Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 72
Sources of Information:
http://www.vibanalysis.co.uk/technical
http://www.elongo.com/pdfs/BearingFailures990519.pdf
The McNally Institute CD
http://www.delzer.com/Rexnord/falk/108010.pdf
Pump Liquid Flow
Impeller
Impeller Impeller
failure modes failure mechanism
5 24
t of impeller design)
Volute Volute
failure modes failure mechanism
3 11
Shaft Shaft
failure modes failure mechanism
2 30
o turn seized shaft)
Shaft Seal (Mechanical)
failure modes
Edge Chipping
Seal Face Cracked / Fractured
Seal Embrittlement
Fractured Spring
Clogged Spring
Axial Shear
Torsional Shear
16
Shaft Seal (Mechanical)
failure mechanism
Fretting corrosion under seal (by axial movement transmitted to the seal)
Excessive elastomer temperature
Excessive fluid pressure
Installation error (elastomer damage)
Corrosive attack (incompatible chemical)
Water hammer
Compression set (extreme temperature operation causes elastomer elasticity memory loss)
Compression set (product is too hot)
Elastomer swollen by incompatible chemical product
Elastomer has extruded because of high pressure or excessive clearance.
Elastomer is cracked from too long on the shelf (particularly Buna-N (nitrile rubber))
Elastomer is cracked (High heat hardens elastomer and cracks)
Elastomer is cracked (cryogenic temperatures)
The elastomer is twisted, cut or damaged on installation
Shaft is corroded, damaged, or fretted under the elastomer
Seal body O-ring groove is damaged or coated with a solid material
Wrong lubricant was used at installation to aid fitting the elesomer on the shaft
Oxidizers can attack the carbon black in O-rings and other elastomers
Distorted sleeve or shaft
Material flaw
Manufacturing flaw
Stress corrosion due to tooling marks
Corrosive attack
Seal installation misalignment
178
This illustration describes a mechanical seal that can be classified into several diff
te in many fluids)
p inside seal indicating breakage prior installation
rotation stops the elastomer relaxes and flows into the carbon surface irregularities
h reversing pressure
difying, viscous
n be classified into several different categories:
Roller Bearings Roller Bearings
failure modes failure mechanism
Bearing Wear Abrasive particles, such as grit or swarf that have entered the bearing
Lack of cleanliness before and during mounting operation
Ineffective seals
Lubricant contaminated by worn particles from brass cage
Lubrication contamination (wear particles)
Lubricant additives gradually been used up
Lubricant has lost its chemical lubricating properties
Lubricant loss through seal
Lubricant has leaked away
Lubrication contamination (external liquid ingress)
Lubrication contamination (liquid product ingress)
Lubrication contamination (dust and dirt ingress)
Lubrication contamination (solid product ingress)
Lubrication contamination (sand and material from within castings, flaking protective coa
Bent shafts
Skewed ring from burrs or dirt on bearing mounting surfaces and bearing abutment surfa
Shaft shoulders which are not perpendicular to the bearing abutment surface
Locking nut faces which are not perpendicular to the bearing seating face
Non-concentric bores on which the bearings are mounted leading to an angular axis of ro
Reverse Loading Failure is one such failure which occurs due to the bearing getting load
Bad bearing supplied (especially cheap bearings made of inferior material)
Solids were introduced into the system during the assembly process because of a lack o
Shaft coupling bore machined off-center / skewed
Smearing rollers and raceways Smeared roller ends from sliding under heavy axial loading and with inadequate lubricati
Roller acceleration on entry into the loaded zone due to too much clearance
Load is too light for the speed
As bearings are being mounted, the ring with the roller and cage assembly is entered as
Blows applied to the wrong ring or heavy preloading without rotating the bearing
External surfaces of heavily loaded bearings from movement of the bearing ring relative
Slip fit is too loose on sliding ring
Smearing Thrust Ball Bearings due to rotational speed is too high in relation to the loadin
Corrosion - Deep seated rust Presence of water, moisture over a long period of time
Presence of corrosive substances
Electrical Erosion Electrical fluting due to passage of electric current through rotating ring
Electrical fluting due to passage of electric current through non-rotating ring
Earthing problem in equipment
Cracked Rings Blows, with a hammer or hardened chisel, have been directed against the ring when the
Fatigue cracks (installation misalignment cyclic overloading)
Fatigue cracks (differential frame growth misalignment cyclic overloading)
Fatigue cracks (bent shaft cyclic overloading)
Fatigue cracks (shaft deflection from running off BEP)
Fatigue cracks (Smearing during installation causes surface crack initiation)
Fatigue cracks (Fretting corrosion caused crack initiation)
Clearance tightness (shaft expansion)
Clearance tightness (housing shrinkage)
Clearance tightness (tight shaft fit)
Clearance tightness (tight housing fit)
Sliding under heavy axial loading and with inadequate lubrication
Cage Damage Fatigue cracks (vibration forces of inertia are so great as to cause fatigue cracks to form
Fatigue cracks (run at speeds in excess of cage design subjecting it to heavy forces of in
Fatigue cracks (bearing rings are fitted out of alignment with each other, the path of the r
Severe acceleration and retardation, in conjunction with fluctuations in speed cause forc
Inadequate lubrication
Abrasive particles
Fragments of flaked material or other hard particles may become wedged between the c
Bearing is severely misaligned
13 129
Category
Lubricant insufficient
Lube chemical degradation
d against the ring when the bearing was being moun Installation error
Installation error
overloading) Incorrect fits and tolerance
Installation error
Operational induced stress
rack initiation) Installation error
Incorrect fits and tolerance
Incorrect fits and tolerance
Incorrect fits and tolerance
Incorrect fits and tolerance
Incorrect fits and tolerance
Installation error
asive particles
dequate lubrication
val compression
xial compression
isalignment
ugh treatment
cessive drive-up
etting corrison
Flexible Drive Coupling Flexible Drive Coupling
failure modes failure mechanism (Tyre Coupling)
Key Failure Excessively loose fitting key allows high impact on start / reverse
Improper key material selected
Corrosion
Chemical attack
High torque load transmitted through the key
6 52
Sources of Information:
http://pt.rexnord.com/products/e-catalog/catalog/CachedImages/0000001/t004_r00171_v0.pdf
http://motionsystemdesign.com/mag/couplings_shafts/
Flexible Drive Coupling
failure mechanism (Gear Coupling)
ct on start / reverse
ct on start / reverse
cal contamination
ation with reversing service or severe load fluctuations exist, fasteners have failed in reverse bending fatigue
rized by: fretting corrosion on the bolt body diameter, imbedding of the bolt washer face diameter into the sleeve, wallowing out of the sleev
Stator Damage Very high currents in the stator winding due to a locked rotor condition
Dirt build-up on cooling fins
Balance weight came loose and struck the winding
Winding is saturated with water (ingress of water)
Aspirated moisture (ingress of humidity)
Moisture over motor allows short-circuit current to earth
Terminal bolting to wrong connection
Terminal bolting loose connection
Loose internal wiring connections
Insulation-to-ground faults
Overloading (load demands exceeding the rating of the motor)
Excessive starts and reversals
Voltage surges, switching power circuits ,lightning strikes, capacitor discharges an
Nuisance tripping
Transient voltage peaks
Shorts between conductors or coils
7 100
5
ation life expectancy will be reduced
ng of the motor)
3 9
1 2
Pump Set Foundation
failure modes
Broken Foundation
Corroded Foundation
Foundation Moves
3
1
Pump Set Foundation
failure mechanism
Impact by object
Concrete shrink cracks
Foundation support flexs
Ground conditions unsuitable
Chemical attack