve is put on by the valve
inserter machine. Much like the bin that holds the empty cans, the valves are
also put in a hopper and then correctly sorted and aligned. As the cans pass by,
the valves are put on. These valves are then tightly affixed to the can by the
valve crimping machine. Depending on the type of filling technique, the propellant
is either injected through the valve at high pressure or injected into the can
before the valve is crimped.
  6 After the cans are capped and filled, they are moved to a hot tank, a long
trough filled with hot water. Here the cans are checked for escaping bubbles that
would indicate a propellant leak. The high temperature of the waterbath also
raises the internal pressure of the can, which is intended to cause any weak
spots in the can to fail. This is a crucial quality control step that prevents
damaged cans from being sold to the public.
 7 When the cans exit the waterbath, they are dried by high-pressure air jets.
Other components are then added, such as the actuating button and the
overcap. Any needed labels or printing are also added at this point.
 8 The finished cans are then moved to the boxing area, where they are put into
boxes, typically a dozen cans at a time. These boxes are then stacked onto
pallets and hauled away in large trucks to distributors. High speed aerosol
production lines like the one described can move at speeds of about 200 cans
per minute or more.

Quality Control
Quality control is an essential step in the production of mosquito repellents. Tests are
performed at various points in the manufacturing process to ensure that the finished
products are consistent from run to run, remain effective over a long period of time, and
are safe to use.
Before production begins, the incoming raw materials are checked to ensure they meet
the previously set specifications. Tests such as pH, specific gravity, and moisture
content are typically performed. Additionally, the cans are inspected for dents,
corrosion, and other weaknesses. During manufacture, samples of the repellent are
taken during different points along the filling line, and the characteristics or the product
are tested. Some of the monitored parameters include the level of active ingredient,
pressure, spray rate, and spray pattern. Other testing is conducted to ensure that the
cans evacuate properly. Also, long-term stability studies may be done to establish that
the cans do not show undue signs of corrosion.

The Future
The use of many available mosquito repellents is not without its drawbacks. Products
that use DEET or citronella oil as the primary active ingredients have been reported to
causes rashes in some people. There have even been cases in which children who
used DEET products have become very ill. For this reason, research has focused on
finding new types of repellents and methods for improving the safety of the ones that
are currently available. One recent advance in repellent technology is the use of
chemicals to "encapsulate" DEET. It is thought that this product form will protect the
user from the harmful effects of DEET while still maintaining its repellent activity. More
investigation will have to be completed before this is verified.
 Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Mosquito-
Repellent.html#ixzz5BBLQcEGV

Feasibility of repellent use in a context of increasing outdoor

transmission: a qualitative study in rural Tanzania

 Onyango SangoroEmail author,
 Ann H Kelly,
 Sarah Mtali and
 Sarah J Moore

Malaria Journal201413:347
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-347
©  Sangoro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 13 May 2014
Accepted: 28 August 2014
Published: 2 September 2014
Abstract
Background
Extensive employment of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor
residual spraying (IRS) has substantially reduced malaria morbidity and
mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. These tools target indoor resting and
biting vectors, and may select for vectors that bite and rest outdoors. Thus,
to significantly impact this residual malaria transmission outdoors, tools
targeting outdoor transmission are required. Repellents, used for personal
protection, offer one solution. However, the effectiveness of this method
hinges upon its community acceptability. This study assessed the feasibility
of using repellents as a malaria prevention tool in Mbingu village, Ulanga,
Southern Tanzania.

Methodology
Change in knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in relation to repellent
use was assessed before and after the implementation of a cluster
randomized clinical trial on topical repellents in rural Tanzania where
repellent and placebo lotion were provided free of charge to 940
households for a period of 14 months between July 2009 and August 2010.
Compliance, defined as the number of evenings that participants applied
the recommended dose of repellent every month during the study period,
was assessed using questionnaires, administered monthly during follow up
of participants in the clinical trial. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were
conducted in the same community three years later to assess the
community’s KAP in relation to repellents and preference to different
repellent formats.

Results
At baseline, only 0.32% (n = 2) households in the intervention arm and no
households in the control arm had ever used topical repellents. During
follow-up surveys, significantly more households, 100% (n = 457) in
intervention arm relative to the control, 84.03% (n = 379), (p = <0.001)
perceived the repellent to be effective.

Post-study, 99.78% (n = 462) and 99.78% (n = 463), (p = 0.999) in the

intervention and control arms respectively, were willing to continue
repellent use. Mosquito nuisance motivated repellent use. From the FGDs,
it emerged that most respondents preferred bed nets to repellents because
of their longevity and cost effectiveness.

Conclusion
High repellent acceptability indicates their feasibility for malaria control in
this community. However, to improve the community’s uptake of
repellents for use complimentary to LLINs for early evening and outdoor
protection from mosquito bites, longer lasting and cheap formats are
required.

Keywords
RepellentMalariaKnowledgeAttitudePerceptionsPractice

Background
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)
have had a great impact on malaria morbidity and mortality in the past
decade in sub-Saharan Africa[1, 2, 3]. While effective, these tools are intra-
domiciliary and predominantly target indoor biting and resting vectors[4].
This favours outdoor resting and biting vectors as IRS and LLINs are less
effective against those vectors that exhibit exophily and exophagy[5].
Therefore, as malaria moves from sustained control to elimination, new
tools that tackle residual outdoor malaria transmission are needed.

Repellents used outdoors and in the early evenings and mornings, where
IRS and LLINs cannot be employed, present one strategy that can be used
to push towards the goal of eradication. Topical (skin applied) repellents
have been used as a form of personal protection for hundreds of years[6],
and have been shown to protect against malaria in South America (80%
reduction)[7] and Southern Asia (60% reduction)[8], and more recently in
Ghana (34% reduction)[9] and Ethiopia (19% reduction)[10]. The major
drawback to using topical repellents is compliance. Topical repellent use
requires daily use and frequent re-application as their effects is usually
short-lived over a few hours and therewith a change in daily routine
(personal behaviour). While changing personal behaviour to use new
interventions is not impossible as has been demonstrated in bed net
campaigns[11], oral hygiene[12] and hand washing strategies[13], it is
influenced by a number of other factors including: cost, perceived quality
of the intervention, accessibility, information and ease of use. An
intervention is likely to be used by the community if its affordable,
perceived to be effective, the community is aware and has knowledge of its
uses and finally, the intervention is simple to apply, i.e. it does not require
considerable deviation from daily routine[14]. Therefore to influence
behaviour change towards uptake of interventions: the community must
be educated to improve information on the appropriate measures to
employ to prevent disease e.g. use of bed nets to prevent mosquito bites
and hence malaria infection. Secondly, the interventions must be made
physically accessible to the community, such as considering the distance to
shops where bed nets are sold or re-treated. Third, the cost of the
intervention must be affordable and perceived as reasonable among
community members to encourage use. Perception of the effectiveness of
the intervention will also influence uptake, with the community more
likely to use interventions they perceive as beneficial to them, for instance
LLINs prevent mosquito bites. Lastly, is the ease of use of the intervention
being implemented, as the community is more likely to use interventions
that require the least deviation from daily routine, like use of drugs with
simple dose regimens compared to those that have complicated
regimens[14].

Therefore, in an effort to determine the feasibility of using repellents as a

mosquito control tool, this study assessed the knowledge/awareness,
acceptability, perceptions on effectiveness and preference to different
kinds of repellents in a rural community in Kilombero valley, Southwest of
Tanzania. The community in this setting has experienced extensive malaria
research projects and intervention programmes spanning two
decades[15, 16, 17] and was expected to be highly knowledgeable about
malaria prevention and control. Cooking mainly takes place outdoors and
in the early evening, a situation that exposes the community to nuisance
mosquito bites and potential malaria transmission before they have
employed bed nets. Further, like the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, the study
area is experiencing rapid rural development, shifting the spaces and
protocols of social behavior. Where once it was customary to retire shortly
after sundown, now, owing to rural electrification programmes, residents
usually gather in the early evening and stay late into the night at local bars
and social centres springing up in the study area, thereby increasing
perception of mosquito nuisance and malaria transmission potential at
these times.

The dominant vector in this area is Anopheles arabiensis[18] that has been
shown to shift to early evening and outdoor biting when hosts are
unavailable late in the night indoors as a result of high bed net use[19, 20].
The presence of rice fields in the study area, as the community’s main
occupation is farming, provides for a large breeding site of mosquitoes[21].
The presence of this large breeding site is likely increase mosquito
abundance in the study area, and with it potential malaria transmission
and nuisance biting.

Before the start of the clinical trial, the community were sensitised to the
potential for repellents as a malaria prevention tool through skits,
community meetings and leaflets. Therefore, they are likely to understand
the importance of topical repellents in prevention of early evening malaria
transmission potentially occurring in the study area before they go to sleep
under bed nets, and are therefore more likely to be receptive to this
intervention. Secondly, the customary practice of cooking outdoors as well
as presence of electricity exposes this community to nuisance biting in the
evenings as a result of the extensive rice fields present in the area, a
situation likely to encourage use of repellent. Finally, repellents were
provided free so the community were likely to use them and form an
opinion on their efficacy.

Methods
Study area and population
This study was conducted in Mbingu village, Ulanga district, Tanzania,
situated 55kms west of Ifakara town at 8.195°S and 36.259°E. There is
malaria transmission all year round, with peak transmission occurring in
the months of May and June after the long rains. The village experiences an
annual rainfall of approximately 1,200-1,800 mm and an annual
temperature range of between 20°C and 32.6°C. The village borders an
extensive field cleared for irrigation, which provides an ideal breeding site
for malaria vectors. The houses in the village are clustered in groups of 3–5
households, which mainly belong to one family, but in a few instances the
houses may be rented by different families. In July 2009 (at the inception of
the clinical trial), the population of the study area was estimated to be 7,
609, with each household having approximately 5 members[22]. Most
houses are constructed from mud walls and thatched roof, with one‒third
made from brick walls and corrugated iron roof.

Outline of study
Between July 2009 and August 2010, a placebo-controlled cluster
randomized clinical trial was conducted in the study village where 15%
DEET (N, N- Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) topical repellent and an identical
placebo lotion were randomly issued to 940 households in the study
village[23]. The clinical trial participants were also issued with double size
LLINs per sleeping space to ensure equity. Treatments were issued to two
study arms of 10 clusters with 47 households each. One study arm was
issued with topical repellent lotion while the other study arm received a
placebo lotion and both arms were followed up for 14 months to assess the
malaria incidence between these two groups. Concurrent with the clinical
trial, a knowledge, attitude and practice survey (KAP) of the repellents
issued during the clinical trial was conducted by administering a
questionnaire (Additional file1: Repellent KAP survey tool) at the baseline
of the clinical trial (before/entry survey) to assess community knowledge of
repellents; at the beginning of every month when field workers visited the
households to replace repellents that had run out (follow-up survey)
throughout the study period, to assess the acceptance and compliance of
the community to the repellent issued and perceived effectiveness; and at
the end of the clinical trial (after/exit survey) to assess willingness to
continue use of repellents. A separate Focus Groups study was conducted
three years later in June 2013.

Procedure
Baseline survey
At baseline, written informed consent was sought from the household
heads that were willing to participate in the clinical trial. The household
heads gave consent for all household members who were below 18 years.
Household members above 18 years were asked to sign their own written
consent forms. As the household was analysed as a unit, a structured
questionnaire of KAP in relation to repellents was administered to the
household head. A unique ID was stapled on the door of each household
that was recruited into the study.

Follow-up survey
To assess acceptability and use, at the beginning of every month after the
baseline survey, field workers visited the households recruited in the study
to replace the tubes of repellent issued the previous month. A KAP
questionnaire was administered during these visits, where the households
were asked if they liked the repellent issued and their perceptions on the
effectiveness of the repellent. The fieldworkers also administered a
compliance questionnaire, where household members were asked if any
household member had skipped a day of repellent use in the past month
and reasons for missing that day. However, if during the follow up survey
there were no household members present to answer the questionnaire on
compliance, and continued to be absent for seven consecutive days after
the first visit to assess compliance, that household was considered non-
compliant to repellent use for that month. If the households reported that
any household member did not use the repellent, that household member
was removed from follow up time for the period they did not use the
repellent. Thus, if all household members reported using repellent each
night in the past week and an adult member of the household was present
to be issued with new repellent, that household was considered compliant
for the previous month. In addition, the number of treatment tubes
(repellent and placebo tubes) issued per month was recorded, to determine
if there was a difference in the number of tubes issued in each month per
treatment group. Differences between recalled and observed compliance
were not measured.

Post-study survey
At the end of the clinical trial, (August 2010), an exit KAP (post-study)
questionnaire to assess perceptions on effectiveness and willingness to pay
if repellent was provided at cost was administered. In particular, the
respondents were asked what was their perceived cost for the repellent
issued during the clinical trial. The were also asked how much they were
willing to pay for the tube of repellent they were given during the clinical
trial.

Focus group discussions

In-depth discussions
Seeking an in-depth understanding of the knowledge, attitude, perceptions
and practice in relation to repellents as a vector control intervention, a
descriptive exploratory study, consisting of seven Focus-Group-Discussions
(FGDs) and one Small Group Interview (SGI) was conducted in the study
village from 10th – 28th June 2013, three years after the clinical trial. The
participants may or may not have participated in the initial clinical study
of topical repellents, as prior participation in the previous trial was not an
inclusion or exclusion criterion. Several different formats of repellents
were provided to participants to measure perceived preferences in
delivery formats of repellents among members of a community that had
previous familiarity with repellents.

Sampling of FGD participants

This study initially used convenient sampling to enrol household heads in
the village. A purposive sample of households with the following
characteristic were drawn from the community:

 Households that had the males as household heads.

 Households that had females as household heads (widows, divorced,
separated etc.).
 Households that had males as household heads but from which their
female partners were invited for the FGDs and SGI.
 Households that had children of school going age (both primary and
secondary schools).
From this sample, 6 – 12 individuals from households with each of the
above characteristics were interviewed in seven FGDs and one 5-member
SGI. The FGDs were dynamic in nature consisting of individuals from 10 to
60 years of age and sampling was stopped at the ‘point of saturation’ (no
further ‘new’ information generated).

Study tools
Based on literature on knowledge and practice in relation to repellent use
and on a priori experience of repellent work with the community in the
study area, an interview guide on perceptions and practices around
repellent use in Mbingu village was developed for conducting the FGDs.
This guide was pre-tested on four villagers, two men and two women
before undergoing further changes based on the feedback from these
villagers. The outcome was a simple interview guide that consisted of six
open ended questions that were structured in a flexible manner to allow
for any emerging ideas from the participants to be incorporated there in.

Repellents explored
The different types of repellents issued to the participants of this study
were; Permethrin impregnated ‘kangas’ (a sheet of fabric worn around the
waist by women in Africa), 15% DEET (N, N- Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide)
topical repellent in petroleum jelly format, 15% DEET topical repellent in
spray format, 30% PMD (Para-Methane 3-8-diol) topical repellent in lotion
format, 30% PMD topical repellent in spray format, 2% transfluthrin
impregnated sisal strip (sack), that was hung in a common area where all
household members sat, (Figure 1)[24] and 2% permethrin impregnated
net fencing that was designed to protect individuals sitting outdoors,
especially around the cooking area (Figure 2).