ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGdana

Technical University “Gh.
Asachi” from Iasi

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILDING SERVICES
C.C.I.A.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT
Student:
FURNICA DANIELA
Coordinator: D. COVATARIU
Group: 3213
January, 2009
Technical University “Gh. Asachi” from Iasi
CONTENTS
A. Written pieces
A. 1 Contents;
A. 2 Project`s theme;
A. 3 Justified technical report ;
A.3.a Project`s objective;
A.3.b Adopted solution;
A.3.c General problems:
1. Functions;
2. Best surfaces of the room;
3. Laying out the functional sketch;
4. Wall types;
5. Execution bases of the ground-floor
plane: usual conventional signs;
A. 4 Calculus notes;
1. The determination of the specific
unidirectional resistance R;
2. The determination of the geometrical
characteristics of the building;
3. The determination of the adjust specific
thermal resistance R`;
4. Thermal bridges;
5. The determination of the global coefficient of
heat insulation of the building G;
B. Drawn pieces
B.1. Ground-floor plane: Scale 1:50
B.2. First-floor plane: Scale 1:50
B.3. Thermal bridges: Scale 1:100
2|Pages
Project`s objective
The principal objectives of the project are:
The rating and the optimum distribution of the interior

spaces of the building, according to the reasonable modern
functionality requests;
Making the general planes and the execution details;
Doing correctly the building`s envelope elements (roof,
exterior walls), from the condition of comfort, hygiene, and
power economy;
The functional rating, the building and the position of the
stairs;
The use of the classic and modern construction materials;
The investment having the following destination as living structure is

placed in the city of Iasi on the “HIGHLAND AVENUE” street and it has a
plane shape of two rectangles.
The building placed in the Iasi city has the following characteristics:
- Seismic class: B
- importance class: B
The outside temperatures will be considered -150 C in winter and

+400 C in summer.
The resistance structure will be made of load-carrying walls made of

pressed or normal brick, strength pylon and wall capping made of
reinforced concrete.
The foundation for this kind of structure is a continuous type under

walls, having the width of 30 cm for the outside walls and 25 cm for the
inside walls.
The foundation depth of the walls will be:
- outside walls : 1.00 m

- inside walls: 0.80 m
This foundation will be made of reinforced concrete.

3|Pages
This structure behavior on the vertical will be made of reinforced

concrete slabs, and over the final floor having reinforced concrete slabs.
The building closes with a roof type framework having 6 water

slopes and a roof covering made of red tiles.
The vertical access is done by a 2 way staircase made of reinforced

concrete. The reinforcing of the pylons will be made using longitudinal
rods made of type PC52 steel and claps made of type OL37 steel.
The behavior of the structure on the longitudinal way is done by load

carrying walls and the behavior of the structure on the vertical way is done
by reinforced concrete slabs.
The outer finishing is done from apparent brick and decorative

coating having white cement and marble powder. The inside finishing is
done from a mixture of white lime and pottery.
The floors will be made of stoneware on the bathrooms and on the

kitchen floors and parquet in the other rooms.
The electrical power for the building is done from the local energy
system and the water supply is done by the main water supply.
The heating of this structure is done by mounting a central heating in

the kitchen and the pipes that carries the heat is made of required material
that is heat resistant.
The neighbors are:
- N: neighbours (Family Hilton)

- S: neighbours (Family Pitt)
- E: neighbours (Family Clooney)
- W: national road (HIGHLAND AVENUE street)
Necessary surface of the rooms
Nr. Surface (m2)

Crt. Room
minimum usually maximum
4|Pages
1 Living-room 20,0 25…35 40,0

2 Dining-room 10,0 15…20 25,0
3 Office 10,0 12…15 20,0
4 Kitchen 10,0 14…16 20,0
5 Pantry 1,00 1,5…2 2,50
6 Agency 0,75 1,5…2 3,00
7 Bathroom 3,50 4…4,5 5,00
Room for the
8 10,0 12…14 15,0
personal
9 Principal bedroom 12,0 14…16 18,0
10 Individual bedroom 10,0 12…14 15,0
Madding of functional design
The functional design is made at a reduced scale, because it presents

general data of the rooms, dimensions, their positions, and the position of
the walls, windows and doors.
Types of walls. Depths
In the case of buildings for living with the strength structure of

membrane of masonry, we can use the following types of walls, from
various materials.
The walls may be:
- exterior walls: have the role to close.

- interior walls: have the role of separation.
- interior self-supporting walls.
The wall depths are recommended to be:
a. Exterior walls with a mixed structure, with qualities of thermal isolation:

masonry c.p. or g.v. + thermal isolation from masonry b.c.a.
-current solution: 24 cm masonry G.V.P + 20 cm block masonry b.c.a.
It results the depth: effective- def = 44 cm; nominal – dn= 44 cm;
5|Pages
b. The interior walls will be just from masonry by solid brick, respectively
dn= 25 cm;
c. The interior walls self-supporting may be made of:
- ½ c.p.-12,5 cm; ¼ c.p.-7.5 cm;

- strip of plaster-cardboard (Knauf): 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm;
Geometric characteristics of the building
1. The free height of the ground-floor (measured between the

upper side of the floor and the inferior side of the ceiling)
will be the height of the ground-floor minus the thickness of
the upper floor:
3,00 m−0,20 m=2,80 m(280 cm)
2. The height of the ground-

floor is the height of the
exterior walls and it is
3,10
2,90 m. m
3. The height of the first floor 3,00

m
is 3,00 m.
10
cm
4. The area of the exterior full walls of the ground-floor: A1

A1=2,90×(12+8,45+ 0,85+ 12+ 8,45+0,85)+ 3,00×(12+8,45+ 0,85+12+ 8,45+0,85)=123,54+ 127,8
6|Pages
5. The area of the bottom plate: A2

A2=12× ( 8,45+ 0,85 )=111,6 m 2
6. The area of the superior plate: A3

A3 =12× ( 8,45+0,85 )=111,6 m2
7. The area of the blanks (doors and windows which are in

contact with the exterior): A4
A 4=( 2,50 ×2,15+1,80 × 0,90+1,60 ×0,90+1,80 ×0,90+ 1,9× 0,90+2,10 ×0,80+ 2,70× 1,55+1,80× 1,
8. Building`s envelope: A=A1+A2+A3-A4
A1 A2 A3 A4
Façade
111,6 111,6
North 70,8 13,38
South 70,8 20,16
East 54,87 9,99
West 54,87 8,64
Total 251,34 52,17
Envelope's surface A=A1+A2+A3-A4 (m2) 422,37
Thermal resistance in current area
The R value is a measure of thermal resistance used in the building

and construction industry. The bigger the number, the better the building
insulation's effectiveness.
The R value is a measure of insulation's heat loss retardation under

specified test conditions. The primary mode of heat transfer impeded by
7|Pages
insulation is convection but unavoidably it also retards heat loss by all

three heat transfer modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. The
primary means of heat loss across an un-insulated space is by natural
convection, which occurs because of changes in air density with
temperature. Insulation greatly retards natural convection. Most
insulations trap air so that significant convective heat loss is eliminated
leaving only conduction and radiation transfer.
The primarily role of such insulation is to make the thermal

conductivity of the insulation that of trapped, stagnant air. However this
cannot be realized fully because the glass wool or foam is needed to
prevent convection and increases the heat conduction compared to still air.
Radiation heat transfer is minimized by having many surfaces interrupting
a "clear view" between the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation. Such
multiple surfaces are abundant in batting and porous foam. Radiation is
also minimized by low emissivity (highly reflective) surfaces. Lower
thermal conductivity and, therefore, high R values can be achieved by
replacing air with argon when practical such as between sealed double-
glazed windows and special closed-pore foam insulation.
d
R=R i+ ∑
λ
+ Re [m²K/W]
EXTERIOR WALLS
int. ext Layer d[m] λ[m2k] d/λ

.
1. interior coat M5a 0.01 0.84 0.011
2. brick (GVP) 0.3 0.7 0.428
3. insulation 0.1 0.04 2.500

4
4. exterior coat 0.005 0.84 0.005
1
2 3
8|Pages
Ri=0.123÷ 0.125 Re=0.06
INFERIOR FLOOR
d λ d/λ
1. mosaic 0.0 Ri=0.123 ÷0.125 R e=0.04
1.74 0.011494
M50 2
2. slab
0.0
flooring 0.91 0.032967
3
M100 int
3.concrete
0.1 1.74 0.032967 1
floor 234
5
4.thermal 6
0.1 0.04 2.5
insulation
5.filter
0.1 1 0.1
(sand)
6.wet
4 2 2 Ext.
ground
SUPERIOR FLOOR
Ext.. 5
4
3
2
1
Ri=0.125 Re=0.04
Int.
Layer d λ d/λ
1.coat M50 0.01 0.84 0.011
2.concrete floor 0.1 1.74 0.057
3.steam barrier … … …
4.thermal
0.2 0.04 5
insulation
5.screed 0.03 0.91 0.032
9|Pages
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C.C.I.A.
Layer d[m] λ[m2k] d/λ ∑d/λ Re Ri R= Ri +∑d/λ+Re

0.01190
interior coat M50 0.01 0.84
5
Exterior 0.42857 2.94642 0.12
brickwork GVP 0.3 0.7 0.06 3.131428571
walls 1 8 5
(m2K/W)
polyst. extr. insulation 0.1 0.04 2.5
0.00595
ext. coat polymerized 0.005 0.84
2
oak parquet (normal 4.94043 0.16
0.05 0.2 0.25 0.06 5.167438297
on fiber) 8 7
0.01149
Mosaic floor 0.02 1.74
4
0.03296
Inferior slab flooring M100 0.03 0.91
7
Floor 0.05747
Concrete floor 0,10 1.74 4.70193 0.16 4.92893255
1 0.06
2 7 (m2K/W)
thermal insulation 0.10 0.04 2.50
filter sand 0.10 1.00 0.10
wet soil 4.00 2.00 2.00
0.01190
interior coat M50 0.01 0.84
5
0.05747
concrete floor 0.1 1.74
1
Superior 5.10234 0.12 5.267343059
steam barrier … ... ... 0.04
Floor 3 5 (m2K/W)
thermal insulation 0.2 0.04 5
0.03296
screed 0.03 0.91
7
12 | P a g e s
C.C.I.A.
Specific thermal resistance R’
R' =
1 2
[m k /W ] 1 ∑ (ψ∗l)
U= +
U R A
The U-factor (or U-value), more correctly called the overall heat
transfer coefficient, describes how well a building element conducts heat. It
measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a given
area, under standard conditions. The usual standard is at a temperature
gradient of 24 °C, at 50% humidity with no wind (a smaller U-value is
better).
Buildin No. of No. of

Type of U=1/R +
g coefficients x bridges x Ψ*l Aria
thermal R (∑Ψ*l )/ R'=1/U
Elemen value of Ψ length l of [W] [m2]
bridge A
t [W/m] the bridge
Exterior
1 x 0.05 6 x 5.9 1.77
corner
Exterior Interior
1 x 0.01 2 x 5.9 0.118
walls corner
Intersectio
n ext.&int. 1 x 0.02 4 x 5.9 0.472
walls
Overhang 1 x 0.14 1 x 41.2 5.768
0.25
Plinth 1 x 1 x 41.2 10.506
5
Rim of the
118.
wood 1 x 0.25 1 x 29.675
7
work
3.131 0.43372
Tota 422.37 4 2 2.30562
48.309
l
Overhang 1 x 0.24 1 x 41.2 9.888
Superio Interior
1 x 0.24 1 x 25.9 6.216
r Floor walls
Tota 5.267
16.104
l 111.6 3 0.33415 2.99266
Plinth 1 x 0.3 1 x 41.2 12.36

5.167
0.34190 2.92483
Inferio Interior 4
1 x 0.2 1 x 21 4.2
r Floor walls
4.928
0.35127 2.84681
Tota 16.56 111.6 9
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C.C.I.A.
Thermal Bridges
A thermal bridge is created when materials that are poor insulators

come in contact, allowing heat to flow through the path created.
Insulation around a bridge is of little help in preventing heat loss or
gain due to thermal bridging; the bridging has to be eliminated, rebuilt with
a reduced cross-section or with materials that have better insulating
properties, or with an additional insulating component (a thermal break).
Classification in construction:
In construction, thermal bridges are classified as:
Repeating thermal bridges - where bridges occur following a regular
pattern, such that made by wall ties penetrating a cavity wall.
Non-repeating thermal bridges - such as the bridging of a cavity wall
by a single lintel
Geometrical thermal bridges - at the junction of two planes, such as at
the corner of a wall.
Walls and roofs often incorporate details that have a lower resistance
to heat flow than the main construction. In general, these details are
thermally weak because high-conductivity structural elements project
partly or wholly through materials of lower conductivity; they are referred
to as "thermal bridges."
Thermal bridges can seriously interfere with the performance of
buildings. The temperature of the inside surface over a thermal bridge is
lower than that of the adjacent construction during the heating season, and
may even be lower than that of double glazing; consequently, it may be
impossible to maintain the desired relative humidity without surface
condensation (CBD 42). The difference in the temperature gradient
through the bridge and adjacent construction will cause thermal stressing
that may result in structural damage. The corresponding exterior surface
temperature over a thermal bridge is higher than that over the adjacent
wall. This can result in increased wetting of the wall by melting of wind-
driven snow, thereby increasing the possibility of damage on subsequent
freezing. Thermal bridges result in higher building heat losses, although
this is not usually regarded of itself as a major problem. In designing a
curtain wall to meet a specified maximum over-all heat transmission
requirement, however, thermal bridges at structural ties and joints are
usually the major obstacle. The lower surface temperatures over thermal
bridges can also lead to dust marking.
Thermal bridges are often formed by steel or concrete beams and

columns incorporated in exterior wall or roof construction. Insulation
applied to the interior surface of a wall is bridged by floor slabs and
partitions; if these project on the exterior of the wall they form "fins,"
which provide a large surface exposure area for heat loss. Metal ties in
cavity walls are another type of thermal bridge commonly found in
masonry construction. Serious problems may also occur at metal window
frames and sash (CBD 4) and at metal curtain wall mullions, which either
partially or completely bridge the wall and often present a fin exposed to
the outside.
Problems with thermal bridges can be readily overcome where
insulation is placed over the entire exterior of a building, enclosing all
structural elements and excluding only a rain-screen cladding (CBD 40),
which requires a minimum of structural support. In most conventional
construction, however, many thermally weak configurations occur.
In a Passive home the heat losses of thermal bridges are significantly

reduced, too. The reduction is made to a
degree that the losses through thermal
bridges become negligible. If the thermal
insulation is not disturbed at any place of
the envelope, the heat loss calculated
with the U-values and the external
surface areas of the building will be
higher than the actual losses

(including all thermal bridges).
An example: The thermal
bridge at the joint of the interior
masonry wall with the slab-on-grade
can be avoided almost completely if
a porous concrete block (yellow) is
used for the first row of bricks.
Typical effects of thermal bridges are:

• Decreased interior surface temperatures; in the worst cases this can
result in high humidity in parts of the construction
• Significantly increased heat losses.
Both can be avoided in Passive Houses: The internal surface
temperatures are high enough that a critical humidity cannot occur at any
17 | P a g e s
place, and the additional heat losses will be negligible. If the thermal bridge
coefficient (which is an indicator of the extra heat losses of a thermal
bridge) is lower than 0.01 W/(mK), the detail is said to be “Thermal Bridge
Free”.
Conclusion
Application of insulation over the entire exterior of a wall provides

an ideal solution to the problems presented by thermal bridges. Although a
light cladding is required to protect the wall, the number and size of the
supporting ties that pass through the insulation are small. These ties will be
attached to large high-conducting structural members located inside the
insulation, and there should be no significant effect on the inside surface
temperatures.
It should be stressed that many of the thermal bridges occurring in

construction can be avoided, or their effects minimized, if they are
recognized in the early stages of design. Simple one-dimensional heat flow
calculations will greatly assist in identifying potential problems from
thermal bridges, but temperature values so obtained can be in considerable
error. Although precise methods of calculation are available, it is usually
impractical to apply them except in very simple configurations. Where
18 | P a g e s
accurate temperature data are essential for complicated sections,
appropriate thermal tests should be undertaken.
19 | P a g e s
20 | P a g e s
21 | P a g e s
22 | P a g e s
C.C.I.A.
Global coefficient of thermal isolation of the building (G)
Thermal analyze of a building is compulsory since new technical regulations so that, there will be no buildings
that cannot ensure thermal comfort of ones who uses them.
An important element is this analyze, is computation of global coefficient of thermal isolation of the building (G).
This coefficient offers a clear thermal view of a building by quantifying heat loses of the building to exterior from the
envelope, from soil, the thermal powers needed to be used in air heating for comfort conditions.
1 A×τ
[G]=[W/m3k] G= × (
V ∑ R'
¿ )+0.34 n ¿
A ext .w . × τ Ainf . fl. × τ A¿ .fl . × τ Aw . wk . × τ

∑ ( AR×' τ )= R ,
+
R ,
+
R ,
+
R ,w. wk .
ext .w . inf . fl. ¿. fl.
n=1 - air refreshing coefficient τ τ =1 – from C107/2005
Aext. R'ext. Ainf. R'inf. Asup. R'sup. Awood R'wood V=A2*

τ n Σ(A*τ/R') G
walls walls floor floor floor floor work work Hi
2.3056 2.924 2.9926
251,34 111.6 111.6 52.17 0.3892 1 1 658.44 318.5 0.8237
2 83 6
C.C.I.A.
Annual heat requisite Q
24
Q=
1000
× C × N θ12 × G−(Q i+ Q s )
1
[Q]SI=[kWh/m3×an]
Where:
Q- Annual heat requisite on m3 of heated volume
C- correction coefficient
G- global coefficient of thermal insulation of the building
N θ12 -no. of degrees days specific for the city where the
1
building is
Qi=7 - helpful heat contribution original from the inhabitants
Q s - helpful heat contribution original from solar radiation
0.40∗∑ I Gj∗gi∗A Fij

N θ12=N 20
1
12 − ( 20−θ1 )∗D 12 Qs = [kWh/m3×an]
V
24
I Gj= ∗D12∗I Tj
1000
Where:
N 20
12 - no. of degrees days specific for θ1=+ 200 C
D12- conventional duration of heating, according the exterior
temperature
I Gj - global solar radiation according to a “j” cardinal
orientation
I Tj – solar radiation intensity, with values according to “j”
orientation and the city where the house is built.

gi- penetrating degree of energy trough windows “i” of
exterior wood work

A Fij- exterior wood work aria, with “i” windows and “j”
orientation, [m2]
V- interior volume of the building, directly or indirectly
heated.
In C107/2005 we can find for Iasi city:

D12= 201 days gi=0.5 12 =¿ 3510
N 20 I Gj=2÷ 4
N S E W
I Tj=-19.4 I Tj=82.1 I Tj=44 I Tj=44
24
N: I Gj=
1000
×201 × (−19.4 )=−93.5856
24
S: I Gj=
1000
×201 ×82.1=396.0504
24
E: I Gj=
1000
×201 × 44=212.256
24
W: I Gj=
1000
×201 × 44=212.256
52,17
Q S =0.40 × (−93.5856+396.0504+212.256+212.256 ) × 0.50 × =11.52007158
658,44
N θ12=3510−( 20−12 ) ×201=1902
24
Q= × C × N θ12 × G−( Qi+ Q S ) Qi=7
1000
24
Q= × 1× 1902× 0.8237−( 7+ 11.52007158 )=19.080186
1000
Annual fuel necessary and Annual CO2 emission
Qan=Q×V ECO2= Qan ×nCO2
Specific
Fuel U.M. CO2 emmision
spend

UM/kWh Kg/kWh
liquid fuel l 0.1 0.29
natural gas m3 0.1 0.19
district
Gcal 8.6*10-4 0.24
heating
wood m3 1*10-3 0.36
coal kg 0.2 0.33…0.40
Q an=19.080186 × 658,44=12563.15767
ECO =12563.15767 ×0.24=3015.1578

2
(We have district heating)
25 | P a g e s

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Technical University “Gh.

Asachi” from Iasi

The rating and the optimum distribution of the interior

The investment having the following destination as living structure is

The outside temperatures will be considered -150 C in winter and

The resistance structure will be made of load-carrying walls made of

The foundation for this kind of structure is a continuous type under

The foundation depth of the walls will be:

- outside walls : 1.00 m

This foundation will be made of reinforced concrete.

This structure behavior on the vertical will be made of reinforced

The building closes with a roof type framework having 6 water

The vertical access is done by a 2 way staircase made of reinforced

The behavior of the structure on the longitudinal way is done by load

The outer finishing is done from apparent brick and decorative

The floors will be made of stoneware on the bathrooms and on the

The heating of this structure is done by mounting a central heating in

The neighbors are:

- N: neighbours (Family Hilton)

Necessary surface of the rooms

Nr. Surface (m2)

1 Living-room 20,0 25…35 40,0

Madding of functional design

The functional design is made at a reduced scale, because it presents

Types of walls. Depths

In the case of buildings for living with the strength structure of

The walls may be:

- exterior walls: have the role to close.

The wall depths are recommended to be:

a. Exterior walls with a mixed structure, with qualities of thermal isolation:

-current solution: 24 cm masonry G.V.P + 20 cm block masonry b.c.a.

It results the depth: effective- def = 44 cm; nominal – dn= 44 cm;

c. The interior walls self-supporting may be made of:

- ½ c.p.-12,5 cm; ¼ c.p.-7.5 cm;

Geometric characteristics of the building

1. The free height of the ground-floor (measured between the

2. The height of the ground-

3. The height of the first floor 3,00

4. The area of the exterior full walls of the ground-floor: A1

5. The area of the bottom plate: A2

6. The area of the superior plate: A3

7. The area of the blanks (doors and windows which are in

Envelope's surface A=A1+A2+A3-A4 (m2) 422,37

Thermal resistance in current area

The R value is a measure of thermal resistance used in the building

The R value is a measure of insulation's heat loss retardation under

insulation is convection but unavoidably it also retards heat loss by all

The primarily role of such insulation is to make the thermal

int. ext Layer d[m] λ[m2k] d/λ

1. interior coat M5a 0.01 0.84 0.011

2. brick (GVP) 0.3 0.7 0.428

3. insulation 0.1 0.04 2.500

Ri=0.123÷ 0.125 Re=0.06

1.coat M50 0.01 0.84 0.011

2.concrete floor 0.1 1.74 0.057

Layer d[m] λ[m2k] d/λ ∑d/λ Re Ri R= Ri +∑d/λ+Re

Specific thermal resistance R’

Buildin No. of No. of

Overhang 1 x 0.14 1 x 41.2 5.768

Overhang 1 x 0.24 1 x 41.2 9.888

A thermal bridge is created when materials that are poor insulators

Thermal bridges are often formed by steel or concrete beams and